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Criminology Theories, 2007.
This paper discusses four criminological theories and explanations for crime.
1,824 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews, in chronological order, four significant criminological theories - early biological theory as championed by Cesare Lombroso, ecological theory as made popular by the Chicago School, Merton's Economic Strain theory, and feminist criminological theory emphasizing a "gendered" approach to understanding crime - and illustrates how each succeeding theory was either indebted to the one before it or produced in response to the one which came before. Every bit as meaningfully, the paper takes a closer look at the social or intellectual trends/fashions which made it possible for new, divergent theories to achieve prominence even when pre-existing theories seemed unshakable in their primacy. Ultimately, the paper concludes that the field of criminology is fertile, evolutionary and ceaselessly dynamic.
Outline:
Abstract
Criminological Theories: The Emergence and Evolution of Four Theoretical Explanations for Crime
From the Paper
"Quite simply, whatever its shortcomings, early biological theory was a welcome respite from doctrinaire "free will" explanations of crime which had largely dominated the intellectual landscape up until the last quarter of the nineteenth century. In light of this fact, his work should be understood and appreciated within its historical context and not judged wholly by the criminological standards of today."
"Although his contribution to criminology was most welcome, it was not long before a number of academics began to call his findings into question. The most famous of all these dissenters was not an individual, per se, but a school. Specifically, criminologists in the Department of Sociology at the University of Chicago became the chief advocates of a new criminological theory known as ecological crime theory ..."
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The Rational Choice Theory, 2007.
This paper examines the feminist perspective of the rational choice theory as an explanation for female crime.
812 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper provides a brief definition of the rational choice theory and argues that the theory, while plausible, is far too laden with masculine, patriarchal assumptions to be an effective explanation for female crime. The paper shows how females have been constrained historically by patriarchal forces and concludes that this is sufficient proof that the theory functions better as an explanation for male criminal behavior than for female criminal behavior.
From the Paper
"Simply put, rational choice theory holds that criminals are rational or "purposive" actors who calculate the relative benefits and costs of committing an act and make a decision which they believe will maximize the utility of their (criminal) actions. According to at least one online source, rational choice theory also posits that the alternatives available to any actor or group of actors is necessarily constrained by the environment and by the institutions within which they make their decisions. In the end, it appears as though rational choice theory posits that criminals select certain victims and/or certain types of crime because they feel the reward is sufficient to justify the risk or the risk is low enough that the "lure" of the reward becomes over-mastering (O'Connor 2005)."
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An Auto-Ethnography of My Life, 2007.
This paper is an auto-ethnography about how the experiences of living in three different countries have helped to form a deeply multicultural, complex person.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the author completed preschool and grade one in Hong Kong, one of the most multicultural cities in the world; however, his parents sent him and his brother to Sydney, Australia, to attended a private boarding school. The author explains that, regardless of how very hard they tried, he and his brother could never quite catch up with the other boys because they simply had too many disadvantages and additional stressors, such as extreme home-sickness. The paper relates that the whole family to Canada, which had a well-deserved reputation for being multicultural, in 1996, when the author was 14. The author reports that he was able to make a much better adjustment and, as an adult, has remained in Canada. The paper includes critical endnotes.
From the Paper
"After many years of hard work I was able to complete my high school education in Vancouver, and began the process to be accepted into Simon Fraser University. By the time I was accepted by SFU, my parents had decided to move back to Hong Kong. They cannot speak English at all, and I think they were too old and set in their ways to integrate into a foreign culture. Also, they had retired, so they did not have the enjoyment and stimulation of working. All in all, they were bored and socially isolated within a foreign culture, and really needed to get back to Hong Kong."
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Insights into the Child Welfare System, 2007.
An analysis of the areas that call for attention in terms of revision within the child welfare system (CWS).
3,081 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a welfare professional's insights into the child welfare system (CWS). The paper explains that the welfare professional was a foster child herself and then goes on to describe three areas that call for attention in terms of revision within CWS: These issues concern systems thinking and the interrelatedness of all CWS decisions, cultural issues in CWS dealings relating to both structural inequality and diversity theories and organizational structure issues, which are relevant in both leadership and change theories and organizational change theories.
From the Paper
"Finally, changes in the organizational structure and overall running protocol of CWS agencies will allow improvements in the system. Expecting and fostering accountability will create an environment of strength and security, greatly improving the chances of success for CWS clients. Additional collaboration with outside and connected organizations will provide support and insight while maintaining that accountability through open expectations and goal sharing with those agencies. Most importantly, these changes must occur while moving CWS toward a flat organizational structure. This will address current structural and bureaucratic problems while increasing inter-agency communication. Reducing levels of management will also allow management to work more closely with "front line" staff and improve quality of care."
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"Tropic of Orange", 2007.
This paper examines Karen Tei Yamashita's views of multiculturalism in "Tropic of Orange".
1,062 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Yamashita's "Tropic of Orange" that deals with the cultural and economic issues intimately associated with globalization. The paper focuses on a single passage from the book and explains Yamashita's view that cultural diversity has been reduced in the West to the experiences that can be easily packaged and sold via the existing channels of global capitalism. The paper highlights the idea that multiculturalism has become a commercial venture.
From the Paper
"In Tropic of Orange, Karen Tei Yamashita utilizes the (non)tropes of magical realism to deliver a very specific vision of America's future. As many critics have noted, Yamashita's Tropic of Orange deals with the cultural and economic issues intimately associated with globalization and the uneven development of different parts of the world, with a strong division drawn between nations in the North and those in the South (Wallace 145; Gier and Tejeda). Yamashita's examination of place and border is set against the backdrop of modern Los Angeles, arguably one of the most commercially cosmopolitan cities in the world. It is, we quickly learn, both a part of the United States but simultaneously an entity distinct from that national body."
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Homeless Families, 2007.
This paper explores the variables that increase the risk of homelessness.
1,589 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses political, cultural and health care concerns that impact families who either are currently homeless or are at risk for becoming homeless. It reviews literature that identifies how these factors affect the status of families and can contribute to or reduce the risk of families becoming homeless.
Outline:
Predictors of Homelessness
Health Issues Affecting the Homeless
Intervention Strategies
From the Paper
"Data indicates that the overall risk of homelessness can be predicted through the degree to which families experience specific conditions. The higher or more severe these variables are expressed in respect to the family, the greater the risk that the family will experience destabilizing effects in regards to their housing situation. Shinn et al. (1998) produced a comprehensive study into these variables. In a qualitative, longitudinal, interview-based assessment, Shinn et al. (1998) surveyed the data from 266 families seeking shelter from low-cost or free public shelter facilities within New York City. The authors then contrasted the data from this survey against responses from 298 families who had some form of permanent housing, and the majority of which owned or were able to rent shelter that was exclusively under their control."
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Asian Population Growth, 2007.
This paper focuses on South Asia and its population control problems.
2,566 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the impact that rapid population growth is having upon the cultural, political and economic geography of South Asia. The paper looks at India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bhutan and evaluates which regions are dealing most effectively with the perceived demographic crisis. The paper discusses the political and social consequences of their failures.
From the Paper
"To start with, our course readings inform us that south Asia is afflicted with grinding poverty and with all the health, nutritional, and poor educational attainment problems associated with poverty. At the same time, the region is crowded, with 22 percent of the planet's population crammed into 3 percent of the planet's land area (de Blij & Muller 2001). As one can well imagine, social maladies like unrest, resentment and criminal activity can quickly ensue and grow to tragic dimensions if something is not done to first stop the population growth and, secondly, the ugly social problems besetting the geographic region."
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Social Justice, 2007.
This paper explores the idea of social justice; that a society should provide equal treatment to all its members.
1,263 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews the concept of social justice and argues that social justice is fundamentally about giving people what they deserve, as well as fundamental things they need. The paper focuses specifically on how the "rewards" of society should be apportioned if social justice is to be achieved. The paper concludes that a just society is one in which basic services are readily available to all, but where the "perks" of modern living are made available in proportion to one's social utility.
From the Paper
"One of the cornerstones of any philosophical discussion devoted to social justice is the idea that people should be given what they "deserve". Among other things, this means that people who do wrong should be punished according to the severity of their crimes and that people who "do good" or who achieve excellence in their field of endeavor should be rewarded for their actions. Obviously, things like punishment and reward go to the heart of our criminal and civil justice system and it may be said, at least to the extent constitutional safeguards in America ensure that punishment is (usually) proportionate to the offense in question ("U.S. Constitution: Eighth Amendment" 2006), that America has developed into a society fairly cognizant of social justice ideals."
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Policy Implementation, 2007.
This paper provides an assessment of strategies to promote public policy implementation.
2,281 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that the study of policy implementation is necessary in order to isolate strategies that have been effective in promoting policy change and effective policy implementation. The paper examines the works of three authors who have been active in improving the quality of the research on public policy; Charles E. Merriam, Michael Lipsky and Thomas R. Dye. The paper also describes the problems facing those responsible for public policy implementation and facing public policy researchers. To illustrate the scope of these problems, the paper uses the example of initial research into HIV/AIDS.
Outline:
Introduction
Three Noted Public Policy Researchers
Problems Facing Public Policy Researchers
Possible Reforms in Policy Implementation Research
From the Paper
"Study of policy implementation is necessary in order to isolate strategies that have been effective in promoting policy change and effective policy implementation. Persons who are prominent members of the policy change process are often classified as political activists, but there are numerous authors and analysts whose perceptions have helped facilitate a greater understanding of the policy change process. While not generally recognized as prominent social or political activists, such persons have nonetheless added a significant contribution to the overall study of public policy in general, and facilitating change and implementation in particular."
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Sexual Harassment Policies, 2007.
This paper discusses sexual harassment policies in Canada and evaluates strategies of change.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that with the rise of the modern feminist movement in the late 1960s and 1970s, what had previously been considered tolerable, if not acceptable, behavior in the workplace began to be called into question - especially as it pertained to the matter of sexual harassment. With this in mind, this paper looks at the important issue of sexual harassment and examines what strategies have been pursued and continue to be pursued with regards to addressing this issue. The focus falls primarily upon Canadian organizations charged with protecting the interests of women in the workforce. The writer details why sexual harassment is such an important topic and discusses in brief four Canadian organizations ostensibly committed to fighting sexual harassment in the workplace and looks at the strategies they pursue towards this end. Finally, the paper concludes with an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the strategies apparently put forward by the above-mentioned organizations and notes what can be done differently to achieve the final aims of those preoccupied with bringing sexual harassment to an end.
From the Paper
"The first women's organization worthy of discussion is the Alberta Women Entrepreneurs organization - or the Alberta Women's Enterprise Initiative Association as it has historically also been called. A review of the organization's professional website reveals very little about the policies the AWE pursues in order to combat sexual harassment. For example, the home page contains links to popular events the organization puts on regularly with the goal of educating women about what skills and attitudes they need to be successful in an alleged "man's" world, but a careful review of the site does not reveal any specific policy initiatives vis-a-vis sexual harassment. Presumably, because the organization pursues an educational function above all else, at least some of the many events it stages each year discuss what women need to look for when they believe themselves to be the victims of sexual harassment . ."
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U.S.A. Immigration, 2007.
This paper discuses past and present U.S.A. immigration laws and the attitudes of citizens towards immigrants
1,235 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although historically on the surface U.S.A. policy has maintained an open door towards immigration, more established immigrant groups and nationalities have discouraged immigration from nations and ethnicities other than their own. The author points out that given the impending health care crisis and the pressure on the educational system, currently, America's immigration laws are under attack for being too lax on both legal aliens and illegal immigrants. The paper relates that the proponents of the latest immigration laws hold to the premise that it is impossible to prevent immigrants from entering the U.S. through legal or illegal means; therefore, legal methods of obtaining citizenship should be proposed even for less favored immigrants.
From the Paper
"Doubtlessly, the United States policy regarding immigration has ceaselessly demanded that foreign peoples conform to our culture, religion, language, and preferably be of our race. The general fear is loss of our way of life; loss of our jobs, degradation of our language, loss of our vast open spaces, weakening of the economy, and loss of our identity. To many people these threats are very real; presently the U.S. takes in almost half of the world's immigrants; this suggests that if there were no regulations, drastic changes would come about."
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Urban Culture and Innovation, 2007.
This paper explains how urban culture and society impacted and shaped achievement in science and in technology, especially as discussed by Lewis Mumford.
3,760 words (approx. 15.0 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the role of the urban ecosystem in expediting the exchange of ideas, in creating vast local markets for new products, in forcing urban planners and engineers to look at new ways of meeting the pressing exigencies brought about by dynamic growth, and in concentrating human and productive resources in a geographically discrete location so that they can be exploited fully. The author points out that Lewis Mumford relates that, in the early American towns, businesses, in ceaseless competition, sought innovations to stay "one step ahead". The paper states that Mumford argues that the essential "garden city", which incorporates nature into the urban world and vice versa, actually existed in the colonial America of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
From the Paper
"One of the more controversial items Mumford raises in his work is the view that the urban community and the culture springing from it are not simply phenomena intrinsically designed to build human wealth and/or to fulfill basic human needs. Perhaps, at one time, that was indeed the case, but Mumford insists that the modern urban society is pre-eminently one in which the "conquest" of nature and the "control of life" are the chief aims of those who wield power over the productive appendages of the mega-machine."
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Family Changes, 2007.
This paper provides an interview that conveys changing perceptions of family structure.
1,707 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the composition, practices and values of the traditional family have shifted. The paper relates that talking to the people who have experienced those changes provides useful insight into the critical studies and research that quantifies those changes. The writer includes an interview with his/her grandparents, each of whom grew up in the post-World War II era.
Outline:
Introduction
Interview
Analysis
From the Paper
"Numerous studies and analyses of the subject of intergenerational structural changes in the family have found that the traditional family of even a few decades ago has already changed dramatically and significantly. The dissolution of the nuclear family into less rigid, one-parent households has even been attributed as a factor in rising inequality and poverty. In fact, the number of children in one-parent households jumped from 15% to 28% between 1970 and 1991, a significant amount (Lerman 119)."
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The Female Beauty Myth, 2007.
This paper explores the motives behind the way women are portrayed in the popular media.
2,492 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the views of Naomi Wolf in her book "The Beauty Myth" that the enforced version of female beauty helps to maintain male economic and political power. The paper also discusses Noam Chomsky's argument that the powerful elite of our society deliberately manipulate the media they control in order to maintain the current status quo. The paper examines current popular media, especially television and film, to investigate whether these allegations appear to be valid. The paper concludes that the beauty ideal is indeed a myth that the elite of our society convey to us via the popular media in order to keep women in their inferior place.
From the Paper
"In her book The Beauty Myth, Naomi Wolf argues that the ideal of female beauty that is projected in modern mass media is simply the latest method of keeping women in a subservient role within the patriarchal system. Wolf sees the aggressive pushing of a particular form of beauty as an important part of a backlash against the successes that have been achieved by the feminist movement. She believes that this enforced version of female beauty helps to maintain male economic and political power, by keeping women busy with diet and exercise, or keeping them so consumed by anxiety that they are unable to act effectively in the worlds of business and politics. Wolf argues this point with reference to many aspects of the popular media, noting that they all send the message that it is vitally important for women to be beautiful; and that in order to beautiful, women must be thin (and preferably also young, white and blonde). In considering these allegations, we also need to keep in mind that theorists such as Noam Chomsky have argued persuasively that the media is controlled by the powerful elite of our society, who deliberately manipulate the media they control in order to maintain the current status quo."
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Evolution of Social Movements, 2007.
An analysis of how social movements affected social change in the 1960s.
1,584 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper shows how the powers of social movements are derived primarily from injustice in society. The paper looks at the civil rights, feminist and anti-war movements in the nineteen-sixties that demonstrated how once a social movement gains momentum it can produce wider public dissatisfaction with the status quo and compel elected officials to take action against injustice. The paper points out, however, that the power to affect social change in society tends to be fluid, for once a social movement achieves a certain degree of social change, it meets increasing resistance, which reduces its power.
From the Paper
"The Civil Rights Movement of the nineteen-sixties began because of Rosa Parks and the Montgomery, Alabama bus boycott in 1955, which inspired African-Americans to increase their efforts to win equality. Parks (1999) notes that a few years later, when Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent the FBI into the South in 1962 to enforce laws, prevent violence, and protect civil rights activists, it sent a strong message that the time for racial justice had arrived and that racial segregation must be ended."
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