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Stem Cell Research, 2004.
This paper discusses an article about stem cell research entitled, "The Stem Cell Challenge," by Nadia Rosenthal and Robert Lanza, June 2004.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper not only evaluates and critiques the article, "The Stem Cell Challenge" by Nadia Rosenthal and Robert Lanza about stem cell research, but also evaluates whether the article's format was research-correct, data-supportive, and topically appropriate and sustainable. The author points out that, once the research goal is identified, the investigator must abandon all forms of bias and look at the research situation as a controlled, rational process of reflective inquiry. The paper relates that this article presents the reader with an excellent opportunity to understand clearly the benefits of stem cell research with respect to diseases that currently lack a cure, namely, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, diabetes, spinal cord injuries, and cancer.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Investigative Research Requirements
Article Overview Evaluation and Problem Statement
Research Data Reporting
Study Limitations
From the Paper
"In the article, Rosenthal and Lanza go on to explain to the reader that in the stem cell process, stem cells are generally extracted from surplus frozen embryos that are left over from in-vitro fertilization procedures. Once extracted the cells can be grown in a laboratory and subjected to medical application. In addition to the frozen embryo procedure, stem cells also can be extracted from adult tissue without any harm being inflicted upon the patient."
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Preventive Hearing Loss, 2004.
This paper is a research proposal to study preventive hearing loss programs in the U.S. Army.
6,210 words (approx. 24.8 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 145.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the multiple problems of preventing hearing loss in the army: (1) while the command structure demands the use of hearing protective equipment, the exigencies of military maneuvers might make it difficult for soldiers to comply readily and still carry out their major missions; (2) the loss of army audiologists; and (3) military equipment is even noisier, so that the need for protection is greater than ever before. The author states that, in order to determine what strategies the U.S. Army can take to improve HPD use and concomitantly decrease hearing loss, current instructions and sanctions regarding that issue need to be determined. The paper relates that the research methodology will examine, in one command only, the protocols for issuing HPDs and for ensuring their use, the sanctions imposed for noncompliance, and their auditory history as compared to the Army in general.
Table of Contents
Introduction and Statement of the Problem
Cost of Hearing Loss
Literature Review and Research Questions
Behavioral Issues
Technical Investigations
Methodology
Appendix A: New Generation Earcups and ANR
Appendix B: Tables of Hearing-Related Issues, U.S. Armed Forces
From the Paper
"If it were not true that the armed forces experiences many departures from perfect adherence to use of protective equipment, then the vast numbers of military audiologists deployed to increase the armed forces? capability for monitoring audiometry would not have been needed. For a long time, ?the Army had more than three times as many military audiologists than the Navy and twice as many as the Air Force. In addition, the Army has had a mainframe database of audiometric records for the last 16 years?.?. However, Ohlin noted that there had been a loss of more than 50 Army military audiologists in the decade before he wrote his report, effectively removing ?the message bearer for hearing conservation and the functional linchpin that in large programs is required to coordinate the implementation of all hearing conservation program elements.? "
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Excessive Force, 2004.
This paper is a research proposal to examine the outcome of excessive psychological and physical force on victims and the public.
975 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 23 sources, APA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that a preliminary literature review suggests excessive use of force by police agencies is very much an issue in modern society. The author outlines the proposed research questions: (1) To what extent is excessive force problematic within policing agencies? (2) What impact does excessive violence have on victims/families (short and long term) and on the public?s opinion of police agencies and attitudes/responses to police efforts? (3) What can police agencies do to minimize use of excessive force within their organizations? The paper proposes an exploratory study that uses surveys to examine public opinion of the police force and a literature review from which the researcher will draw comparative conclusions with the information reaped from the survey results.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Purpose of the Study
Study Objectives/Methodology
Preliminary Literature Review
Conclusion
Proposed References
From the Paper
"A Gallup poll conducted in March of 1991 suggested that 20 percent of citizens knew someone who had been ?mistreated? or abused by police? and estimates of excessive force from observational studies ?range from 1.05 to 5.1% of citizen contacts?. Other studies suggest that excessive force may be used more frequently. The aim of this study will be in part to examine to what extent use of excessive force is problematic. Some studies suggest that police are out of control and use excessive force in unnecessary situations. There is a large body of research to support this opinion. The survey conducted will in part measure public opinion regarding this issue."
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Poverty and Education, 2004.
This paper is an introduction to a research plan to study the effects of poverty on educational outcomes.
6,490 words (approx. 26.0 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 149.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, even though a disproportionate number of non-Caucasian individuals live in poverty, many Caucasian families face this problem as well; this poverty effects children and adults at all levels of education. The author points out that the main focus for this study is the fact that there are definite correlations between poverty and low educational expectations or outcome; therefore, the central research statement is that children who attend school on a regular basis and do not fall into the 'poverty' category have better educational outcomes than those who live in poverty. The paper outlines that the research, will analyze quantitative data from the ?Reading First? results, a test printed by the State Department, using two years of this information.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Importance of the Study
Scope of the Study
Definition of Terms
Limitations of the Study
Rationale for the Study
Overview of the Study
From the Paper
"Those that find themselves in poverty deal not only with issues such as a lack of money, but they often also find that they have a great lack of time because they must work so hard simply to provide food, clothing, and shelter for their families. These individuals often are not able to pursue an education, and their children may have many of the same problems. These children do not have parents that can afford to send them to college but their ability to get grants and loans may be reduced by the amount of money that their parents do make. They are stuck somewhere between having too much and not having enough, and they have fallen through the cracks in a system that is, theoretically, designed to help them and to ensure that all people in this country can get a higher education."
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Hypertensive Patients, 2005.
A research proposal dealing with the importance of implementing lifestyle changes to help pharmacotherapy achieve its goal in hypertensive patients.
3,655 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 101.95
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Abstract
This proposal investigates whether the concurrent implementation of lifestyle modification techniques, such as weight loss, sodium reduction, increased physical activity, and limited alcohol intake can improve pharmacotherapy in the treatment of hypertension.
I. Abstract
II. Introduction
III. Literature Review
IV. Problem Statement and Significance
V. Goal and Objectives
VI. Methods and Procedures
VII. Evaluation
VIII. Ethical Considerations
IX. References
X. Budget and Justifications
XI. Appendices
From the Paper
"When treating and evaluating the disease of hypertension, it is important that the full scope and consequences of the disease be understood as well as the underlying diseases which may be responsible for hypertension. Although fewer than five percent of patients have secondary hypertension (hypertension attributed to an underlying disease) rather than primary hypertension, clinicians must be alert to these secondary causes once a patient has been identified with hypertension. Some of the secondary causes of hypertension include renovascular disease, thyroid disease, pheochromocytoma, Cushing?s syndrome, hyperaldosteronism, hyperparathyroidism, renal parenchymal disease or sleep apnea. When the secondary causes for hypertension have been ruled out, the clinician must then make the decision as to which patients require drug therapy after diagnosis. It is noted that for patients who do not have additional cardiovascular risk factors, the patient may initially be prescribed a regimen of aggressive lifestyle modification to include weight loss, aerobic exercise, sodium restriction and alcohol limitation. This aggressive lifestyle modification may be continued for up to six months if the risk factors warrant such intervention and if the patient is one who is highly motivated to alter his or her lifestyle. For those patients in whom end organ damage has already occurred (as identified by abnormal renal function testing, abnormal EKG, etc.) patients with diabetes, or stage 2 or 3 hypertension (appendix A) drug therapy is generally the preferred initial treatment. For all other patients, the stratification of risk factors should determine the therapy to be initiated. The major risk factors for cardiovascular risk stratification are smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes, age greater than 60 years, sex (men and postmenopausal women) and any family history of cardiovascular disease of women younger than 65 and men younger than 65. The target end organ damage associated with clinical cardiovascular disease includes left ventricular hypertrophy, angina, or prior myocardial infarction, prior coronary revascularization, heart failure, stroke or transient ischemic attack, nephropathy, peripheral arterial disease or retinopathy. (Appendix B)."
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Gang Involvement, 2005.
Presents a literature review on gang involvement and a research design to show that gang activities can result from a long list of reasons.
4,700 words (approx. 18.8 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 121.95
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Abstract
Gang involvement among teenagers is a well-researched topic of interest. Themes such as age of participation, reasons for gang involvement, demographics for gang relations, initiation rights, and family relations among gang members have all been studied and examined in current literature. The first section of this paper presents an overall view of that literature and discusses those studies and their findings. The second section of the paper presents a research plan with the hypothesis that gang activities are complex in nature and can result from many different influences. The study examines the relationship between gang activities and the independent variables and summarizes the methods and procedures used in this study. The paper includes tables.
From the Paper
"Arthur and Erickson (1992) found similar results when they identified four factors that are associated with gang involvement in schools. When youths experience a sense of isolation, they tend to seek others that can relate to them. Additionally, gang members tend to target these youths for membership. The isolated youths feel a need to gain control over their areas, especially in high population school systems, where there is more competition and less likelihood to stand out in sports or other school sponsored activities. In lower income areas, the lack of social structure within the school systems lends to the alienation of youths, and increases even further the likelihood of gang involvement (Arthur and Erickson, 1992)."
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Research Designs, 2004.
An overview of different methodologies for studying anxiety in a hospital radiology department.
1,344 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
There are many different ways to study human emotional patterns in specific situations. Generally, there are five methods of research, including experimental, correlation, naturalistic observation, surveys, and case studies. Within each group, there are also subsets designed to further expand study options. This paper discusses the various methods of research, compares and contrasts those methods, and determines which method would be most suitable for studying anxiety of patients attending the radiology department of a hospital.
From the Paper
"Experimental designs work well in cases where the independent variable can be manipulated in such a way as to limit any other possible variables that could affect the independent variable (Levine, 2001). In the case of anxiety research outside of a laboratory setting, this would not be practical. Anxiety can be caused by any number of variables, and a subject attending a radiology department in a hospital may show signs of anxiety simply from attending the appointment. Additionally, there is no control of outside variables in this setting, and no clear way to measure a dependant variable."
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET), 2004.
This paper is a research proposal to determine the current and potential clinical applications for positron emission tomography and to develop a ?best practices? approach to developing a partnership between cognitive scientists and neuroscientists.
3,065 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 21 sources, APA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Positron Emission Tomography (PET), an
imaging technique, allows clinicians to localize safely and monitor accurately the activity of areas in the normal human brain during specific mental tasks. The author points out that the traditional methods of research, such as experiments in memorizing and observation of individuals who had suffered localized brain damage, have been facilitated by innovative methodologies, such as positron emission tomography, that connect human behavior to specific brain structures and functions. The paper relates that the research methodology will be a critical review of the scholarly and relevant literature, followed by a qualitative and quantitative analysis of how partnership between cognitive scientists and neuroscientists can be created and improved based on the technique?s demonstrated efficacy in various clinical settings. Color illustrations.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Review of Related Literature
Background and Overview
How Positron Emission Tomography Works.
Figure 1. Typical Positron Emission Tomography Device, Clinician and Patient
Radionuclides Used in PET
Figure 2. PET Scan of Damaged Human Brain
Methodology
Data-gathering Method and Database of Study
From the Paper
"PET provides clinicians with a functional brain-imaging technique to identify brain regions activated in motor, sensory, cognitive, and emotional processes. ?PET is based on a simple principle: a radioactive isotope that emits [[Beta].sup.+] particles (i.e., positrons, with a mass equal to an electron but with a positive electrical charge) is artificially integrated into a biological molecule and then injected intravenously.? In the various PET applications, a chemical compound that is ?labeled? with a short-lived, positron-emitting radionuclide (either carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine) is injected into the body. The activity of such a radiopharmaceutical is then measured quantitatively throughout the target organs through the use of photomultiplier-scintillator detectors."
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Placebo-Controlled Studies, 2004.
A discussion on the ethics of placebo-controlled studies.
3,761 words (approx. 15.0 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how placebo studies of drugs and surgical procedures have become standardized to the point that few people think to question the ethical basis of such studies. It argues in favor of the potential and actual damage that can be caused by placebo studies and provides numerous examples that support this position, including studies that have utilized placebos to harmful effects, as well as studies that have specifically researched the efficacy, ethical as well as practical, of placebo studies. It also examines the common themes and assertions among these examples.
From the Paper
"Third, there are concerns about the ability of all subjects to fully understand the terms of the study. For example, people who have intelligence levels that are less than adequate to understand the logical implications of a double-blind study can be put at risk. So can people who speak languages other than the one(s) spoken by the researchers. Although translators can be utilized, the old adage that ?something gets lost in the translation? was never more applicable than to such situations. Furthermore, there have been numerous historical examples of times when particularly vulnerable populations were recruited for placebo studies either against their true, voluntary consent (i.e. because they were incarcerated or institutionalized) or without their true voluntary consent (i.e. they had no idea what was happening)."
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Restless Leg Syndrome, 2004.
This paper is a research proposal to study the Restless Legs Syndrome and its risk factors as they relate to nursing.
2,060 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Restless Leg Syndrome, which disturbs sleep patterns, is not curable, and because a patient?s health is often linked directly to sleep patterns, this disorder becomes particular troubling to the nursing community. The author points out that this research will attempt to measure various existing but simple remedies, such as providing vitamin E supplements prior to a patient retiring and other various remedies in controlled hospital and nursing home settings. The paper relates that the research methodology includes patients making self-evaluations using questionnaires and being observed by nursing staff members who also will provide data using questionnaires.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Problem Statement
Purpose
Hypothesis
Theoretical Framework
Literature Review
Research Design
Sampling
Data Collection Procedure
Data Analysis Method
From the Paper
"Historical observations by the medical community show that restoring the basic health requirements of Restless Legs Syndrome suffers should be of the utmost importance so as to enhance the recovery process. Simple solutions such as daily exercise, vitamin consumption, social interaction and reducing stress levels by abstaining from substances such as caffeine and tobacco are a cost efficient methodology and have actually been confirmed to alleviate some of the Restless Legs Syndrome symptoms."
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Business Terminology in Health Care, 2004.
A research design to examine the reaction to business terminology in the health care industry.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
Fifty years ago, though less was known about nearly everything involving the treatment of diseases, health care was a more personal experience. The rapidly changing health care system has caused patients to balk at service and the impersonality of it, and physicians and other providers to lament being unable to provide care in the way they would like to. This work is a proposed explorative study that will analyze the terminology used in health care to refer to the consumer and the provided services. Many are repeatedly disappointed by the expectation of the best possible care, regardless of the business parameters of delivery. Some have responded with an attempt to create a humanistic capitalism that respects the greater needs of the community and the individual, as well as respecting spirituality, yet this seems to be a difficult pill to swallow for consumer-driven organizations, regardless of their mission statements. This work proposes to gather information regarding the psychosocial effects of the use of business terminology in the health care industry in a bid to understand the psychological effects of referring to health care delivery as a business in terminology as well as reality.
From the Paper
"The Health Care Industry, idealistically is a large conglomeration of helping individuals and organizations whose sole purpose is to help people become more healthy, be that through prevention of disease or treatment of disease. Yet, it is known among nearly all health care professionals and almost all people who have ever been treated in the health care industry, even in the most minor way, which includes nearly all of the population, that the ?Health Care Industry? is just that, an industry. This industry is governed by profit and loss just as any other; possibly even more so in the sense that the more loss there is the less people can be helped."
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Alternative Schools and Special Education Students, 2004.
This paper is a research proposal to analyze the role of alternative schools in retaining special education students.
1,475 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that many school districts have chosen alternative schools to provide academic instruction to students who have special needs that make them unable to succeed in the mainstream school environment. The author hypothesizes that, for this study, special education students are likely to return to alternative schools because of these elements: Strong leadership, lower student-to-staff ratio, carefully selected personnel, early identification of risk factors, counseling and social training, and curricula based on real life learning. The paper reports that the data-gathering method will be face-to-face interviews, with written notes, using a survey questionnaires. Interviews may be taped.
Table of Contents
Background
Theoretical Framework
Hypothesis
Methodology
From the Paper
"Key criteria for building a sense of community are choice and size. Choice (or voluntary participation) by both students and teachers results in affiliation, bonding, and membership. For special education students, who are often alienated in regular schools, Robert Barr, coauthor of Hope at Last for At-Risk Youth, says that attendance by choice has excellent results. Small size creates an effective community because students and teachers are allowed to get to know one another more. The resulting community, like a family, supports the whole child, nurturing academic, social, and emotional growth."
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Mathematics Instruction in English in Bilingual Classrooms, 2005.
Research proposal for examining the effects of mathematics instruction in English in bilingual classrooms.
2,211 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper proposes a research project that would examine the effectiveness of English instruction of mathematics on Second Grade ELL (English language learners) students as compared to the effectiveness of instruction in their native language. The proposal is in response to the controversy surrounding the issue of how best to teach mathematics to children from non-English-speaking backgrounds, since it has been found that the best way for children to learn to use mathematics to organize, understand, compare, and interpret their experiences is by making a connection between mathematics and their everyday lives. The paper examines whether ELL students should be taught how to make this connection in their native language with gradual exposure to English in language classes, or whether they should be immersed in English as early as possible. The paper includes an annotated bibliography and an observation checklist of lessons taught in class.
Introduction
Setting
Problem/Issue
Research Question
Hypothesis
Methodology
Subjects
Instrumentation
Significance of the Study
From the Paper
"Mathematics is a powerful tool for interpreting the world. Research has shown that for children to learn how to use mathematics to organize, understand, compare, and interpret their experiences, mathematics must be connected to their lives. Such connections help students to make sense of mathematics and view it as relevant. There has, however, been controversy with regard to children from non-English backgrounds and the best ways to get them to make those connections. Questions are raised regarding how to instruct these children who are referred to as English language learners (ELL?s). Should they initially be taught in their native language with gradual exposure to English in language classes, or should they be immersed in English as early as possible."
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A Commitment to Volunteering, 2004.
A qualitative research paper focusing on the personal issues and standards associated with volunteerism.
3,321 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the motivation factors possessed by people who make a commitment to volunteer work in order to maintain or increase their current level of involvement. The paper discusses qualitative research as a method to conduct the study.
Outline
Methodology
Sample
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Research Findings and Discussion
From the Paper
"Qualitative research is an inquiry process of understanding based on distinct methodology traditions of inquiry that explore a social or human problem. Qualitative research is often associated with detailed small sets of data consistent with the methodology for this work, and the perceived findings. The inquiry process is built upon the need for personalized answers to questions previously associated with quantitative research, in this case that associated with the literature review and the more generalized samples associated with the overall levels of volunteer participation and NGO?s in Malta."
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Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease, 2004.
A research design to examine the influence of decreased cholesterol consumption on mortality from cardiovascular diseases.
758 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of mortality in the industrialized world. At the same time, high blood cholesterol is known to be a risk factor for heart disease. Decreasing total blood cholesterol can have a profound effect, reducing the incidence of coronary heart disease by close to 30%. Further, there is a wide variety of research that links blood cholesterol levels to heart disease and mortality. This paper presents a design for a study that aims to add to this body of evidence by investigating the impact of decreased cholesterol consumption on mortality from cardiovascular disease.
From the Paper
"In each facility, 1,000 research subjects will be recruited using voluntary recruitment procedures. Advertisements for volunteers will be placed in local newspapers, community message boards, and clinic and emergency waiting rooms. Subjects will range in age upwards from 21 years of age. Subjects will not be excluded from the study on any medical or other grounds. This wide range of subjects and large sample size will allow researchers to correlate cholesterol intake with a number of other factors, including age, sex, race, place of residence, and other medical conditions."
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