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United Kingdom Mental Health Law, 2004.
This extensive research paper analyzes U.K. case law regarding mental health to develop a set of recommendations to be used as a guideline for creating an improved legal system for mental health.
24,780 words (approx. 99.1 pages), 39 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines the history of mental health law in the U.K., identifying a number of key principles of health care economics and ethics, with a focus on the particular incentives and trade-offs that are raised by these principles at three levels of the mental health system: government and society; purchasers and providers; and users and caretakers. The author points out that self-determination theory (SDT) is based on the belief that innate psychological needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness are important bases for human motivation. The paper suggests that there is a need to move towards a more open, accountable, and evidence-based mental health care system, which would be fully supported by U.K. law.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Literature Review
History of UK Case Law
Draft Mental Incapacity Bill
The Fundamental Principle Behind Medical Law in the UK
Capacity Law
Problems in Mental Health Systems in the UK
A Right to Health Care: The Libertarian Objection
Whom to Sacrifice
The Struggle Between Ethics and Economics in Mental Health Care
Four Principles of Health Care Economics
Four Principles of Health Care Ethics
Tensions in Health Care Decision-Making
Government and Society
Purchasers and Providers
Economic Incentives
Ethical Trade-offs
Users and Caretakers
Linking the Past to the Present
Purpose of the Study
Research Questions and Hypothesis
Methodology
Results
Discussion, Recommendations and Conclusion
Explicitness
Evaluation
Accountability
Recommendations
Bibliography
From the Paper
"In a perfectly competitive market, the supply and demand for a particular good achieves equilibrium, and no more and no less of the good is produced or consumed than is necessary. In reality, markets are not perfectly competitive, resulting in failures due to unfair competition, uncertainty and externality effects. The market for mental healthcare is no exception. These failures are so common that some form of government intervention is necessary. The extent of government involvement is influenced by both economic and political considerations and by the existing model of social choice. In the United Kingdom, a careful balance of both individualistic (autonomy and consumer sovereignty) and collective (justice and welfare maximization) principles must be considered."
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Law Enforcement Agencies, 2002.
The paper applies various business theories to the running of law enforcement agencies.
1,620 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
The paper begins by discussing the concept of decentralized management, looking at its advantage for organizations in the corporate sector, at the reasons why it does not improve the situation of law enforcement agencies, and at the importance of good leadership. Next, the paper focuses on organizational communication. It discusses how a lack of this communication can affect efficiency and productivity and looks at this problem within the running of law enforcement agencies, focusing on inefficiencies in the criminal justice department. Finally, the paper explores problem solving, looking at the attempt by law enforcement agencies to identify and resolve problems. Crime analysis is discussed, and the SARA (Scanning, Analysis, Response, Assessment) approach is explained. The paper concludes with a look at successful problem solving implementation by various law enforcement agencies.
From the Paper
"Decentralized management is the buzzword these days, as it is believed that centralized management structures no longer produce positive results. It has been noticed that decentralization paves way for more autonomy among various units and leads to employee empowerment, one thing that has been the cornerstone of productivity in the 21st century. But does decentralized management really works in all types of organizations. That is not exactly true. While the corporate sector reaps the benefits of decentralized environment where various departments and units maintain almost complete autonomy and thus have control over decision-making process, law enforcement agencies have failed to extract the best out of this system of management. In the latter, it has actually resulted in more corruption and less accountability."
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Elderly and Medicare, 2004.
An analysis of the increased life expectancy of senior citizens and the cost of drugs to maintain them.
770 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of Medicare, a program of national health insurance setup in 1965 for persons who are over the age of sixty-five or seriously disabled. It looks at how many medical procedures of the 1960s have been replaced by drug therapies and how Medicare has never been updated to include outpatient prescription drug coverage, leaving senior citizens, many of whom live on fixed incomes, especially affected by this lack of coverage. It discusses how. with the baby boomer generation ageing fast, and advancements in medical science, the new challenge is now to ensure that those who were responsible for the above will be cared for in the new century.
From the Paper
"In 1998, the US spent a total of one hundred billion dollars on prescription drugs. According to a report published in June 2001 by the Washington Business Group Healthcare (WBGH) and the Financial Management Association (HFMA), the cost of prescription drugs shot up by 14.6% in 2000, after an 18% rise in 1999. (Arya, 2001) From 1992 to 1998, the number of prescriptions rose by 40%. The government is caught in a difficult position. On the one hand it needs to curb the spiraling costs, on the other it has to protect the interests of its pharmaceutical industry. Expanding the use of generic drugs would be one way of reducing costs, but this is unlikely to happen because of the billions of dollars spend by pharmaceuticals on research in an intensely competitive field."
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Community Policing in Chicago, 2004.
A definition of the policy to be studied and conceptualization/ measurements of the problem conditions that the policy addresses.
805 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
The writer explores public policy in this public administration paper. The public policy to be studied is community policing in the City of Chicago. The definition of problem condition measurement/ conceptualization relating to the policy is discussed.
From the Paper
"The public policy or program or set of related policies I have chosen to focus on is community policing in the City of Chicago. This by nature reflects public policy at the local government level, specifically in the City of Chicago. In reality what is in place is probably a combination of budgetary approval and direction from the Chicago City Council, the philosophy of the Police Chief in charge, and requirements from various State and Federal funding sources obtained through grants and special programs."
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UK Nationalized Health Care System, 2004.
This paper discusses the survivability of the UK nationalized health care system by reviewing its history, organization, and programs, and by comparing it to three other nationalized health services.
13,850 words (approx. 55.4 pages), 31 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the NHS was established on the principle of the collective responsibility of the state to implement a comprehensive health care system designed to meet the health care needs of the total population, in which all UK citizens would have equal access to health care services at no charge. The author points out that it was assumed, as health care improved, demand would decrease; but, within a very short period, the government found itself faced with too little funding to meet the persistent demand. The paper contends that Japan, Sweden, and Canada appear to have incorporated better provisions to insure that equal access is guaranteed to constituents as compared to the UK?s NHS. Table.
Table of Contents
Historical Perspective
Organization of the Study
Summary of 2000 NHS Plan
Current and Future Health Status and Healthcare Needs in the UK
Alternative Health Care Systems
Review of Healthcare Systems in OECD Countries
Japan
Sweden
Canada
Comparison of NHS with the Healthcare Systems of Japan, Sweden and Canada
World Health Organization and Health Care Funding
Current Trends in Healthcare Privatization
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The Plan, as reported by the Department of Health (2000), is also designed to insure that the needs of the elderly are better met. The Plan includes the incorporation of national standards for caring for older people to ensure that ageism is not tolerated and personal care plans for the elderly and their caregivers will be provided, with nursing home services made free by 2004. There also will be an additional ?900 million package of new intermediate care services to allow older people to live more independent lives. The NHS Plan also includes further efforts to insure that inequalities amongst patients are targeted, with a focus on increasing and improving primary care in deprived areas; the introduction of screening programs for women and children; the provision of step up smoking cessation services; and the provision of free fruit in schools for 4-6 year olds."
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Demography of Baltimore, 2004.
A study of the demographic and racial make-up of the population of Baltimore.
3,952 words (approx. 15.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 107.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the demographic changes in Baltimore from 1980 to 2000, using both qualitative and quantitative methods for data analysis. Information was gathered on sex, age, family median income, race, poverty, level of education, families with SSI income, welfare recipients, and vacant housing.
Contents:
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Race
Gender
Age
Housing
Household Income
Poverty Status
Educational Attainment
Substance Abuse
Racial Segregation
Discussion and Conclusions
From the Paper
"For the purposes of the study, race was compared by census tract on the basis of census data for the years 1980, 1990 and 2000. As displayed within Table 1, while comparing whites for 1980, 1990, and 2000, there was an ongoing decrease in the number of whites in the overall population. Within all other races, the population by race continued to increase slightly, with blacks showing the most ongoing growth. Within the other group, in 1990, there was a decrease in numbers; however, the other population almost doubled between 1980 and 2000 in spite of the 1990 decline."
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The Clinger-Cohen Act, 2004.
An overview of the Information Technology (IT) Management Reform Act (ITMRA), otherwise known as the Clinger-Cohen Act.
1,484 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, originally formed in 1989, the Information Technology Management Reform Act and the Federal Acquisition Reform Act were amended in the year 1996 and renamed as the Clinger-Cohen Act (CCA). It shows how the objective of CCA is to influence performance-based and results-based management by means of an effective use of information technology (IT). It also discusses how the CCA also gives various means to government information technology to function in the same manner as any well-organized and cost-effective business would operate.
Outline
Introduction
Clinger-Cohen Act & Law Governing IT Management
Requirements for Chief Information Officer
From the Paper
"In order to ensure that information technology activities align with agency plans and operations, senior user management guidance is used along with standard evaluation of information technology skills record, skills necessities, and skills development programs. In brief, the Clinger-Cohen Act attempts to develop an operative and well-organized, mission-oriented, user-oriented and results-oriented information technology practice in all Federal agencies (University Washington)."
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Insured/Under-insured, 2004.
A comparison of the limitations of the U.S. health insurance system compared to other countries.
3,547 words (approx. 14.2 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 99.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to address the question as to how U.S. should respond to the ongoing growth of uninsured and under-insured persons within the overall population. An overview is provided of the current health insurance system existing within the U.S., followed by a discussion of the factors that influence and are associated with the current system. It also examines the health insurance systems of other countries, which have been found to have better health outcomes than the U.S. It concludes with recommendations for the adoption of a universal health insurance system within the U.S.
Outline
Overview of the U.S. Health Insurance System
Factors Influencing Health Insurance in the U.S.
An Alternative U.S. Health Care System
Japan
Sweden
Canada
Summary and Conclusions
From the Paper
"As a component of the social insurance system in Sweden, health insurance and health care are financed via compulsory employers' contributions and individual social security contributions deducted from incomes (Swedish Institute, 2001). As further explained by the Swedish Institute, the 18 county councils that administer social insurance programs finance the costs of medical care directly from an income tax levied on all those living in the county who are in paid employment. According to the Swedish Institute, approximately 80 percent of tax revenues go to running the health care system and to subsidizing patient fees. Patients assume a proportion of the health costs when consulting a health care service, ranging from approximately 8 to 38 dollars. While all of Sweden?s residents are entitled to compensation for medical care, those individuals who have earned at least $750 annually through gainful employment are entitled to cash benefits for loss of income while ill."
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Change in Public Administration, 2004.
Proposal for research on changes in society and the role of public administration.
2,402 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper proposes to study the role that public administration has in encouraging changes in society while, at the same time, safeguarding the structure and continuity of society. The paper proposes to look at which sectors of society should provide the impetus for change and which should preserve the status quo. Finally, the study intends to look how the need for change in society can be balanced against the need for stability and the specific ways in which public administration professionals can help society to maintain this balance.
From the Paper
"But just as lack of change can be terribly damaging if not lethal to a society, too much change can also be dangerous. Societies that prosper are those that allow for change within an established structure ? and both the change and the structure are important. (This does assume, of course, that the structure is fundamentally sound to begin with.)"
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City Dwelling, 2004.
A review of various articles that comment on the value of city dwelling.
1,106 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper comments that, while living in cities provides obvious benefits such as art and culture, access to food and medicine and trade, there is an adverse effect as well. The paper refers to a number of articles by Brechin, Pena, and Foster, among others, who all write on the subject. The writer concludes that, while each article may have some value, the reality is that we do live in cities and, at least in the foreseeable future, will continue to do so.
From the Paper
"There must be few citizens of the 21st century ? at least few who are citizens of both the 21st century and the First World ? who do not view the city as a problematic accomplishment of humanity. Certainly, cities are the highest expression of human civilization, at least in some ways: They support the flourishing of the arts and culture, of haute cuisine and high-tech medicine, of universities and research labs. But cities are also the expressions of the worst that humans have created, both in terms of how we treat each other and in terms of how we treat the planet, as the readings that we are examining for this paper argue. The city is many things, but it is and always has been essentially a site of commerce, and the basing of relationships upon commercial grounds is never unproblematic."
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Activity-Based Cost in the Department of Defense, 2004.
This paper discusses the ABC accounting process, which evaluates and determines ways to improve the quality of financial decisions at the Department of Defense (DoD).
2,505 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Department of Defense (DoD), with more than $1 trillion in assets and a budget that accounts for about half of the federal government?s discretionary funding, has a need for accurate accounting processes. The author points out that ABC captures quantified cost and time data and translates it into information for making decisions by measuring process and activity performance, by determining the cost of business process outputs, and by identifying opportunities to improve process efficiency and effectiveness. The paper concludes that the ultimate decision will be based on a blended action that minimizes cost and time, while creating a better outcome.
Table of Contents
Big Need for Accurate Accounting
ABC in the Military
Process Decision Example
Success Stories
NASA
Fleet and Industrial Supply Center (FISC)
Military Resistance to ABC?
Who Might Benefit in the DoD?
From the Paper
"In the 1990s, the RAND Corporation, including its defense-oriented federally funded research and development organizations, offered a better way for the DoD to pay for its purchases, one it thought would improve the interactions; after all, if a unit overspent in one year, then the next year it would be looking for lower prices. That meant that the organization it purchased from would experience a loss, or potentially could, which in turn could affect the service or product quality or delivery. However, the WCF arrangement bore the stamp of approval of the DoD Comptroller?s office, which suggested that the WCF approach has saved ?billions of dollars by providing managers with greater visibility into the costs of DoD support operations.?"
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The Dearth of Performance Metrics in the Department of Defense, 2004.
Discusses a bill in the United States, signed into law in 1993, known as "The Government Performance and Results Act".
3,936 words (approx. 15.7 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 107.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at an innovative piece of legislation in the U.S. government known as "The Government Performance and Results Act". The bill was initiated as a result of the lack of public confidence in government institutions and is intended to mandate the use of ?program metrics? and ?results-related? planning for the Department of Defense and all federal agencies. In addition to explaining why such a bill was deemed necessary, this paper also examines the bill's success rate, the meaning and implementation status of the term "metrics" in the Department of Defense, and what will happen if the federal government does not use metrics or does not use them effectively.
From the Paper
"Prior to examining the specific program metrics implemented in DOD, and the results therein, it would seem instructive for the big picture to look at the overall success or failure of GPRA; indeed, the DOD is just one piece of the overall puzzle in a maze of myriad federal programs and initiatives. The first big test of the success of GPRA came shortly after 1997, which was the deadline for all agencies in the Federal Government to produce their initial goals for a results-based honest measurement of their performance. And basically, this act was and is a test of the government?s ability to ?re-invent itself? ? to become leaner, more forward-looking and willing to accept the challenges of using public monies in a more frugal and responsible way by projecting what results should be expected."
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Illinois House Bill 60, 2004.
An overview of the debate regarding how House Bill 60 grants Illinois's undocumented immigrants the right to pay in-state tuition rates at the state's public colleges and universities.
2,551 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how, on May 18, 2003, Illinois became the fifth state in the country to offer in-state tuition rates to illegal residents. It examines the legal basis of this controversial law and looks at its possible economic, social, and political and economic effects on the state of Illinois. The first part of the paper is a history and overview of House Bill 60. The next part then details the law?s objectives and the number of students who stand to benefit in Illinois. It shows how, despite its objectives, this controversial law has generated spirited criticism, and it examines the various objections, which include debates regarding the legality of the law and the economic effects of this law on Illinois taxpayers.
Outline
History of House Bill 60
Overview and Objectives
Critics of the Measure
Benefits of House Bill 60
Beyond House Bill 60
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Much of the opposition centers how these laws will limit opportunities for United States citizens and legal residents. For many low-income American families, state universities present the only option for higher education. Because many state universities are already limiting enrollment, groups like the Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) contend that ?when public universities admit an illegal immigrant and provide subsidized tuition, some other student who is also deserving is denied an opportunity? (FAIR Issue Brief). These alien students, in effect, will gain an education at the expense of legal American residents or citizens."
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Immigration Law, 2004.
An overview of the SEVIS program and the U.S.A. PATRIOT act for clamping down on foreign students.
978 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how there are two troubling initiatives coming out of Washington, D.C., regarding foreign students. One is the SEVIS (Student Exchange Visitor Information System) program, and the other is the U.S.A. PATRIOT (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism) Act. It discusses how, while there may be some legitimacy, post-9/11, in seeking to keep tabs on students who might be terrorists, it can also be considered a system of racial profiling that singles out and criminalizes international students in the U.S.
From the Paper
"There have been abuses of the sort SEVIS seeks to stem, which probably helped both before and after 9/11 to influence politicians to tighten standards for foreign study in the U.S. Chaleampon Ritthichai, writing in the Gotham Gazette, revealed the story of Lek Supaluk. Supalak thought she could make more money by working in the U.S. after college than by returning to Thailand, and she could find no employer to sponsor her working visa. So she bought an I-20, the form that allows foreigners to apply for student visas. She enrolled in a language school, but never attended. SEVIS means her luck might be running out. Peter Pachter, Director of Overseas Students and American Language Communication Center in Manhattan, said, ?There were rules and regulations that students had to comply with but the INS never seemed to follow through with the enforcement.?"
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Government Performance Results Act, 2004.
This paper discusses the General Accounting Office (GAO) report on the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), titled, ?Status of Achieving Key Outcomes and Addressing Major Management Challenges?.
2,165 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the 2001 GAO review of DOJ, a routine assessment conducted in compliance with federal law, the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 (GPRA) was put into place because waste and inefficiency undermine the confidence of the American people. The author believes that the current Attorney General, John Ashcroft, a hard-line, religious-right, ultra-conservative, has shown a contempt for the Bill of Rights. The paper states that the GAO should not be given more power, but the Congress has a duty to enter into a new post-9/11 phase and stand up to the Executive Branch to independently protect Americans from waste, abuse, and mismanagement of resources.
Table of Contents
The GAO Critiques DOJ
Internet-Based Research of DOJ
Conclusion
From the Paper
"As to the first of DOJ?s ?planned outcomes? ? less violence related to gangs and drugs ? the GAO in its summary states that DOJ ?fell short of achieving its performance targets for four measures.? Looking into those failures a bit more closely (p. 8), DOJ had said it would try to perform 4.81 million ?criminal background checks? ? and yet it only conducted 4.49 million checks. Also, the GAO says that while DOJ claims it prevented 71,890 ?ineligible? individuals from purchasing firearms, the GAO says DOJ missed its target of preventing 140,244 persons from buying guns."
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