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Focus Group Interviews in Sociology, 2001.
An analysis of one of the qualitative research techniques - focus group interviews.
3,481 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the focus group interview. It describes this method and tries to find out why this research procedure works and why and how it is used. The writer also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of focus groups. In addition, the writer explains its detailed methodology, process of its planning, moderating of discussion, analyzing and reporting of obtained data. The writer concludes that the future of this qualitative technique is probably in online focus groups, although this new environment and new technology could also bring new problems and threats to the final outcome.
Outline:
What is Focus Group?
What is Focus Group Used For? Where is it Used?
Advantages of Focus Groups
Disadvantages of Focus Groups
Methodology of Focus Groups
From the Paper
"Focus group is a special qualitative research technique used for deeper understanding of a topic or a phenomena of interest. It is also sometimes called as group interviewing or controlled group discussion (Wimmer, Dominick 1991: 145). As submitted by Mahoney (1997) focus groups combine elements of both interviewing and participant observation. The group consists of 6 to 12 people being interviewed simultaneously by a moderator who leads and controls the discussion about a focal topic (Wimmer, Dominick 1991: 145). The composition of the group is relatively homogeneous along some predetermined meaningful characteristic (age, gender, social class, level of expertise, etc.). For example a focus group could consist of university teachers or engineering experts from one location to discuss an issue of relevance. Or other focus group might bring together all experts in a particular sector, e.g. transportation. There is a list of topics or specific questions which should be discussed in a permisive environment where points of view are not judged and consensus or decisions are not sought. Each respondent is viewed as having a valued poit-of-view (Williams 2001)."
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Sleeping Habits of College Students, 2006.
This paper is a complete undergraduate research study of the sleeping patterns and habits of College of Arts and Sciences students of Central Philippine University.
9,155 words (approx. 36.6 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 189.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the objectives of the study were to describe the general sleeping habits of College of Arts and Sciences students and to evaluate if the student's course is a factor in his or her sleeping habits (defined as the number of hours of sleep and sleep quality). The author points out that the methodology of the study was a descriptive survey of college students using a stratified random sampling design with the sample size set at a 90% confidence level. The paper concludes that, although statistically the students' courses do not have bearing on what time and how long the students sleep, the respondents themselves believe that their courses affect their sleep. The paper includes several tables, figures and the survey used in the study.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem and Objectives of the Study
Definition of Terms
Hypotheses
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
Variables Used
Scope and Limitation
Significance of the Study
Review of Related Literature
Related Literature on Sleep
Related Studies on Sleep
Methodology
Research Design
Sampling Method
Data Collection
Data Analysis Method
Data Analysis
Profile of the Respondents
Data and Analysis
Relationship of Independent Variable (Course) to Dependent Variables
Course vs. Number of Hours of Sleep/Total Sleep Time
Course vs. Sleep Satisfaction
Relationship of Independent Variable (Course) to Intervening Variables
Course vs. Bedtime
Course vs. Schoolwork
Course vs. Entertainment Activities
Relationship of Intervening Variables to Dependent Variables
Bedtime vs. Number of Hours of Sleep/Total Sleep Time
Bedtime vs. Sleep Satisfaction.
Schoolwork vs. Number of Hours of Sleep/Total Sleep Time
Schoolwork vs. Sleep Satisfaction
Entertainment Activities vs. Number of Hours of Sleep/Total Sleep Time
Entertainment Activities vs. Sleep Satisfaction
Results of Students' Reactions to Statements, "My being in this course affects my sleeping (habits, quality of sleep, etc.)"
Interrelationships Between Bedtime, Total Sleep Time, and Sleep Satisfaction
Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations
Questionnaire
From the Paper
"Sleep deprivation causes emotional disturbances in people. It may also lead to aggressiveness, apathy; result in fluctuations between euphoria and depression and vice versa. One can also experience pain in joints, hallucinations and visions. People also lose their ability to think straight and act quickly. Those who have been sleep deprived for long, usually find it hard to finish a sentence or find an appropriate word to describe something. One's short-term memory also tends to fail. Therefore, one should never economize additional time for sleep. A sleep-deprived individual does everything twice as slow."
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"The Market Pricing of Accruals Quality", 2007.
An analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the research paper, "The Market Pricing of Accruals Quality", by Jennifer Francis, Ryan LaFond, Per Olsson, Katherine Schipper.
3,617 words (approx. 14.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 100.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the theoretical and methodological strengths and weaknesses of the research paper, "The Market Pricing Of Accruals Quality" by Jennifer Francis, Ryan LaFond, Per Olsson, Katherine Schipper. The paper summarizes the strengths of the research and underlines the weaknesses of the empirical method. Finally, this paper discusses the limitations of the theoretical approach.
Table of Contents:
Synthesis Of Strengths
Accruals Quality Has An Impact On The Information Risk And The Cost Of Capital
Innate Accruals Quality Has A Larger Impact Than Discretionary Accruals Quality Has
Methodological Weaknesses
The Specific Sample Cannot Be Applied Generally
Hypotheses And Methods Are Questionable
There Are Variances Between Empirical Findings And Other Results
Theoretical Limitations
Only The Systematic Component Of Earning Quality Risk Contributes To The Equity Risk Premium
The Relation Between Accruals Quality And Cost Of Capital Depends On The Fundamental Risk
Accruals Quality Is Neither A Priced Risk Factor Nor A Determinant Of The Cost Of Capital
From the Paper
"In the paper Earnings quality and the equity risk premium: a benchmark model, Yee makes a distinction between the fundamental earnings and the reported earnings: the fundamental earnings are the accounting profits generating future dividend cash flows, while the reported earnings are the imperfect signal of fundamental earnings. He also makes the difference between the two sources of associated earnings risk: the fundamental risk and the earnings quality risk. The fundamental risk is the uncertainty of future dividends payments, whereas the earnings quality risk or information risk is the uncertainty that the reported earnings may not be announced quickly and precisely. Only the systematic components of earnings risk contribute to the equity risk premium, while all the components, either systematic or diversifiable, affect the earnings capitalization factors."
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WCDMA Simulator with Smart Antennas, 2005.
This paper is a thesis in which a signal level simulator in uplink is implemented according to the physical layer specification of the IMT-2000 WCDMA system.
16,200 words (approx. 64.8 pages), 58 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the goal for the next generation of mobile communications system is to seamlessly integrate a wide variety of communication services such as high speed data, video and multimedia traffic as well as voice signals. The author reports that, for the analysis for this thesis, an analytical WCDMA system through the use of linear algebra techniques is utilized along with a simulation tool in Matlab, which was developed for this work. The paper demonstrates performance improvement due to processing gain, PN sequence, RAKE receiver, smart antenna and multiuser detection, which are compared with respective theories. The paper includes many tables, charts, illustrations, equations and all the source codes.
Table of Contents:
Introduction to WCDMA
Introduction
Applicable Techniques to Enhance System Performance
Spreading
Multipath Diversity
Multiuser Detection
Smart Antenna
Outline of This Thesis
Abbreviations
List of Symbols
Analytical WCDMA System Model
Introduction
CDMA System Model for the Uplink
Mobile Radio Channel Model
Discrete Time Base Band Uplink Model
Synchronous CDMA
Asynchronous CDMA
Single Path Model
Multipath Model
Multiple Antenna Model
Conclusion
Spreading in WCDMA
Introduction
Properties of PN Sequence
Spreading and Scrambling in the Uplink of WCDMA
Walsh-Hadamard Codes and Spreading
Gold Codes and Scrambing
Conclusion
RAKE Receiver and Multiuser Detection
Introduction
System Model
The RAKE Receiver
Multiuser Detection
Input Signal Modeling
Optimal Detection
Suboptimal Detection
Decorrelating Detector
Linear Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE)
Adaptive MMSE Algorithm-RLS Algorithm with Adaptive Memory
Conclusion
Smart Antenna in WCDMA
Types of Smart Antenna
Signal Modeling
Beamforming Schemes
Conventional Beamforming
Optimum Beamforming
Adaptive Beamforming
Conclusion
Simulation
System Setup
Channel
System Performance
Performance without RAKE Receiver and with RAKE Receiver
Performance of 1-D RAKE Receiver with EGC or Selection Combining
Performance of 1-D RAKE Receiver with Decorrelating Detector and MMSE
Performance with PN Sequence and Random Sequence
Performance with Processing Gain
Performance with Adaptive MUD- RLS Algorithm with Adaptive Memory
Performance with Smart Antenna
Conclusion
Conclusion
Summary of Research
Future Work
From the Paper
"The despreaded sequence is forwarded to the multiuser detector unit. In this unit, performance enhancing signal processing such as beam forming, RAKE combining including channel estimation, antenna diversity combining, multiuser detection and error control decoding can be included. If perfect channel information is available, beam forming, RAKE and antenna diversity combining merely represent linear transformations to obtain a minimal set of sufficient statistics. From the fundamental digital communication theory, this is in fact equivalent to filtering matched to the received waveform in order to maximise the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)."
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Hypothesis Testing, 2007.
This paper is an introductory description of the five-steps of hypothesis testing.
1,055 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper uses the hypothesis statement, "The typical American drinks on average 3 or more 8 oz. caffeine beverages a day" to demonstrate hypothesis testing. The author points out the steps in the five-step hypothesis test: (1) formulate a null and an alternative hypothesis; (2) select a level of significance or risk for the research; (3) identify the test statistic; (4) formulate a decision rule and (5) do the calculations and make a decision. The paper relates that hypothesis testing can be used to test any claim about a parameter.
Table of Contents:
Research Issue
Hypothesis
Five-Step Hypothesis Test
Results
Other Uses of Hypothesis Testing
Excel Spreadsheets
Hypothesis Test: Mean vs. Hypothesized Value
From the Paper
"A one-tail test is a test that indicates a direction. This direction can be indicated by the use of words such as less than or more than, or it can be indicated by the use of the greater or less than mathematical signs. The direction of the tail is determined by which direction the alternate hypothesis points. A two-tail test is needed when the words or signs equal and not equal are used. By looking at the hypotheses, Team B determined that they will be conducting a one-tail test to the right."
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Anomaly Intrusion Detection, 2007.
This paper discusses anomaly intrusion detection using data mining and statistics.
800 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper is a research project, which uses anomaly intrusion detection to determine if there are any abnormal patterns and, hence, intrusions in the provided log files. The author stresses that a statistics approach seems to be the easiest and most straightforward approach. The paper relates that a common practice in IDS software is to incorporate different techniques to detect intrusion so that other methods such as hierarchical clustering can still be included in the system to search for suspicious/ known data patterns such as viruses. The paper includes charts, graphs and a screen-shot.
From the Paper
"Since we are not building a new system, we will try to implement and base the report on existing work. Viewing sequence algorithms for intrusion detection helps to determine which patterns look like patterns of intrusion. The statistics technique is discussed but will not be programmed at this current time. We will also attempt to show manually how this algorithm will detect the patterns using previous research as it correlates to this specific data using logs provided and some data mining algorithm."
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ANOVA Testing, 2007.
An analysis of the methods and results of hypothesis testing using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) computation.
1,554 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper details a hypothesis (regarding teen pregnancies in the United States) using a varying statistics and statistical methods performed on data. It includes a hypothesis statement and details for the performance of the five-step hypothesis test on the data. The paper also includes a description of the results of the tests and a comparison of the results from the new hypothesis to the former. The paper then includes an analysis of variance (ANOVA) computation for the data and an interpretation of the results.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
ANOVA
Research Issue
Primary Research Data
Interpretation of Primary Data
Secondary Research Data
ANOVA Testing
ANOVA Interpretation
Conclusion
Appendix I
From the Paper
"Due to the high social cost associated with teen pregnancy in the United States, much research has been performed on the variables influencing the trend. Team A has conducted numerous studies to obtain primary and secondary data for determining relevant, influential factors affecting teen pregnancy rates. This paper will provide a summary of the research data obtained by Team A, along with an analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the data. Additionally, the results of the ANOVA testing will be interpreted."
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Advanced Hypothesis Testing, 2007.
An analysis of the methods and conclusions of an advanced hypothesis test regarding teen pregnancies in the United States.
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper details a hypothesis (regarding teen pregnancies in the United States) using varying statistics and statistical methods performed on data. It includes a hypothesis statement and details for the performance of the five-step hypothesis test on the data. The paper also includes a description of the results of the tests and a comparison of the results from the new hypothesis to the former.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Hypothesis A
Analysis of Hypothesis A
Further Research Consideration
Hypothesis B
Analysis of Hypothesis B
Hypothesis Comparisons
Conclusion
Appendix I
From the Paper
"The United States, compared with all developed countries of the world, has one of the highest per capita pregnancy rates of teenagers (King, 2005). According to data posted on the March of Dimes website, the number of teenage girls that become pregnant each year is about 860,000. Although the statistics are alarming, evidence of a change in the trend is apparent. The National Center for Health Statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention produced data revealing a 23% decline in birth rates of unmarried teenagers in the past decade (King, 2005). This report will explore a specific influence that has affected the declining trend. Two hypotheses will be presented as support along with a description and analysis of the hypothesis testing."
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Teenage Pregnancy, 2007.
A descriptive statistics research and evaluation of teenage pregnancy.
1,219 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper identifies a research issue, opportunity or problem that uses a data set consisting of at least 10-20 absolute zero measurements. In particular, the paper details primary and secondary data obtained from the Internet and other resources that expound upon the issue of declining teen pregnancy rates in the US. The paper further describes the methods used to collect the data along with calculations for the measures of central tendency and dispersion. The paper then displays the descriptive statistical data using graphic and tabular techniques along with an explanation of the data. The paper concludes with an action plan for the teenage pregnancy issues based on the data.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Hypothesis
Methodology
Data Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The pregnancy rate of teenagers in the United States continues to be an issue of high social concern. "While teenage birthrates have declined significantly in the past decade, they remain high and still impose a social and individual cost" (King, 2005). Knowing the rates have declined, a relevant question is; what factors facilitated the decline and can the factors be used to continue the decline? Two reasons accredited for the decrease in trend include the increased accessibility and use of family planning services and the exposure given to the dangers of unprotected sex by the mainstream media. Additionally, this report will provide details on the collection of primary data associated with the hypotheses."
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Education Assessment Tools, 2006.
This paper is a literature review that discusses education assessment tools as a key measure of a school's effectiveness.
1,670 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, for standardized tests to support learning objectives, the construction of the test must be aligned with the intended aspects of the learning goals. The author points out that test results not only must be used for accountability purposes but also should be disaggregated to identify patterns. The paper states that, when school districts can discover creative and productive ways to use assessment tests rather than punitive mandates, they can make improvements in their ability to prepare students to meet the rigors of life after high school.
From the Paper
"John Easton showed how districts use the results from standardized tests in a 2000 study prepared for the Consortium on Chicago School Research and the Illinois Business Round-table. Curriculum directors or superintendents from 60 districts were interviewed by telephone and 75 districts completed an assessment survey. One key research questions was "what do districts do with their test results?" Easton reported that 77 percent of the districts marked "evaluating school improvement" as their greatest reason for using the standardized tests."
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Physicians and Death, 2000.
This paper is an ethnographic study about how physicians cope with a patient's death.
4,030 words (approx. 16.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 109.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that because of traditional medical training and the artificial setting of the hospital, the physician has lost his ability to perceive the patient holistically. The paper also asserts that society places an excessive amount of responsibility on the physician. The author suggests that the physicians undergo training in which both the "physician" and the "patient" are viewed as "persons" so that the physician will not be as vulnerable and dependent on professional performance and will be able to maintain an empathetic balance as a physician and a person. The paper describes the techniques the author used to conduct this ethnographic study based on an interview with a pediatric cardiologist. The paper includes details of the conversation with the physician.
Table of Contents:
Field Notes on Field Research
Introduction
Methodology
Interview
Analysis
The Family of the Patient
The Patient
Other Physicians
The Participant's Voice as a "Physician"
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"...in my interview, I preferred a contextual setting (the hospital) in order to aid the participant to envision an recollect better the instances of patient loss and family presence, and the confrontation with other physician colleagues. I discovered that my presupposition worked, yet I could not avoid the frequent interruptions by the hospital staff at the office such as nurses, other doctors and administrative personnel. This, I sensed, created a barrier between me and my participant who took long to unwind. Furthermore, aware of the participant's concern for anonymity and reservation of the investigative atmosphere, I purposefully chose to take notes rather tan conduct the interview with a tape recorder, a typical instrumental symbol of formal research."
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Depression and Diabetes, 2006.
Discusses current research on individuals suffering from type 1 or 2 diabetes and depression.
2,473 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 18 sources, APA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
While diabetes and depression are diseases common on their own, about 30% of diabetics suffer from depressive symptoms. In fact, individuals with diabetes suffer from depression twice as much as non-diabetics. This paper shows that the current research on diabetes and depression is contradictory. Some studies have shown that depression causes diabetes, while others have shown that diabetes leads to depression. The paper examines current research in the field.
From the Paper
"On the other hand, there is a possibility that depression may increase the risk of diabetes. This could occur through changes in the body like the opening of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the activation of the immune system (Palinkas et al., 2004). Increased activity of norepinephrine, dopamine, and adrenaline in fluid are also seen in individuals depressed (Arroyo, Hu, Ryan, Kawachi, Colditz, & et al., 2004). In fact, those are coupled with impaired glucose tolerance and increased blood glucose (Arroyo et al., 2004). This causes a decreased ability to handle carbohydrate load, which increases the risk of type 2 diabetes (Arroyo et al., 2004). Additionally, depression can increase the risk of developing diabetes through poor diet and a decrease in physical activity (Palinkas et al., 2004)."
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Sleep Deprivation, 2006.
An analysis of the effects of sleep deprivation and the implications for future space travel missions.
1,915 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper describes a scientific experiment where the effects of sleep deprivation are observed over a four-day period in a closed environment simulating a spaceship. It looks at how sleep deprivation can have a negative influence on people's abilities to interact as a team, focus on complex tasks and react quickly and decisively to danger - thus it represents a great hazard to the safety of the crew on a long space voyage. It hypothesises that lack of sleep over a period of time may result in a severe deterioration in people's effectiveness in the workplace and interaction with other people. By utilising logic tests, surveys of emotional state of team members and tasks requiring focus and concentration it was found that sleep deprivation severely affected team member's ability to function properly.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
From the Paper
"Scientists do not know why we sleep. Generally sleep is studied by testing people's though processes and moods during various degrees of sleepiness and wakefulness. It is widely accepted that sleep has a positive and negative effect on the body and being deprived of it is detrimental at least in the short term to one's mental and physical health. Being involved in high stress and intensive projects such as space missions requires team members who are trained and physiologically capable of coping with less than average sleep times. Running a spacecraft on a three year return journey to Mars, with all the complex life support systems to maintain ultimately results in crew members not getting an optimum amount of sleep. However, this lack of sleep cannot be allowed to affect them too drastically as the smallest error in such a sensitive environment could spell doom for all the crew. (Pathways to Psychology, 1997) "
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Reaction Times of Gamers and Non-Gamers, 2006.
This paper is a complete experiment comparing the reaction times of video game players with the reaction times of non-players.
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper reports that the results of the experiment were consistent with the hypothesis that people who play video games at least 10 hours a week will have improved reaction times over people who do not play video games. The author points out that, for the purposes of this study, gamers were defined as participants who played video games ten hours a week or more, while non-gamers were defined as those who played video games less than ten hours a week. The paper relates that an online survey was created through www.surveymonkey.com and administered to obtain demographics, information about the gaming habits of participants and whether or not they participated in any other activity that could increase their reaction times.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Methodology
Participants
Materials and Measures
Online Survey
Online Reaction Test
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Appendix: Gaming and Reaction Time Survey Questionnaire
From the Paper
"Laming (1968) found that reaction times for recognition reaction time tests averaged 0.384 seconds. The means obtained from the current experiment are lower than the expected means for a reaction time test. The mean reaction time for gamers was 0.248 seconds, while that of non-gamers was 0.305 seconds. This may be due to the fact that the measures used in the current experiment were more accurate than those used by Laming or because the stimuli presented were simpler."
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