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"The Problem of Evil", 2007.
An analysis of John Hick's solutions to the problem of evil from a philosophical approach to religion.
754 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses "The Problem of Evil" by John Hick, from the point of view of philosophy of religion. The paper discusses Hick's two main responses to the problem of evil. It then analyzes whether Hick's responses offer solutions to the problem of evil as set forth by J.L. Mackie. The paper concludes that Hick's arguments do not offer solutions to the problem of evil.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Theodicy and Soul-Making
Analysis and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Hick's approach in solving the problem of evil doesn't seem to negate any of the three premises. His concept of theodicy affirms God's divine attributes such as goodness and omnipotence. Evil however, is a real attribute that is in direct opposition with Good. Hick suggested that evil is something necessary that would serve a purpose in the divine plan. He doesn't assume that man had been created perfectly, and that evil only existed after the Fall. For him, man has undergone an evolutionary process since creation that is destined to make him a "child of God". However, the process of achieving this goal requires trials and suffering in the world. According to him, goodness and perfection that has been achieved through a long and painful moral process is more valuable than if God has created man already good and perfect. God himself doesn't need man's suffering in order to create souls, since he is omnipotent. However, the "process" of creating souls requires the involvement of evil. According to Hick's philosophy, evil is a means to achieve eternal good and happiness."
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Walter Benjamin, 2007.
A discussion on the messianic references made in the works of Walter Benjamin.
2,199 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history of Walter Benjamin. The paper describes Benjamin as one of the most creative of modern Marxist theorists who is also renowned for his philosophical and sociological insights. It describes his work as being influential in various disciplines and more recently being the subject of debate in the postmodern and post - structuralist theoretical arena. Specifically, the paper discusses Benjamin's references to the Messiah in his works.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Historical Significance Of Messianic Thought
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In his work On the Concept of History, he states that "The tradition of the oppressed teaches us that the "emergency situation in which we live is the rule." (Benjamin, 1940) This statement clearly articulates a view which sees history, the "emergency situation", as the norm of all historic struggles against oppression. It is the rule or the norm and this implies that, from the point of view of material progress, there is no utopia at the end of the struggle but rather more of the same."
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Psalms Versus Hymns, 2007.
A comparison of the language and themes of Psalm 72 and the hymn "Jesus Shall Reign".
934 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 0 sources, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper compares psalms and hymns. Particularly, the paper compares Psalm 72 to the hymn "Jesus Shall Reign". The paper presents the images found within both the psalm and the hymn and discusses its rhyme, structure and the language used. It concludes by comparing the overall theological images and messages of both the texts, particularly with regards to the Christian faith.
From the Paper
"The psalm's interlocking rhyme structure, and highly regular metrics stress the importance of words like "lord" and "poor" at the end of every line, making one clear word and image emerge from every line that seem particularly designed to stress the regality and reign of the king. That it is Christ who is the Lord of the poor of all lands is not conveyed, however, simply by the title, "Jesus shall reign,' but also by the all-encompassing nature of the king's rule, which extends to all nations, and not simply to the land of Israel."
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Codes of Ethics, 2007.
An examination and comparison of the codes of ethics of the ACA, AACC and AAPC.
1,092 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes how the respective codes of ethics of the professional counseling organizations; the American Counseling Association (ACA), the American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC), and the American Association of Pastoral Counselors' (AAPC) reflect the differences in the approaches of these organizations to mental health and healing. The paper examines how codes of ethics usually share common core elements outlining the legal and ethical obligations of counseling professionals. The paper further examines how the ethical codes of these three groups differs on some key issues such as counseling methodology and techniques, and the professional's relationship to society.
From the Paper
"Explicit no-harm clauses are included in each ethical code. Fees are discussed overtly, too, with the AAPC and the AACC more explicit in their encouragement of pro bono work. The AACC also encourages sliding-scale work, but all three organizations suggest that counselors be motivated by the desire to assist clients achieve well-being above the desire for remuneration."
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Angels and Man, 2007.
A discussion regarding angels and their interaction with man on earth.
2,375 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the idea of guardian angels in the times of the Bible and today. It explores the incidences in the Bible where it is believed that angels have interacted with man. The paper further discusses how many people today talk of their 'guardian angel' when they believe that they have escaped something that could have turned out very badly such as a car accident or an attempt at harming them.
From the Paper
"One of the first recorded events of angels interacting with man comes from the Bible. It is the story of Jacob's ladder, which is often taught in Sunday School but is likely forgotten in later years by most people. In this story, Jacob has a dream that there are angels ascending to and descending from Heaven on a huge ladder (Receiving, 2001). When he woke up, he believed that God had talked to him in the form of the dream. In the New Testament, there was a similar instance of angels interacting with man. It was believed, through a series of events, that Nathanael was given the gift of discerning spirits, which are also called angels. This was done when Jesus gave Nathanael a word of knowledge by saying that he saw him beneath the fig tree. Nathanael knew that there was no way that Jesus could have seen him there and so he believed that Jesus was truly the Son of God. When Nathanael recognized him that way in public, Jesus gave him 'spiritual eyes' and that was how he came to his understanding of angels (Receiving, 2001). "
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Islam and the Slave Trade, 2007.
This paper discusses the role of Islam in the African slave trade.
2,830 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the topic of slavery in the Islamic world with the intention of showing that, contrary to some popular myths, the slave trade was not a European invention but that there was already a well established industry in this regard prior to European colonization. In this article, the writer relates the contention made in many articles and studies, that the fact of slavery in the Islamic world has not received the same moral criticism and censure as the better known slavery in the European world. Furthermore, the writer notes that scholars also state that not only did Muslim slavery predate European slavery in Africa, but it has also been more resistant to abolition than European slavery; and in some instances the claim is made that the Islamic slave trade provided the model and motivation for slavery for other cultures and nations.
Outline:
Introduction
Evidence of the Pre-Colonial Islamic Slave Trade
The Characteristics of Slavery in Islam
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper
"The fact of Islamic slavery is further substantiated by the attitude towards slavery from the tenets of the Islamic faith. In Islam and the Koran there is a general acceptance of slavery as part of social life. However this fact should come as no surprise, as slavery is one of human societies most endemic and ancient institutions; and a defense of slavery can, for example, be found in the Old and New Testaments of the Bible as a basic feature of human civilization. Neither were the Islamic nations the first to enslave Africans. Before them the Egyptians enslaved Africans on a large and systematic scale."
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Massacre in Kishinev, 2007.
This paper discusses the Kishinev pogrom against Jews in Czarist Russia, April 1903.
966 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper labels the Kishinev pogrom as a defining event in Jewish history. The paper relates that the massacre was largely instigated by an anti-Semitic newspaper perpetually hurling negative publicity about Jews. The paper reveals how historically, Jews were favorite scapegoats, blamed for everything from the death of Christ to political upheaval. The paper discusses the need for this generation to learn from history and apply the lessons to their own situations. The paper concludes that this is the educational purpose of shedding light on the events of April 1903.
From the Paper
"Yehudah Khaver offers a tribute to the men and woman who died during the April 1903 pogrom through an article describing and analyzing the events of the time. From the article, it is clear that a variety of issues were at stake. The nature of the massacre is not comparable to the Holocaust in scale, but is nonetheless a large-scale violation of human rights. Indeed, according to Tchaykovsky, the government made no attempt to help the victims of violence for two days. During these two days, the police also offered no help, and caring citizens were not allowed to help the wounded or destitute. Furthermore, the victims were not allowed to make any telephone calls or have any other form of contact with the outside world."
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The Crusades, 2007.
Examines the influence that the Crusaders had on European and world history.
2,214 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
The Crusades refers to a series of nine separate military campaigns, which took place during the Middle Ages, and were generally considered to be religious in nature. The paper shows that when the Crusades began, they were a Roman Catholic effort against the Muslims and were aimed at recapturing the Holy Land. However, later Crusades were directed against other Europeans. The paper argues that the only Crusade that accomplished its stated goal was the First Crusade. While later Crusades met with varying success, they also created a strong anti-West sentiment in much of the world.
From the Paper
"In fact, the First Crusade was characterized by a tremendous religious fervor. Not only were the Crusaders set to attack the Muslim occupants of Jerusalem, but they also violently attacked non-Christians on their way to the Holy Land. For example, Jews were massacred by mobs of Crusaders passing through Europe and Orthodox Christians were subjected to violence by Western Christians. However, these Crusaders were successful in reaching Jerusalem. Once there, they massacred the state's Muslim population. The First Crusade was the only successful Crusade, because the Crusaders achieved their objective, which was to recapture the Holy Land."
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Does God Exist?, 2007.
A philosophical discussion about God's existence, based on the philosophies of Plato, Descartes and Nietzsche.
2,371 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
The paper examines how the argument for the existence of God has been around since the beginning of man. The paper explores how different generations, cultures, and nations have conceptualized a being greater than anything else. The paper further examines the various arguments brought forth to prove or disprove the existence of this being. The paper analyzes various arguments that use logic, mathematics, and the universe in order to prove God's existence. The paper discusses the popular arguments and how effective they are in proving God's existence.
Outline:
Introduction
Principles:
1.Plato/St. Thomas Aquinas - the Cosmological Argument
2.Rene Descartes/St. Anselm - Ontological Argument
3.Friedrich Nietzsche - Atheism/Existentialism/Nihilism
Personal Views
Historical Views
Conclusion
From the Paper
"These options show that going to heaven is better than oblivion, and that oblivion is better than eternal torment. Therefore, the best option is to believe in God. This argument is supposed to be a last resort for converting non-believers by scaring them with the possibility of going to hell. However, the argument is flawed because it made certain assumptions that are still controversial such as the idea that God rewards believers (what if God is indifferent?) and that God is a Christian God (if there are other gods, then there might be other possibilities of going to heaven other than the options above)."
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Salem Witch Trials, 2007.
An analysis of two sociological concepts and their relation to the Salem witch trials.
3,276 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on two concepts of sociology that can help to explain the illogical actions of the people of Salem. It describes the theory of fundamental attribution error, or the beliefs and judgment theory and the theory of religious prejudice. It examines each sociological issue in an attempt to show that, while many factors played a part in the atrocities of the Salem witch trials, there was perhaps no greater influence on behavior than the preconceived, prejudiced religious notions of a highly Puritan settlement in an era of unrest.
From the Paper
"Osborne faired no better during examination, and the fundamental attribution error was the cause in this case, as well. Osborne claimed to have been bewitched, rather than being a witch herself. When asked for clarification, Osborne told a story of a dream when an Indian pinched her and dragged her to the front of her home. She also admitted to hearing a voice that instructed her not to attend church. She claimed to have disobeyed the voice, and attended church the following Sabbath. However, the examiner questioned why she had then not attended church is a year. Osborne claimed to have been extremely ill (Gragg, 1992)."
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Hinduism, 2007.
This paper explores the religion of Hinduism and its beliefs.
802 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that Hinduism is the third largest religion in the world and has about 900 million followers. The paper describes how, in addition to being a religion, Hinduism is also a social practice that is entrenched in India where nearly 80% of the population is Hindu. This religion differs from many other organized religions because it lacks a uniting belief system. The paper explores what beliefs unite the Hindu religion, what cultural and societal influences contribute to its importance in the world today and how the desire for liberation from earthly existence can be explained.
From the Paper
"Hinduism began over 3000 years ago near the Indus River in present day Pakistan. People who practice Hindu believe that there is a universal God called Brahman who appears in the human soul as Atman. This Brahman "has no form, and is eternal" (www.bbc.co.uk/print/religions/hinduism/intro.shtml). Hindus believe that Brahman created the universe and is the preserver of everything. There are also other gods who are worshipped along with Brahman. Some sects of Hindu worship these gods differently. Vishnu is considered the preserver and protector of the universe. He has appeared in different forms such as Krishna and Buddha. The god Shiva is the third part of the Hindu Trinity. He represents destruction which is not an entirely negative force because it is a force for recreation (BBC)."
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"Bhagavad-Gita" and "Beowulf", 2007.
This paper compares and contrasts the Hindu spiritual epic of beginnings, the "Bhagavad-Gita", with the Christian military allegory of "Beowulf".
1,291 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer describes that both the Hindu spiritual epic of "Bhagavad-Gita" and the Scandinavian epic poem of heroism "Beowulf" attempt to define what constitutes a moral life for their readership. The writer points out that the "Bhagavad-Gita" defines morality in terms of right understanding and absolute acceptance of the laws of karma and the gods. The writer further notes that in contrast, "Beowulf" is a more personal tale of a Christian hero grappling with the evils of the fallen world, created by Cain. It is shown that his struggle has theological significance but it can only partially rectify the sins of the world, even though it provides more hope for worldly actions to right wrongs in a Christian universe. The writer concludes that although the tale of "Beowulf" may inspire a reader, Christian or not, the yogi praised by the "Bhagavad-Gita," would merely shake his or her head, and state that the practice of right action conveys holiness alone, or he who dies in rajas, will be reborn.
From the Paper
"In contrast, "Beowulf" is an epic explicitly about the worldly deeds of a man of greatness, even though his deeds are rooted in a sense of Christian duty and justice to use his might for right. Beowulf's worldly actions in the physical sphere bring him material rewards, and rewards for the community under the sway of Grendel. But Beowulf's actions are not despised for this reason, and everyone in the community has a clear attachment to the results his actions achieve. By aiding his people in clearing the country of the infernal Grendel and the monster's mother, Beowulf performs an act of goodness and service to the people of another land that is morally significant. When he comes, Beowulf announces himself by his clear attachment to another nation, and to a set of commonly shared morals."
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The Old Testament: Who is Right?, 2007.
A discussion regarding various interpretations of the Old Testament.
6,380 words (approx. 25.5 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 148.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the Christian church considers the Bible to be the word of God, and how when mere mortals attempt to interpret the word of God, they find that the task is more daunting than it first appears. According to the paper, this question of how to interpret the word of God is the key reason behind the major divisions of the Christian church. This paper takes an in-depth look at this issue and explores the differences in interpretation among those that live in multi religious environments and those that stem from exclusively Christian environments.
Contents:
Who Knows the Mind of God?
A Question of Authorship
Historical Perspectives on Interpretation
An Example of Duality
Differing Viewpoints
From the Paper
"The real question is how to interpret the Bible in today's society and if many of the concepts still hold true for modern man. Kenneth Thomas that explores this issue from the perspective of modern society in which we have access to more knowledge and different viewpoints than ever and manatees pass. Thomas explains that the viewpoint of the poor will be different than the viewpoint of the wealthy in their interpretation of the old testament. He explores the differences it interpretation among those that live in multi religious environments and those that stemmed from exclusively Christian environments. Interpretation of the Bible was the subject of the eighth assemble of the World Council of Churches' had been Harare, Zimbabwe. Various perspectives were presented from different nationalities and churches around the world. The purpose of the conference was to present very few points and insights, while still highlighting the importance of the authority of the Bible as the primary governing document before the modern church. The primary question highlighted this conference was whether the existence of various interpretations diminishes the authority of the Bible. This isn't one of the most important questions that must be asked when one's begins to consider the interpretation of the old testament and historical perspective."
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Micro-cultures, 2007.
An analysis of personal experience and general information on micro-cultures.
2,291 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper is divided into two parts. The first part of this paper discusses a micro-culture of which the writer is not a part. It discusses the concepts of micro-cultures and provides a better understanding of the various types of micro-cultures that exist. The second section of the paper discusses a micro-culture of which the writer is a part. This section provides real-life examples, explains more about micro-cultures and describes a little bit about the writer.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
A Micro-Culture That Does Not Include Me
Micro-Culture that Does Include Me
Closing Thoughts
From the Paper
" When referring to the micro-culture of Religion, what is being referred to for the purposes of this paper, is a micro-culture that consists of people who share common thoughts, beliefs and perceptions, more specifically, faith in God. However, the faith that defines this micro-culture also creates several other positive attributes that help to define the culture itself, such as respect for one's elders, leaders and government. Pride in one's country, patriotism to be more precise, is a key ingredient. Core values that are exemplified by the Religious micro-culture encompass honesty, integrity, respect, trust, and humility; these core values have helped to shape positive religious movements for hundreds upon hundreds of years and helped to establish America so many years ago (Welty, 1981)."
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Managing Diversity, 2007.
This paper discusses managing diversity and provides a review of related literature.
15,678 words (approx. 62.7 pages), 56 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that being able to manage diversity in the workplace, or anywhere else, is not always that easy to do and is often more complex and complicated than it would seem to an outside observer. The writer notes that the review of the literature provides several different things. First, it shows why diversity management is needed and looks at some of the major focuses of literature, generally since 1993. Second, it indicates that there are differences between managing diversity, affirmative action, and equal employment opportunities. Third, the main part of the literature review simply discusses the general literature on managing diversity and what has been said regarding the issue, so that readers can better understand what has been said regarding managing diversity, the pros and cons of it, and other issues that surround it. Fourth and finally, the review of the literature looks at diversity on a global level, so that the researcher can indicate what other countries are doing about managing diversity and how these countries feel about this issue. Managing diversity in England, Europe, South Africa, and Australia is addressed in this section.
Contents:
Review of Related Literature
Part I
Part II
Part III
Part IV
Works Cited
From the Paper
"Discussing the Caucasian culture is somewhat complex because there are so many different cultures that make it up. Generally, if someone is considered 'white' they are a Caucasian, but their background, where they come from, and their religious and other beliefs might be very different from someone else that is also considered Caucasian. Because of this, there is no specific way to discuss the traditions, beliefs, and values of the Caucasian culture. What can be noted, however, is that Caucasian people overall seem to have less strong family responsibility and seem to be more open to discussing various issues with others than are the American Indian, Vietnamese, and Asian cultures. This is but one short and simple example of the diversity that could be faced within a workplace."
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