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Westward Expansion and Reform in America, 2008.
This paper looks at the growth of the reform movements of America (1820-1850).
1,172 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the political reform movements that tried to shape the evolving American nation into a more compassionate society. The paper discusses the rise of evangelicalism, or popular religious Protestantism, that addressed concerns about slavery, the welfare of the most helpless members of society, such as the mentally ill and the imprisoned and the political influence of immigrants, women, African-Americans.
From the Paper
"From 1820-1850, America grew--geographically, it sprawled out into the Western territories, and economically, industrialism and immigration in the North created a more prosperous, but also a more diverse and divided society. In the wake of these changes, political reform movements tried to shape the evolving nation into a more compassionate society. Concerns about increasing the number of representative slave states in the legislature, questions about who would be politically influential in the America of the future (immigrants, women, or African-Americans), and concerns about the most helpless members of society, such as the mentally ill and the imprisoned, became thrust to the forefront of the American political consciousness. America began to define its value system, and this self-definition did not come easily, as the Southern half of the nation had a very different vision than the Northern part of the nation as to what constituted American morality and justice."
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Gender and Career Choices, 2008.
This paper explores the influence of gender on career choices today.
1,586 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews the literature concerning the impact of gender on occupations in the past and today. The paper concludes that many of the same trends that have affected the gender of a given occupation in the past can be expected to come into play in the future as well. The paper points out, however, that the impact of technology will likely have more of an effect on these strict gender-divisions than in the 19th and even the 20th centuries. The paper explains that things are changing faster as more people seek out alternative work arrangements such as telecommuting, where an individual's gender will likely be of less significance. The paper includes a table, graphs and extensive source material.
Outline:
Review and Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Some men and women may simply disregard certain career fields because of stereotypical perceptions of either the work involved or of the types of people that seek out such professions. In the not-so-distant past, people's career choices were related in many ways to their gender, with many fields being regarded as the sole domain of either men or women. Today, though, women enjoy many of the same opportunities as their male counterparts in almost every field of endeavor, and while the so-called glass ceiling may remain firmly in place in some regions of the country, enormous progress has been made in recent years to help level the playing field for everyone in the United States in terms of employment."
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Nawal Saadawi's "Woman at Point Zero", 2008.
Looks at the theme of female degradation in Egyptian novelist Nawal Saadawi's "Woman at Point Zero" (1998) and its broader feminist and cultural implications.
2,080 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, throughout the world today, in different ways and for different reasons, fiction, film, politics, the Internet and the mass media have taken a dim view of the particularly inhumane treatment of many Muslim women within southern areas, such as the Africa, where Islam is practiced. The paper then points out that the Egyptian woman novelist Nawal El Saadawi, who is also a physician and a feminist, has written many fictional and non-fictional works about women's unequal treatment by men in Islamic societies. "Woman at Point Zero" (1998 and first published in 1975 ) is a stark, disturbing and poignant novel. The paper relates the plot of Saadawi's story about the protagonist Firdaus, an Egyptian-born perpetually abused woman, who out of desperation becomes a prostitute and murders a pimp.
From the Paper
"Moreover, Firdaus herself is neither an evil person nor a hardened criminal (or a criminal at all, except in the sense of having also been driven by desperation into being a prostitute); Firdaus is simply a chronically abused, rejected, degraded and humiliated 20th century Muslim woman in Egypt who arrives at "Ground Zero" on one especially unfortunate day. Within this story, Firdaus's degrading experiences both exemplify and underscore the degradation of Muslim women like herself generally, whose repressive and cruel societies under male-dominated fundamentalist Islam make it impossible for such women to catch a break in life."
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Feminist Diversity, 2008.
An analysis of women's liberation with respect to the self, sexuality and family or personal relationships as described in the book, "The Politics of Passion" by Gloria Wekker.
1,340 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the concepts of self, sexuality, and relationships referencing Gloria Wekker's work, "The Politics of Passion", to explain how important women's notions of self, sexuality, and relationships are to understanding women's liberation, resistance, and domination in society.
Outline:
Introduction
Self, Sexuality and Relationships
Passion Leads to Liberation
Paradigm of Power
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Wekker suggests that while many people associate women's "mati work" or kinship as negative, in part because it produces an "unequal sex ratio and unpleasant experiences and disappointments with men," (p. 172) there are many upsides to these relationships for women, none the least of which is not having to worry about getting pregnant (although mati women freely engage in heterosexual relations to produce children if they want). Overall Wekker demonstrates that the dominant paradigms that exist about women and their kinship do not take into consideration the number of women who make positive choices and decisions in their lives that empower them emotionally, "sexually and economically" when they are involved most intimately with other women rather than with men. "
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Harriet Tubman, 2008.
The life story of Harriet Tubman as related in the book, " Harriet Tubman: The Life and Life Stories" by Jean Hubman.
1,667 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the life story and activities of Harriet Tubman. In discussing the book "Harriet Tubman: The Life and Life Stories" by Jean Humez the paper relates that Tubman was an African-American abolitionist who was originally a slave and, after escaping from slavery, assisted in the rescue of friends and family. The paper states that her most important role was that of abolitionist and the fact that she had liberated countless slaves. The paper concludes that Harriet Tubman had a strong impact on others, and continues to do so today, many years after her death.
From the Paper
" In 1871, a man named William Still published a work entitled The Underground Railroad, and in it he included a thorough description of Tubman and the work that she did. Still's work captured the seriousness of the issue and how much effort and time Tubman actually put into what she was doing (Humez, 2003). It also told first-hand accounts of some of the people that she had helped and how this had taken place. Arrangements were made at night and Harriet would go with a group of others to rescue individuals that were put in carriages and other transportation and spirited away. The operation was carried out quickly and quietly, with a well-organized plan and a minimum of fuss, which ensured that it worked well and put the people in as little danger as was possible given what they were doing (Humez, 2003)."In 1871, a man named William Still published a work entitled The Underground Railroad, and in it he included a thorough description of Tubman and the work that she did. Still's work captured the seriousness of the issue and how much effort and time Tubman actually put into what she was doing (Humez, 2003). It also told first-hand accounts of some of the people that she had helped and how this had taken place. Arrangements were made at night and Harriet would go with a group of others to rescue individuals that were put in carriages and other transportation and spirited away. The operation was carried out quickly and quietly, with a well-organized plan and a minimum of fuss, which ensured that it worked well and put the people in as little danger as was possible given what they were doing."
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Kimono History, 2008.
An analysis of the history of the kimono and its influence on contemporary fashion design.
1,837 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the kimono as simple apparel, in terms of shape and very complex in terms of design and artistry. The paper relates the origin of the term and its meaning, as well as the intricate design, styles and the influence it has had on fashion. The paper concludes that the traditional kimono still plays a very important part in contemporary fashion, not as an exotic element, but as an integral part of the designs for either casual or evening ware.
From the Paper
"Kawakubo, Miyake and Yamamoto are considered as the designers who made these first steps towards a new fashion more concrete: "While Kenzo is considered a pioneer among all Japanese designers, Kawakubo, Miyake and Yamamoto are the ones who created a new style characterized by monochromatic, asymmetrical and baggy looks."(Kawamura, 2004, 125) The asymmetrical and baggy look of their designs is clearly influenced by the loose form of the kimono. Sometimes, in Miyake's creations for example, the dresses are completely shapeless and have random holes that offer a certain freedom when wearing them: "There was a garment that was totally out of shape and had four holes. You could hardly tell which holes are supposed to be for the arms to go in or the neck to go in. During the rehearsal, Issey's patternmakers would be going around the dressers making sure we knew which hole was for which part of the body." (Kawamura, 2004, 134) This freedom of wear is also influenced by the kimono, which, although worn according to prescribed rules, can always be adjusted to the body or to the occasion, etc. Also, Miyake uses a special method in his designs that is called "A Piece of Cloth","that is clothes made out of a single piece of cloth which would entirely cover the body."
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Planned Parenting in the Philippines, 2008.
This study provides an applied anthropological analysis of family planning in the Philippines while assessing the role gender inequities play in family planning preferences.
3,712 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 102.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer of the paper explores planned parenting in the Philippines as it relates to gender equality rights and cultural preferences, using an anthropological perspective and analysis. The paper begins by outlining the evolution of family planning perceptions in the Philippines through recent history and defines how previous perceptions have influenced male and female responsibilities regarding planned parenting. The paper explores this subject using an applied anthropology approach, investigating human behavior and the applications it has to contemporary issues, in this case planned parenting. This approach offers a view of human behavior in the Philippines grounded in cultural exploration and actions resulting from such cultural investigation.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Background to Study
Evolution of Family Planning Perceptions in the Philippines
Overview 1990s and Beyond
Perceptions of Male-Female Responsibilities
Analysis and Conclusions
From the Paper
"The results of the study suggest that historically family planning in the Philippines has been widely ignored despite increasing interest among women to limit the number of children they have.
"While recent initiatives have encouraged more emphasis on modern contraceptive use and methods of pregnancy prevention, recent decentralization of political policy has lead to little motivation for women to seek family planning alternatives and often resorting to abortion as a method of pregnancy prevention. Women seem to be the primary decision-makers when it comes to family planning, although in many cases husbands seem to object based on prenatal beliefs or concerns about the costs associated with family planning. This study also shows that healthcare providers consist largely of women in the Philippines with the exception of doctors, and most of these women often encourage women to engage in safe family planning practice. "
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Women of Mexico and Texas, 2008.
An examination of the impact of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on the women of Mexico and Texas.
2,547 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the fact that women have faced various difficulties along the years and the centuries of struggle have yet to reveal a perfect equality between genders. The paper states that, while most constitutions promote gender equality, the practical application of this feature is far from perfect as women are discriminated against in most parts of the globe. The paper also states that the world is only slightly focused on women's sufferings as its only purpose is to grow, expand, and trade - all organized under the umbrella term of globalization. The paper concludes that globalization has had some positive economic effects as it has also managed to globalize the pain and struggle of women.
Outline:
Introduction
Background: Pre-NAFTA Conditions
Effects of NAFTA
Reform Measures to Benefit Women of the Region
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The North American Free Trade Agreement was signed in 1994 with a deadline in 2008 for the complete elimination of tax barriers between Canada, Mexico and the United States. The act has been received and perceived with both content and displease. Aimed to help the development of all communities involved, the agreement between Mexico and the U.S. was only able to bring together the most civilized country of the globe and one of the least developed. "NAFTA set guidelines to eliminate most trade and investment barriers between the United States, Canada and Mexico. What was actually created was a meeting of the first and third worlds. Never before in history has an agreement combined such disparate economies" (Durio, 2002-2006). Both women in Texas and Mexico were affected by the changes, but the largest effects were felt by Mexicans. Texan women had to struggle with a loss of jobs as a result of companies' moving their operations to the borderline."
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Florence Nightingale, 2008.
An analysis of Florence Nightingale's contribution to the field of nursing.
1,473 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how Florence Nightingale can be considered the mother of modern nursing and how, without her, it is unlikely that nursing would ever have become a respectable field. It looks at how Nightingale systematized the process of nursing, and also, because of her social status, how she was an instrumental public relations force in showing that nursing was a true profession, rather than something that 'lower class' women were seen to pursue, an occupation that was only one step removed from that of a nursemaid--or charwoman.
Outline:
Introduction
Background
Theory
Critique of the Theory
From the Paper
"Florence Nightingale, unlike most of the British women of her era, was frustrated with the common societal beliefs that women should not pursue careers--and defined the societal prohibitions of her day. Her father, William Nightingale believed women should get an education, and Florence was educated in the classics and in the sciences, as well as history, economics, philosophy, and modern languages. "Florence became disenchanted with the upper class lifestyle she was born into. When she was young she would care for sick and injured pets. Later she would care for servants who were ill. In 1837, Florence said she heard the voice of God tell her she had a mission. At the time she did not know what it was. Later she would discover her mission" ("Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)," 1998, UMN: Introstat History)"
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Women in Management Positions, 2008.
A review of the article "Management Women and the New Facts of Life" by Felice N. Schwartz.
948 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the article "Management Women and the New Facts of Life" where the author addresses the realities of employing women in top positions. The paper discusses the issues of maternity leave and childcare and the need for workplace flexibility. The paper explains the author's belief that women are sufficiently valuable in terms of adding value to a company that it is worth the investment to suit them better in terms of lifestyle and family.
From the Paper
"The beginning of Schwartz's article rather surprised me, particularly as I am part of a generation that strives towards equality for women and men. How could an article that claims to be about "Management Women and the New Facts of Life" begin with a statement like the cost of employing women in management being greater than the cost of employing men. As the article progresses however, the author makes clear the opening statement as one that acknowledges the realities of women in the workplace. The main reason for the opening statement is based upon the biological fact of maternity and the socialization processes connected with it."
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Middle Eastern Paradigms, 2008.
A look at established paradigms of women in the Middle East, including more recent research from a female anthropological viewpoint.
5,480 words (approx. 21.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 134.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses women in the Middle East and looks at both the economic and liberal paradigms of Muslim women from the perspectives of authors, scholars and journalists. The paper also notes that in the past Muslim women have been stereotyped as having had little if anything to do with the economic side of life for their families. Authors referenced in this paper point out that part of that erroneous reporting is due to the fact that previously only male anthropologists have conducted field work on Muslim women and their roles in the home and community. The author explains that now there is a more accurate picture to be presented available due to female anthropological research.
Outline:
Introduction
Economic Paradigm - Muslim Women I
Liberal Paradigm - Muslim Women
Economic Paradigm - Muslim Women II
Liberal Paradigm - Muslim Women II
From the Paper
"Economic Paradigm - Muslim Women I: Anne M. Jennings writes in Middle Eastern Women and the Invisible Economy (Jennings, 45) that there are old stereotypes about Muslim women and their participation in the family economic dynamics, and she believes research is needed in this area. For example, she explains that "thousands" of women earn money outside the home; this fact has been kept hidden largely because of the stereotype that the religion of Islam forbids women to be wage earners outside the home.
"Several reasons exist as to why the facts of female economics in Muslim countries have been unreported. One reason for this, Jennings writes, is that women often work in the "informal sector" - also called the "invisible economy" - and that money is rarely reported to agencies that collect taxes, for obvious reasons. Another reason for the seeming secrecy of women working outside the home is that Muslim males tend to deny that their wives are working, for reasons that are undisclosed by Jennings, but one can easily speculate that Muslim men may not wish to admit that their earnings are not sufficient to provide the family with adequate financial support."
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African-American Grandmothers, 2008.
Looks at the grandmother as the linchpin of the African-American family.
2,485 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, for many generations, African-American grandmothers not only have contributed economically to the family but have been the social fixture through which her family and community maintain their cohesiveness. The author relates that, in recent years, a growing number of African-American grandmothers have become "new parents again" by taking on the sole parenting responsibility for their grandchildren. The paper explores the reasons behind this trend, the historic role of the African-American grandmothers and some of the physical, mental and emotional effects of this next generation parenting role.
From the Paper
"However, African-American grandmothers as caregivers are no new phenomenon. Jiminez (2002) did a study in which she examined primary sources such as the testimonies of elderly African-American women who had been slaves. She used their stories, oral histories, biographies, and autobiographies as well as manuscripts from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936 to 1940. She discovered certain commonalties between the historical development of African-American grandmothers during slavery and their experience from the second half of the 19th century until today."
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Literature: Women inside the Patriarchal Society, 2008.
Compares the depiction of the life of women inside the patriarchal society in Rebecca Harding Davis' 'Life in the Iron Mills" and William Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily".
895 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the female protagonists in Rebecca Harding Davis' 'Life in the Iron Mills" and Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily" are very different. However, the two women are markedly the prisoners of the patriarchal society that has caught them in its net. The author points out that both women focus all their energy on their male companions, being almost obsessively preoccupied with them. The paper describes both stories.
From the Paper
""Life in the Iron Mills" is the somber story of the grey, empty life of a worker in the iron mills, Hugh Wolfe. In the midst of his brutish life, he has an artistic vision: he is able to model figurines out of the waste materials left at the mill. His aspirations are thwarted nevertheless, and he dies in utter misery. His fate obviously symbolizes the terrible destiny of the working-class people, who had no perspectives outside a barren, instinctual life. The secondary character of this story, Deborah, who is Hugh's cousin, is however an even more interesting figure which perfect the realistic picture drawn by Davis."
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Lessening Apprehension In Communication, 2008.
A study of the problem of communication apprehension and its effects on men and women in society.
2,033 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper states that communication apprehension is a problem for much of the population. The paper then goes on to analyze communication apprehension in a group of teachers using relevant theoretical concepts and perspectives. The paper also makes recommendations on how the problem can be resolved, based on interpersonal communication perspectives. The paper reviews the literature relating to communication apprehension and states that there are differences to consider in the manner in which males and females communicate.
Outline:
Introduction
Communication Apprehension Examined
Characteristics Of Communication Anxiety
Six Typical Cognitive Distortions Identified
Strategies For Coping With Communication Apprehension
Peer Feedback: Enabling Communication Skills
Differences In The Way Males And Females Communicate
Summary & Conclusion
From the Paper
"The work of Horwitz entitled: "Communication Apprehension: Origins and Management" states that the "treatment of communication apprehension is a natural fit for speech-language pathologists because many patients with clearly diagnosed communication disorders have anxiety about communicating that may or not may not be related to their presenting problems. In addition, speaking anxiety is a common universal problem among people without communication disorders." These reasons according to Horwitz, is convincing that ..."the study of communication apprehension warrants the attention of speech-language pathologists who can, with additional training, easily develop the expertise to treat the multitude of people who suffer from this problem." (2001) Horwitz relates that the work of Marshall (1994) states findings that thirty percent to forty percent "of the general population considered public speaking their number one fear, surpassing fears of heights, sickness, loneliness, and the dark."
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The Needs of Indigenous Australian Women, 2008.
A review of the challenges facing Australian aboriginal women in today's society.
1,686 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes the topic of feminism in Australia and specifically discusses how white, mainstream feminists in Australia can better listen to, and attend to, the needs and voices of indigenous Australian women. The paper further relates that Australian indigenous women including the Australian Aborigines, the Maori of New Zealand, and the Torres State Islanders, have specific needs, problems, and issues that face them today. The paper highlights the fact that developing understanding, modes of clearer communication and ways to aid these women can help white Australian feminists tear down boundaries and bring about more care and support for Australia's indigenous women.
From the Paper
"Domestic violence is another very important problem facing aboriginal women. An Australian newspaper reporter continues, "Homicide is the leading cause of premature death for indigenous women and they are 45 times more likely to be victims of domestic violence than other Australians". It is also well known that most aboriginal victims of domestic violence do not speak out, because they are afraid of reprisals by their family or the community (Bhandari 2006). Thus, the abuse continues in a cycle of violence that can often lead to death. White feminists need to tackle this problem head on, just as they would for white victims of domestic violence. First, they need to create educational programs for aboriginal women that stress the importance of speaking out when domestic violence occurs."
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