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Social Justice, 2007.
This paper explores the idea of social justice; that a society should provide equal treatment to all its members.
1,263 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews the concept of social justice and argues that social justice is fundamentally about giving people what they deserve, as well as fundamental things they need. The paper focuses specifically on how the "rewards" of society should be apportioned if social justice is to be achieved. The paper concludes that a just society is one in which basic services are readily available to all, but where the "perks" of modern living are made available in proportion to one's social utility.
From the Paper
"One of the cornerstones of any philosophical discussion devoted to social justice is the idea that people should be given what they "deserve". Among other things, this means that people who do wrong should be punished according to the severity of their crimes and that people who "do good" or who achieve excellence in their field of endeavor should be rewarded for their actions. Obviously, things like punishment and reward go to the heart of our criminal and civil justice system and it may be said, at least to the extent constitutional safeguards in America ensure that punishment is (usually) proportionate to the offense in question ("U.S. Constitution: Eighth Amendment" 2006), that America has developed into a society fairly cognizant of social justice ideals."
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Policy Implementation, 2007.
This paper provides an assessment of strategies to promote public policy implementation.
2,281 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that the study of policy implementation is necessary in order to isolate strategies that have been effective in promoting policy change and effective policy implementation. The paper examines the works of three authors who have been active in improving the quality of the research on public policy; Charles E. Merriam, Michael Lipsky and Thomas R. Dye. The paper also describes the problems facing those responsible for public policy implementation and facing public policy researchers. To illustrate the scope of these problems, the paper uses the example of initial research into HIV/AIDS.
Outline:
Introduction
Three Noted Public Policy Researchers
Problems Facing Public Policy Researchers
Possible Reforms in Policy Implementation Research
From the Paper
"Study of policy implementation is necessary in order to isolate strategies that have been effective in promoting policy change and effective policy implementation. Persons who are prominent members of the policy change process are often classified as political activists, but there are numerous authors and analysts whose perceptions have helped facilitate a greater understanding of the policy change process. While not generally recognized as prominent social or political activists, such persons have nonetheless added a significant contribution to the overall study of public policy in general, and facilitating change and implementation in particular."
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Sexual Harassment Policies, 2007.
This paper discusses sexual harassment policies in Canada and evaluates strategies of change.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that with the rise of the modern feminist movement in the late 1960s and 1970s, what had previously been considered tolerable, if not acceptable, behavior in the workplace began to be called into question - especially as it pertained to the matter of sexual harassment. With this in mind, this paper looks at the important issue of sexual harassment and examines what strategies have been pursued and continue to be pursued with regards to addressing this issue. The focus falls primarily upon Canadian organizations charged with protecting the interests of women in the workforce. The writer details why sexual harassment is such an important topic and discusses in brief four Canadian organizations ostensibly committed to fighting sexual harassment in the workplace and looks at the strategies they pursue towards this end. Finally, the paper concludes with an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the strategies apparently put forward by the above-mentioned organizations and notes what can be done differently to achieve the final aims of those preoccupied with bringing sexual harassment to an end.
From the Paper
"The first women's organization worthy of discussion is the Alberta Women Entrepreneurs organization - or the Alberta Women's Enterprise Initiative Association as it has historically also been called. A review of the organization's professional website reveals very little about the policies the AWE pursues in order to combat sexual harassment. For example, the home page contains links to popular events the organization puts on regularly with the goal of educating women about what skills and attitudes they need to be successful in an alleged "man's" world, but a careful review of the site does not reveal any specific policy initiatives vis-a-vis sexual harassment. Presumably, because the organization pursues an educational function above all else, at least some of the many events it stages each year discuss what women need to look for when they believe themselves to be the victims of sexual harassment . ."
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U.S.A. Immigration, 2007.
This paper discuses past and present U.S.A. immigration laws and the attitudes of citizens towards immigrants
1,235 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although historically on the surface U.S.A. policy has maintained an open door towards immigration, more established immigrant groups and nationalities have discouraged immigration from nations and ethnicities other than their own. The author points out that given the impending health care crisis and the pressure on the educational system, currently, America's immigration laws are under attack for being too lax on both legal aliens and illegal immigrants. The paper relates that the proponents of the latest immigration laws hold to the premise that it is impossible to prevent immigrants from entering the U.S. through legal or illegal means; therefore, legal methods of obtaining citizenship should be proposed even for less favored immigrants.
From the Paper
"Doubtlessly, the United States policy regarding immigration has ceaselessly demanded that foreign peoples conform to our culture, religion, language, and preferably be of our race. The general fear is loss of our way of life; loss of our jobs, degradation of our language, loss of our vast open spaces, weakening of the economy, and loss of our identity. To many people these threats are very real; presently the U.S. takes in almost half of the world's immigrants; this suggests that if there were no regulations, drastic changes would come about."
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Urban Culture and Innovation, 2007.
This paper explains how urban culture and society impacted and shaped achievement in science and in technology, especially as discussed by Lewis Mumford.
3,760 words (approx. 15.0 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the role of the urban ecosystem in expediting the exchange of ideas, in creating vast local markets for new products, in forcing urban planners and engineers to look at new ways of meeting the pressing exigencies brought about by dynamic growth, and in concentrating human and productive resources in a geographically discrete location so that they can be exploited fully. The author points out that Lewis Mumford relates that, in the early American towns, businesses, in ceaseless competition, sought innovations to stay "one step ahead". The paper states that Mumford argues that the essential "garden city", which incorporates nature into the urban world and vice versa, actually existed in the colonial America of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
From the Paper
"One of the more controversial items Mumford raises in his work is the view that the urban community and the culture springing from it are not simply phenomena intrinsically designed to build human wealth and/or to fulfill basic human needs. Perhaps, at one time, that was indeed the case, but Mumford insists that the modern urban society is pre-eminently one in which the "conquest" of nature and the "control of life" are the chief aims of those who wield power over the productive appendages of the mega-machine."
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Family Changes, 2007.
This paper provides an interview that conveys changing perceptions of family structure.
1,707 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the composition, practices and values of the traditional family have shifted. The paper relates that talking to the people who have experienced those changes provides useful insight into the critical studies and research that quantifies those changes. The writer includes an interview with his/her grandparents, each of whom grew up in the post-World War II era.
Outline:
Introduction
Interview
Analysis
From the Paper
"Numerous studies and analyses of the subject of intergenerational structural changes in the family have found that the traditional family of even a few decades ago has already changed dramatically and significantly. The dissolution of the nuclear family into less rigid, one-parent households has even been attributed as a factor in rising inequality and poverty. In fact, the number of children in one-parent households jumped from 15% to 28% between 1970 and 1991, a significant amount (Lerman 119)."
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The Female Beauty Myth, 2007.
This paper explores the motives behind the way women are portrayed in the popular media.
2,492 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the views of Naomi Wolf in her book "The Beauty Myth" that the enforced version of female beauty helps to maintain male economic and political power. The paper also discusses Noam Chomsky's argument that the powerful elite of our society deliberately manipulate the media they control in order to maintain the current status quo. The paper examines current popular media, especially television and film, to investigate whether these allegations appear to be valid. The paper concludes that the beauty ideal is indeed a myth that the elite of our society convey to us via the popular media in order to keep women in their inferior place.
From the Paper
"In her book The Beauty Myth, Naomi Wolf argues that the ideal of female beauty that is projected in modern mass media is simply the latest method of keeping women in a subservient role within the patriarchal system. Wolf sees the aggressive pushing of a particular form of beauty as an important part of a backlash against the successes that have been achieved by the feminist movement. She believes that this enforced version of female beauty helps to maintain male economic and political power, by keeping women busy with diet and exercise, or keeping them so consumed by anxiety that they are unable to act effectively in the worlds of business and politics. Wolf argues this point with reference to many aspects of the popular media, noting that they all send the message that it is vitally important for women to be beautiful; and that in order to beautiful, women must be thin (and preferably also young, white and blonde). In considering these allegations, we also need to keep in mind that theorists such as Noam Chomsky have argued persuasively that the media is controlled by the powerful elite of our society, who deliberately manipulate the media they control in order to maintain the current status quo."
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Evolution of Social Movements, 2007.
An analysis of how social movements affected social change in the 1960s.
1,584 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper shows how the powers of social movements are derived primarily from injustice in society. The paper looks at the civil rights, feminist and anti-war movements in the nineteen-sixties that demonstrated how once a social movement gains momentum it can produce wider public dissatisfaction with the status quo and compel elected officials to take action against injustice. The paper points out, however, that the power to affect social change in society tends to be fluid, for once a social movement achieves a certain degree of social change, it meets increasing resistance, which reduces its power.
From the Paper
"The Civil Rights Movement of the nineteen-sixties began because of Rosa Parks and the Montgomery, Alabama bus boycott in 1955, which inspired African-Americans to increase their efforts to win equality. Parks (1999) notes that a few years later, when Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent the FBI into the South in 1962 to enforce laws, prevent violence, and protect civil rights activists, it sent a strong message that the time for racial justice had arrived and that racial segregation must be ended."
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Internal and External Reasons for Behavior, 2007.
This paper discusses internal and external reasons and motivations for different actions.
2,028 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that trying to determine why human beings do the sometimes absurd things they do has long engrossed philosophers and psychologists. The writer explores the work of Bernard Williams (and a critic of his work) with an eye towards explaining the internal and external reasons that guide human conduct and also whether or not Williams' emphasis upon rationality as the chief guide of human endeavors or pursuits is warranted. The writer argues that, while Williams' faith in the efficacy of internal determinants is plausible (although it does raise at least a few serious questions), his defense of rationality is not nearly as strong and is taken to task by Warren Quinn.
From the Paper
"Obviously, external reasons for action tie into the idea that society can create the internal wants of its citizens; this is not really a revelatory idea, but it is one that Williams appears to reject. Specifically, he holds that the idea people who are not otherwise internally pre-disposed to a certain course of action can nonetheless become predisposed to that course of action via developing a new motivation (courtesy exposure to alleged external reasons) is entirely wrong; people are never guided towards certain decisions because of external reasons but are simply guided in one direction or another because the constant competition between internal motivations leads them to conclude that a "reason" for doing something outweighs any disinclinations they may otherwise have."
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Pornography, 2007.
An analysis of possible solutions to the negative effects of pornography on society.
814 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the effects of pornography on society and discusses whether pornography should be banned. It argues that pornography should not be banned, however, it should be closely monitored and restricted. It also discusses the possible benefits to society, women and workers within the adult film industry, of introducing these measures.
From the Paper
"Finally, pornography is something which must be - at the very least - closely monitored inasmuch as it reverses the long-standing efforts of feminists to gain for women a measure of dignity and respect - dignity and respect, it need hardly be said, which will see them valued for things other than their physical appearance. In her discussion of the matter, Susan Brownmiller writes that pornography - presumably of the magazine variety - portrays women as commodities, like "cuts of meat" at the local supermarket. Obviously, in light of women's steady march towards academic ascendancy in American universities, this image is as untrue as it is unflattering and it harms millions of American women who are told to see themselves as a "cut of meat"."
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Harry Sylvester's "I Won't Do No Dive", 2007.
A literary analysis of Harry Sylvester's short story, "I Won't Do No Dive", about a down-on-his-luck boxer.
845 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Harry Sylvester's "I Won't Do No Dive" represents the cultural phenomenon of the fixing of boxing matches, which is commonly told in sports-themed literature and Hollywood screen plays. The author points out that, even the incorrect phrasing of the term, "I won't do no dive", is a deliberate double-negative, familiar as both the text of a boxer who won't deliberately lose a match and as a double-negative that resonates of the poor English of a boxer growing up in a rough area and enduring many battles in his attempted climb to the top. The paper relates that match fixing provides for an interesting literary device by creating a complicated dilemma, which underscores the importance of honesty and competition in sport and how the corruption of these mottos commonly debases it.
From the Paper
"The era in which the story was written (the 1930s) also has literary implications, as we witness the rough-and-tumble surrounds of a struggling boxer in the earlier part of the twentieth century. The characters speak in the incorrect English of a rough area in a bygone era - which is not specified, but his again is a good literary device: we romanticize the era and the place, perhaps imagining a rough, no-holds-barred Brooklyn, where even the rough, down-on-their-luck crowd have dreams of boxing and making it big."
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Material Conditions in Hong Kong, 2007.
This paper discusses poor strategic planning and declining material conditions in Hong Kong during the Japanese occupation.
1,535 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that Hong Kong has had one of the most diverse political histories in East Asia. The writer notes that one of the most dramatic political developments in Hong Kong was its occupation by the Japanese during the Second World War. The writer examines why material and social conditions in Hong Kong declined so quickly during the Japanese occupation. The writer argues that these declines appeared to be the result of a Hong Kong's low strategic value and the fact that the Japanese disdain for prisoners and captive populations resulted in neglect or active brutality.
From the Paper
"On the other hand Japanese ideology could have exacerbated this problem. In particular the Japanese saw themselves as superior to people form other countries. The Japanese also had a fundamentally different conception of prisoners of war and how they should be treated."
"To a large degree it can be argued that some of the problems experienced in Hong Kong were the result of Hong Kong's low strategic priority. Mainland China seemed to be a far greater threat then Hong Kong. In particular an alliance between China and the United States seemed particularly problematic for the Japanese."
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Human Sexuality, 2007.
This paper discusses the philosophy of human sexuality.
2,253 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the study of human sexuality and gender roles is a discipline complicated by a vast range of biases and prejudices. The writer notes that it may be arguable, with some justification, that it is impossible to approach this study from an unbiased perspective given our common humanity that the degree to which each of us is implicated in social relationships and influenced by our hormonal and physiological conditions. Within this context, this essay explores the questions of how sexuality and gender roles are constructed and the issues associated with medical interventions with regard to determining sexuality and gender roles. This essay argues the thesis that while sex is generally biologically determined, sexual orientation and gender roles are often - though not necessarily exclusively - socially constructed. Given this perspective, it is argued that medical interventions in these areas become highly problematic given the likelihood that they will be based upon not necessarily the patient's best interests, but the social preoccupations and biases of the medical intervenor.
From the Paper
"Thus, the numbers of truly inter-sexed infants may be assumed to be so small as to be statistically insignificant. While Kessler argues convincingly that physicians' socially constructed biases with respect to sexual orientation influence their interventions in inter-sexed infants, the fact remains that the numbers of such cases are so small as to not affect the overall conclusion that humanity is - in the vast majority - determined biologically by sex into male and female."
"Beyond this, however, evidence suggests that sexual orientation and gender roles may be significantly influenced by social construction to the point that the latter may often be the dominant factor in determining these roles."
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Radio and American Culture, 2007.
This paper explores the radio's impact upon American popular culture from the 1920s through the 1950s.
2,525 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
The paper shows how radio advertising created a demand for certain modes of dress, entertainment and music at the same time as it worked to produce a society more pliant to powerful interest groups. The paper discusses how the radio also served to perpetuate stereotypes that marginalized some groups while elevating others. The paper concludes that American popular culture - even to this very day - owes at least part of its nature to the old-fashioned radio.
From the Paper
"One of the most significant things that radio did for American popular culture was to make the siren call of that culture more pervasive than ever before. That is to say, before the advent of the radio, people could really only be exposed to the newest fad, fashion or technological product by venturing outdoors, by permitting a door-to-door salesman into the house or by purchasing a subscription to the local newspaper. However, because radio did not require anyone to leave the home in order to be inundated with advertising promos, did not require that someone admit a stranger into their residence or did not even require that someone be able to read the printed word, radio became an extraordinarily effective means of "commodifying" popular culture even more than it already was."
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Yellow Fever, 2007.
This paper discuses the the impact of the 1853 Yellow Fever epidemic upon the community of Biloxi, Mississippi.
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in 1853, yellow fever, which today mostly is under control, had been a part of the American landscape for dozens of generations and had shaped life in the Deep South during the nineteenth century. The author points out that the medical community did not know that yellow fever was caused by mosquitoes, which meant that a disproportionate amount of time and resources were devoted to quarantining the sick and to fumigating the mail. The paper relates that the 1853 tragic epidemic forced civic leaders in Mississippian communities to improve vastly their sanitation and water supply systems, as well as increase medical research into the cause of yellow fever and create shelters and "half-way" homes for the orphans.
From the Paper
"Ironically enough, at the same time as nineteenth century America found itself being buffeted by one yellow fever attack after another, Biloxi, Mississippi became a popular resort destination for wealthy outsiders seeking to escape that city's oppressive summer heat and frequent yellow fever outbreaks. Furthermore, the middle nineteenth century - at almost the precise time as Biloxi was to be wracked by the 1853 crisis - also saw an ever-growing number of outsiders and tourists flocking to the fledgling city so as to be near the ostensible healing powers of its local waters."
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