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Vodou, 2008.
An examination of lwa and its role in the rituals of the Vodou religion.
1,489 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the themes and rituals of the Vodou religion. It describes the 401 facets of the divine, referred to as lwa and their connection to the religion of Vodou. It also describes the state of the possessed individual and his role in the ceremony. The paper then discusses the reason why the lwa is essential to the ritual life of people practicing Vodou.
From the Paper
"The overall theme that such rituals convey is the elemental nature of the Vodou religion. Specifically, within Vodou it is believed - much like in Hinduism - that there is one, ultimate spiritual being, known as God. However, this overarching spiritual force cannot be comprehended or experienced directly be human beings. This is the reason why the lwa is essential to the ritual life of people practicing Vodou. The lwa is the connection between the perfectly divine realm of God and the lesser realm occupied by humanity. Obviously, the in-between realm of the lwa acts upon the human realm continually; yet the rituals themselves are designed to strengthen this connection. Accordingly, possession by the lwa is of ultimate importance to be able to cross the line - however briefly - between the human and the divine. This interpretation of possession contrasts strongly with Christian interpretations, which almost universally view it as a negative feature of spirituality. In Vodou, it is one of the highest expressions of spirituality; to be touched by these divine messengers in a way capable of restoring spiritual, mental and physical harmony to the one possessed. Naturally, the things conveyed through the possession are of utmost importance because, for those moments, those witnessing the possession are simultaneously witnessing the world of the lwa."
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Stem Cell Research: The Religious Perspective, 2008.
This paper argues against stem cell research from a religious point of view.
1,053 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper describes the stem cell technology that many modern religious authorities and churches see as a serious threat to the foundations of society and religious practice in the modern world. The paper is of the opinion that stem cell research should be prevented from achieving its ends. The paper posits that while one welcomes any technology that can heal the sick and wounded, this cannot be condoned if the price that we pay is the destruction of human culture and religious values.
From the Paper
"Stem cell or embryonic cells are the cells that are found in embryos which have the ability to develop or grow into other types of cells. For example, stem cells have the theoretical potential to develop into heart or muscle cells, etc. Therefore this technology has opened new vistas of possibility for medical science. In theory stem cell research may lead the way to enable doctors to cure diseases that were previously incurable - such as Parkinson's disease. A central benefit of stem cell research is that it is able to create organs and tissue from the undifferentiated cells that can replace damaged or diseased human organs. Another advantage this technology is that it has the potential to overcome the problem of rejection by the recipient or host body."
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Tibetan Buddhism, 2008.
An analysis of the texts, rituals and beliefs of Tibetan Buddhism with a focus on how it has contributed to the world today.
1,249 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the vast history of the religion of Tibetan Buddhism from the beginnings of its existence in 173 A.D, if not earlier, until the present day. It examines the texts, rituals and other aspects that are particular to this religion. It describes their four noble truths and the eightfold path to enlightenment, as well as the five basic precepts Tibetan Buddhists must follow. The paper shows how Tibetan Buddhism has vastly contributed to the world today.
From the Paper
"Generally speaking, Tibetan Buddhists believe that once an individual reaches enlightenment, he or she can escape the cycle of life, death, and rebirth, and can choose to remain in the world to teach others to reach nirvana. Dharma protectors are those who protect the Dharma, and are distinct to the Tibetan Buddhist. Additionally, there are five Dhyani Buddhists in Tibetan Buddhism, each of whom is able to overcome a specific evil with a specific good. Vairocana embodies sovereignty and is the antidote to ignorance. Akshobhya embodies steadfastness and battles anger. Ratnasambhava embodies compassion and battles desire and pride. Amitabha embodies light and is the antidote to malignancy. Finally, Amogasiddha embodies dauntlessness and battles envy."
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Middle Eastern Paradigms, 2008.
A look at established paradigms of women in the Middle East, including more recent research from a female anthropological viewpoint.
5,480 words (approx. 21.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 134.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses women in the Middle East and looks at both the economic and liberal paradigms of Muslim women from the perspectives of authors, scholars and journalists. The paper also notes that in the past Muslim women have been stereotyped as having had little if anything to do with the economic side of life for their families. Authors referenced in this paper point out that part of that erroneous reporting is due to the fact that previously only male anthropologists have conducted field work on Muslim women and their roles in the home and community. The author explains that now there is a more accurate picture to be presented available due to female anthropological research.
Outline:
Introduction
Economic Paradigm - Muslim Women I
Liberal Paradigm - Muslim Women
Economic Paradigm - Muslim Women II
Liberal Paradigm - Muslim Women II
From the Paper
"Economic Paradigm - Muslim Women I: Anne M. Jennings writes in Middle Eastern Women and the Invisible Economy (Jennings, 45) that there are old stereotypes about Muslim women and their participation in the family economic dynamics, and she believes research is needed in this area. For example, she explains that "thousands" of women earn money outside the home; this fact has been kept hidden largely because of the stereotype that the religion of Islam forbids women to be wage earners outside the home.
"Several reasons exist as to why the facts of female economics in Muslim countries have been unreported. One reason for this, Jennings writes, is that women often work in the "informal sector" - also called the "invisible economy" - and that money is rarely reported to agencies that collect taxes, for obvious reasons. Another reason for the seeming secrecy of women working outside the home is that Muslim males tend to deny that their wives are working, for reasons that are undisclosed by Jennings, but one can easily speculate that Muslim men may not wish to admit that their earnings are not sufficient to provide the family with adequate financial support."
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Ethical Ideas in Literature, 2008.
A comparison of ethical dilemmas in "A Language Older Than Words" by Derrick Jensen and "From Christ to the World: Introductory Readings in Christian Ethics," edited by Wayne G. Boulton, Thomas D. Kennedy and Allen Verhey.
4,211 words (approx. 16.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 112.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts ethical dilemmas in two books - "A Language Older Than Words," written by Derrick Jensen and "From Christ to the World: Introductory Readings in Christian Ethics," edited by Wayne G. Boulton, Thomas D. Kennedy and Allen Verhey. It describes the concepts discussed in each work and then finally provides a personal critique discussing why arguments are important.
Table of Contents:
A Language Older Than Words: A Review
From Christ To The World: A Review
Personal Critique: Why Arguments Are Important
From the Paper
"Fletcher also talks about this under his category "antinomianism": this is the approach which one takes when entering the "decision-making situation armed with no principles or maxims whatsoever, to say nothing of rules." And to carry the analogy along a bit more, with reference to Fletcher's philosophy, did Bush take the antinomianism approach in 2002, 2003, when putting forth the dishonest notion that Saddam Hussein had nuclear weapons and for the safety of all Americans the U.S. military needed to crush him? Most interesting among his three features of Christian ethics is "situationism," which Fletcher places "between" legalism and antinomianism. This third maxim is used when the person is not making a decision based on a rock-solid Christian footing; i.e., the situation dictates whether it's a good idea to go ahead or not. According to "love's needs," Fletcher writes on page 208, the situationist follows "a moral law or violates it."
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Arab Culture in America, 2008.
This paper explores the issues facing Arabs in America today.
1,944 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the challenges Arab-Americans face in their culture today. The paper discusses how many Americans stereotype all Arabs as Muslims who are enraged against the United States and western culture, although that is a false assumption of the majority of Arab-Americans living and working in the U.S. The paper shows how their own strong sense of culture, family and religion help them balance their world with the American world.
From the Paper
"Arab Americans seem to have one foot in their past and another squarely in their future. The Arab culture is extremely close-knit, with families playing an extremely important role in this culture. Jobs play an important part of this culture, because they are the place where many Arabs may spend a majority of their daily activities, and they may present challenges for many reasons. Employment in America is based on a Christian calendar and Christian ideals. Arab employees may find it difficult to pray during the day, and they may find it difficult to celebrate Arab holidays, which fall outside the traditional holiday calendar used in America."
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Theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 2008.
Looks at the life and teaching of anti-Nazi German theologian and philosopher Dietrich Bonhoeffer and reflects on his writings.
2,440 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer, among the first German Protestants to perceive the diabolical nature of Nazism, was implicated in the plot to assassinate Hitler and destroy his Third Reich for which Bonhoeffer was hanged. The author explains that Bonhoeffer taught that ethical behavior was founded on the unification of the reality of the world, God and Christ and criticized other theories for their failure to confront evil directly. The paper reflects upon a major work by Bonhoeffer "The Cost of Discipleship", published in 1948, in which he discussed "costly grace" as the center of discipleship.
Table of Contents:
Life
Teachings
Reading Reflection
From the Paper
"Grace is cheap if the sin is blotted out but the sinner remains unjustified or remains feeling unjustified. No human being can do the job. God's free grace alone can do and does everything. Despite man's best efforts at living well, the world can only go the same old way and sinners will remain sinners. The sinner must feel forgiven if the forgiveness is real. Otherwise, it is only cheap grace and cheap grace is unreal. True forgiveness releases the sinner from the sin and makes the sin leave the sinner. Cheap grace is also only ministerial or external."
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Emile Durkheim and Max Weber on Religion, 2008.
A comparison of the writings of Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, focusing on their views on religion and society.
1,274 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the ideas of the French thinker Emile Durkheim and the German economist Max Weber. The writer discusses how Durkheim was interested in defining and explaining religion as a force that drives people, whereas Max Weber focused on identifying its relationship to other social and economic phenomena. Durkheim believed that religion is the basis of social organization and behavior, while Max Weber did not look at the population as a whole when analyzing its religious aspects, but at each individual. The writer concludes that, although their views differed on how religion influences society, in attempting to establish new rules and view religion from different perspectives they represent, together with Karl Marx, the foundational sociological traditions examining the "institution" of religion.
From the Paper
"Both Emile Durkheim and Max Weber approached religion in order to identify its connections with external forces. While Durkheim looked at religion in terms of a social connection and a social determination, Weber analyzed it from the standpoint of economic development. The approach taken by Durkheim is more complex in regard to the actual religious features as it presents the sacred and profane division of human activities, whereas Weber's approach is more economic and tries to identify a connection between economically emerging countries and the religion practiced by its inhabitants."
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The Beatitudes in the Gospel of Matthew, 2008.
A review of the rules and lifestyle that should be practiced by Christians as per the Beatitudes in the Gospel of Matthew.
840 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the Beatitudes in the Sermon on the Mount and how they are considered by some to be one the most important passages in the New Testament. The paper states that it is here that Jesus reveals the new covenant that will lead to the salvation of new followers of the Christian faith. The paper explores the context in which they were written, provides some interpretive notes, and examines Matthew's purpose in writing the passage.
Outline:
Context
Interpretation
From the Paper
"There are several hypotheses regarding authorship of the Sermon on the Mount. The most common is that it reflects the exact words of Jesus. However, there are scholars who feel that the Sermon on the Mount, including the beatitudes was authored by Matthew and by Luke. In Luke 6:20-49, we find a similar set of beatitudes presented by Luke in the Sermon on the Plain, which some scholars contend is the same event as the Sermon on the Mount Lindberg, p. 3). The Sermon on the Plain contains a portion of the beatitudes found in the Sermon on the Mount. In addition, there are several key changes that provide clues to different authorship of the two sets of rules. The first difference is that the Sermon n Luke tends to focus on material poverty and physical conditions on earth. Matthew's version is more spiritually oriented, using terms such as "poverty" and "thirst" as metaphors for spiritual fulfillment. The beatitudes found in the Sermon on the Mount only present one side of the blessings. In Luke, the those that are blessed are presented, but then Luke presents the other side and addresses those that are cursed for their virtues as well. Matthew simply leaves them to be implied by the reader. Purpose. Regardless of the authorship of the beatitudes found in Matthew, the purpose of the passage remains the same. The Sermon on the Mount is regarded as both the starting point and a summary of the teachings of Jesus (Lindberg, p. 3). The beatitudes are not meant to show Gods favor for the unrighteous. They are meant to demonstrate compassion when bad things happen to good people (Wierbicka, p. 27). During the middle ages, the laity tested the beatitudes' blessing of the poor. Once the person was baptized, they were expected to adhere to certain doctrines and practices. Many times, they could not make tithes."
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Communion: "Catholic" Versus "Evangelical", 2008.
This paper compares and contrasts the "Catholic" and "Evangelical" approaches to communion service.
1,181 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses one of the basic tenets of the Christian religion, the communion service. The author looks at the origin of the communion service in the New Testament and examines the changes that it underwent in the church during the centuries. The author concludes that, in spite of the different forms taken by the communion service in different Christian denominations, all agree in its meaning as the reenactment of the communion with the Risen Christ.
From the Paper
" Indeed it came to pass that the Communion Service is a continuing remembrance of our Lord's Last Supper with His disciples. The first Book of Common Prayer was published for the Church of England in 1549, and it was primarily the work of Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury. Also several books in English had appeared in the 1540s to encourage lay devotion and participation. Of these the most important was The Order of the Communion (1548)."
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Review: Political Organization of Chichen Itza, 2008.
This paper discusses themes in W. Ringle's paper, "On the Political Organization of Chichen Itza." Specifically, the authors looks at the leadership and worship of Quetzalcoatl in Mesoamerica.
1,475 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses three general themes that are addressed in Ringle's "On the Political Organization of Chichen Itza." First, the paper explains that, in contrast to other authors, Ringle notes that worship of Quetzalcoatl is a primary means of Mesoamerican leadership and puts forth the fact that it is more properly viewed as a set of visual symbolism. Next, the paper explains that Ringle states that the ceremonial cores of specific larger cult centers served as a location for this investiture of leaders who wished to attach themselves to the cult. Lastly, it is surmised that Quetzalcoatl cannot be simply defined as a dynastic patron. Rather, leadership was often subdivided, with often some facet of dual leadership. The paper also analyzes the sources used within the work, the overall argumentative structure, and the fact that Ringle seems to contradict known theories on Quetzalcoastl worship instead of supporting them. The author the paper then ends his discussion with a personal reaction to Ringle's paper, stating that through Ringle's paper it can be shown that ritual is a powerful leadership tool, binding groups of people together despite disparate locations.
From the Paper
"In addition, Ringle notes that the UTJ jamb figures have this ornament as well. Likewise, so do all of the figures that are facing the Sun Disk figure that are found on the three faces that are carved on the inner lintel. Ringle further supports his disagreement with Kubler by observing that heron-feather ornaments only occur in the upper registers of the LTJ and the NT. This, he surmises, is further proof that this is an indication of specific rank or segment of warriors who were under the command of the 'Mixcoatl' figure. In addition, the author reminds the reader that among the objects given to initiates in the Quiche chronicles were heron feathers.
"Lastly, Ringle brings to light the fact that in the UTJ there is only one person who is lacking the heron feather ornament. This figure is situated to the left of the table bench carving. Ringle theorizes that if he is the initiate, the individual may simply not have been given his ornament yet, in the depiction. This theory would appear to be further supported by the fact that twin heron feathers are floating just above and to the right of the initiate."
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The Anthropology of Islam, 2008.
An analysis of the lessons of colonialism for the Islamic peoples of the Middle East.
1,049 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the nations of the Islamic world represent one of the great battlegrounds between modernity and tradition. It looks at how freed only recently from the yoke of colonialism, they struggle to find their way in a rapidly changing world, hoping on the one hand to preserve the sacred tenets of their religion, while on the other embracing the temporal wonders of industry and technology. It also examines how the native-born citizens of Saudi Arabia, Syria, Lebanon, Iran, Iraq, and other Middle Eastern Muslim states, find themselves caught between the forces of fundamentalism and globalism.
From the Paper
"The centrality of Islam in traditional Middle Eastern life has contributed to the significance of revivalist movement sin many parts of the region. The Saudi government has always subscribed to the fundamentalist Wahabi tradition, while Iran has, for the past thirty years, been controlled by an equally fundamentalist form of Shiism. In the Palestinian territories, Lebanon, Iraq, and other areas of open conflict, religious fundamentalism is behind various terrorist movements. Jihad is seen as a way of propagating Islam and its values at the expense of the alien ideas of the West. The violence of repressive Western-sponsored regimes is met by the actions of warriors for the faith, suicide bombers who blow themselves up in marketplaces and other prominent venues. The desire to restore a traditional Islamic way of life motivates many who give themselves over to such violence. In places controlled by these groups women are forced to assume the veil and are prevented from being schooled in the Western manner. "
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Philosophies and Greek Literature, 2008.
This paper discusses perspectives and philosophies that are revealed in
Greek literature.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Greek literature reveals much about Greek and Roman culture. From reading ancient poems and epics, one gains a sense of understanding of the people, their culture, and beliefs. The writer discusses that Greek literature provides fascinating insights into people, societal norms, and beliefs. The writer also points out that because the society was an oral one, many of the early epics, such as Homer's 'The Iliad' and 'The Odyssey' are excellent resources as well as monumental pieces of literature. The writer maintains that with this literature one can gain insight into a segment of society's greatest and most mysterious people.
From the Paper
"Will Durant maintains there are essentially five elements that unify Greek society. They are a common language, a common intellectual life, a common passion for athletics, a love for beauty, and partially common religious beliefs and rituals. Regarding the aspect of literature uniting the Roman population, we can see how the belief of gods and goddesses was a prevalent, inviting force. The same can be said about the society's belief in war, heroism, and fighting for one's country. For example, in The Odyssey, one sees the presence of Athena, Hermes, Aeolus, and Poseidon - gods and goddesses that had incredible power and influence over society. In this drama, the gods are perceived as responsible for human fate. In contrast, The Iliad paints more reasonable picture of the gods - one that leaves the humans in control of their own fate. For example, in the Odyssey, the gods controlled Odysseus' journey. This play also shows how the gods conspire and work against each other."
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The Rise of Islam, 2008.
This paper explores the religion of Islam in light of the radical Islamic organizations of today.
2,968 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the origins and rise of Islam as well as the history of the glorious city of Baghdad in 800 CD. The paper explores why the rise of Islam is manifested through the actions of violent extremists like the Taliban and al-Qaeda. The paper seeks to determine how the concepts of war and killing are spawned by and driven from religious teachings.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Today's Radical Islamists Use Religion to Promote Terror
Interpretation of Facts and Research
From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to explore and review the rise of Islam, which began many centuries before the emergence of today's most visible and tyrannical radical Islamic organizations, the Taliban and al Qaeda. But for many citizens who are interested in Islam, but also weary of the threat of terrorism - and who cringe with each new suicide bomber's bloodletting in Iraq, Pakistan, Israel, Lebanon and elsewhere - the Taliban and al Qaeda are the only words and images that come to mind when the word "Islam" or "Muslim" are mentioned. These same millions of people read and hear about the terrible violence, bloodshed and civil strife in Baghdad and they likely know little else about this once great city."
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John Wesley: "Christian Perfection", 2008.
An analysis of John Wesley's sermon "Christian Perfection."
1,012 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the sermon "Christian Perfection," by John Wesley. The author examines how Wesley defines perfection and Christian perfection in his sermon, and shows how Wesley believed that perfection for a Christian was something to be pursued in this life but only attainable in the life to come.
From the Paper
"In this world therefore there is no achievable perfection, though one must strive to do so. In the after life one can presume through faith that the summit of perfection will be achieved, but one cannot assume such of this world. This does not negate the need to seek perfection in action and knowledge, it just means that in our state of living and seeking we are perfect in the eyes of the lord, as he has only given us the knowledge he deems us to need and not all the knowledge of heaven and earth."
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