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Psychology: State of Mind - A Critical Analyses, 2008.
A report on an individual's state of mind and the impact on responsibility for criminal activities.
780 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the controversial issue regarding the extent to which an individual's state of mind should impact his or her responsibility for criminal activities. The paper bases most of its discussion on D.W. Denno's article, "A Mind to Blame: New views on Involuntary Acts", from the "Behavioral Sciences and the Law" journal and concurs with Denno's call for a three-tiered approach that will allow for the inclusion of "semi-voluntary acts" to the legal conceptions of voluntariness and involuntariness .
From the Paper
"In terms of how the courts should handle such a matter, I am convinced that - for criminal offenses - it is best to take into account the defendant's altered consciousness after conviction, during the sentencing process, in other words. The reason is that a crime has clearly been committed and some form of redress is appropriate. However, a "discount" should be applied to the sentence in proportion to just how "conscious" the individual's actions were; in other words, if they were acting in a suspicious manner weeks prior to the event, that could be construed as premeditation and would work against them. As for individuals who are acquitted because of an altered state, it is fairly evident that they should receive some kind of conditions imposed upon their freedom insofar as their mental state did lead them towards the commission of criminal acts ."
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Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, 2008.
An analysis of the significance of the lack of research into drug treatment for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
2,210 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 22 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the lack of research that exists with respect to attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its treatment. It particularly discusses the research available with regard to drug treatment for the disorder. The paper discusses some of the issues related to ADHD, the research that is available and the areas that have not been clearly researched or are lacking definitive answers. The paper also discusses the significance of the lack of research and why more research needs to be done into this area.
From the Paper
"In closing, the last several pages have clearly shown that ADHD is a problem for which there are, as of yet, few definitive answers. This is significant because we are, in effect, plying children with drugs even as we have yet to determine which ones are best for which elements of ADHD - or if any one of the drug products now on the market really work at all in overcoming all of the symptoms that make Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder such a complex and frustrating thing to treat. When time is taken to review the literature, it is fairly clear that we should be retreating from our heavy reliance upon drugs in this matter until we can develop products capable of addressing all of the facets of ADHD and not merely one item or the next. Further, it would also help if we could arrive at some consensus about which drugs really work for which symptoms. In the end, much more work remains to be done."
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The Drug Xanax, 2008.
A look at the drugs Xanax and Xanax XR (extended release), brand names of a tranquilizer produced and marketed by Pharmacia & Upjohn, whose generic name is alprazolam.
1,075 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the historical background of Xanax. The paper first describes Xanax's mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics and pharmacotherapy. The author then presents alternative forms of therapy, which can be used in conjunction with or instead of Xanax. The author concludes that, while newer generations of therapy and drugs have emerged to treat these problems, Xanax still plays an important role in longer-term reduction of anxiety.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Historical Background
Mechanisms of Action
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacotherapy
Complimentary Therapies
Alternative Therapies
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Xanax belongs to the family of benzodiazepines. These compounds increase the level of GABA (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid), which is a neuroinhibitor. The increased GABA production results in the inhibition of anxiety-producing substances.. GABA is secreted by neurons, and is present in many of the nerve endings of neurons in the brain. GABA inhibits presynaptic transmission in the central nervous system and the retina."
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Bargh and Ferguson: Beyond Behaviorism, 2008.
This paper analyzes the goals and conclusions of John Bargh and Melissa Ferguson's article, "Beyond Behaviorism: On the Automaticity of Higher Mental Processes."
1,802 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes John Bargh and Melissa Ferguson's article, "Beyond Behaviorism: On the Automaticity of Higher Mental Processes." It describes the goals of the paper and the issues that the authors analyze. It then discusses the empirical evidence that is provided to support the goals or propositions of the paper. Finally, the paper discusses the implications of the research that was done.
Table of Contents:
Goals of the Paper
Empirical Evidence of the Paper
Conclusion of the Paper
Implications for Social Cognition
Further Investigations
Holes in the Research
From the Paper
"Bargh and Ferguson cover a tremendous range of information in their study. They begin with a consideration of behaviorism (926-27), with particular emphasis on its failure to open itself to any consideration of the higher order mental processes, so that it tried to treat man as something on par with a rat or a pigeon. Its most noted advocate, B.F. Skinner, eventually failed in his effort to present his doctrine. Turning to the development of cognitive psychology, they discuss the evidence of the automaticity of higher mental processes (928-29), the effects of non-conscious stimuli (929-30), evaluation, emotions, and judgments (930-32), goal-directed behavior (932-38), and controlled processes (932-39)."
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Disorders of Sleep, 2008.
This paper looks at sleep disorders discussing infant and adolescent polysomnography.
854 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The writer of this article notes that in order to understand the pathogenesis of sleep disorders, the normal sleep cycle must be understood in a neuro-physiologic context. The writer points out that sleep disorders such as insomnia can be especially distressful in children and adolescents. The writer discusses that aside from the normal developmental circadian adaptations and drift of the sleep-wake cycle in these individuals, secondary causes can inhibit initiation or maintenance of sleep, particularly chronic diseases and mental disorders. While most causes are self-limited and treatment conservative, more elaborate diagnostic and therapeutic interventions may be warranted. The writer concludes that the role of the polysomnography technician is to ascertain the cause of the disorder as well as justify the need for sleep studies while providing useful input for the health care team.
From the Paper
"Sleep disorders can arise from several causes that disrupt the normal sleep cycle in spite of its seemingly grounded cyclic variation in physiology. It can be disrupted when the number of hours required for the individual were not met or were met but with frequent wakeful states in between (sleep fragmentation). The cause must be ascertained first by the technician through a perusal of the patient's history and physical examination with particular emphasis on past and present sleep patterns, aggravating or relieving factors, medications taken, co-morbid diseases, psychiatric co-morbidities such as depression, among others. A polysomnography may be warranted when sleep hygiene strategies fail or an apparent cause is not apparent."
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Public Relations and the Schools, 2008.
Reviews literature relating to public relations approaches for school leaders coping with crisis situations.
1,470 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that school leaders, from elementary school through college, need to develop and use public relations skills in order to sooth parents, assert authority and reduce tensions at times of crisis and during the normal course of administration. The author points out that school leaders must be familiar with grief counseling methods not only because of a community-wide crisis but also to assist when the student or the student's family faces a crisis. The paper concludes that the school leader achieves better public relations simply by visibly addressing problems as they develop, with a successful outcome being the best public relations of all.
From the Paper
"Graseck (2005) sees a need for administrators to take a more nurturing role, bringing the community into the process, and so serving the role of public relations on an ongoing basis rather than waiting for a crisis to begin the process. Graseck finds that administrators too often fail to see this need until there is a crisis and so lose touch with the community but that administrators even tned to lose touch with their own teachers. School administrators too often see their own survival as the paramount task rather than the improvement of the school."
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Community Analysis, 2008.
An explanation of the various nested systems in the family unit involved in the psychological development of a child.
1,751 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an explanation of the four nested systems of roles, norms and rules that have a direct impact on the psychological development of a child. The author draws on her own experiences within her family unit and the influence of the microsystems of her family to illustrate her points and suggests that mothers should be educated and empowered on how to educate and empower their daughters from birth.
From the Paper
"This binary gender system comes complete with expectations for all aspects of existence. I believe these are dictated by the macrosystem, but interestingly, are primarily communicated and enforced by the microsystem. Thus, this interaction is that the microsystem acts as a conduit, passing on the values of the macrosystem, and making sure they are enforced. For a start, it defined the role I was supposed to play: nurturing, caring, empathetic, passive, meek, accommodating, with a particular love of housework drudgery and sewing. Secondly, it defined a wide range of norms I was supposed to conform to: feminine, with a love of pretty dresses and other adornments, and a disdain for dirt and sweat. Later, I was supposed to become coquettish yet fundamentally chaste, and to use indirect wiles to achieve my goals, rather than direct demands. Finally, all of this came with iron-clad rules that were not to be broken. There were so many of these that it is impossible to record them all. However, examples would be: Girls must not climb trees; girls must never fight; girls are allowed to cry if there is a good enough reason; all girls must love to play with dolls at all time; all girls must wear pink dresses at least three times a week; girls are expected to exhibit extra diligence with their schoolwork to make up for their natural inferiority; etc."
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Concepts Relevant to the Therapeutic Relationship, 2008.
A discussion of the therapeutic relationship between psychiatric nurse and patient.
2,605 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the nurse-patient therapeutic relationship is the psychosocial bond that fosters and nurtures the healing of a patient. The paper asserts that the therapeutic relationship between a patient and his psychiatric nurse is a special bond between human beings that possesses several unique attributes, founded on a trust that is rooted deeply in the traditions of professional health care. It discusses compassion which, when practiced by mental health professionals, has the potential to facilitate healing as well as impede it. The paper concludes that, although more reliance on medications and behavioral modification techniques such as psychotherapy continue to be more and more of a factor in the treatment of mental illnesses, it is ultimately the attitude of the individual that determines the patient's progress towards healing.
Outline:
Introduction
Significance to Nurses
Significance to Patient and Family
Transference
Continuity of Care
Reflections
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The significance of the therapeutic relationship to the patient and family is that it provides them with a means to connect with the health care staff not only in terms of treatment of the patient, but also in terms of establishing a means by which patient and nurse can relate on even terms. Rapport with the patient's family further establishes a link with the patient outside the hospital. This is beneficial especially in situations where patients are far from easy access to health institutions where primary care for their condition is being given. (Forchuk, Reynolds, Sharkey, Martin & Jensen, 2007)"
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Effects of Tobacco, 2008.
This paper discusses the effects of smoking on the individual.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the history of tobacco's inculcation into mainstream culture and looks at the pleasure it provides smokers. The writer also discusses the health risks involved in smoking tobacco, addiction and second hand smoke. The writer maintains that organizations that are raising awareness about the dangers of smoking are no doubt creating a healthier environment for everyone. The writer then concludes that though quitting is difficult, every smoker should make every effort to break the habit. This step would not only benefit them, but also everyone they associate with, casually or otherwise.
Outline:
Introduction
The History of Smoking
Smoking and Health
The Allure of Smoking Tobacco
Heart Disease
Cancer
Addiction
Second Hand Smoke
Recent Government Reaction to Tobacco Research
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It could be argued that tobacco's colourful history is part of the substance's attraction. The first recorded European smoker was Rodrigo de Jerez, who was a colleague of Christopher Columbus during his exploration of the New World. Jerez started smoking cigars in Cuba. Having returned to Europe, Jerez lit a cigar publicly in 1493, which led to his imprisonment in 1493 by order of the Spanish Inquisition."
"Tobacco was initially slow to take over European consumers. It is believed that not until well into the following century that tobacco was brought to Europe from its native Americas."
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Susan McCaslin's 'The Call', 2008.
Examines Susan McCaslin's poem 'The Call' from her book "Flying Wounded".
1,085 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in her poem 'The Call', Canadian poet Susan McCaslin relates the experience of mental illness to the Cathars, a religious group concentrated in France in the eleventh century. The paper points out that the inquisition and oppressive pursuit of the open-minded Cathars is used by McCaslin as a metaphor to describe mental illness. The paper stresses that, although the poem and the book are not entirely an autobiography, McCaslin is the daughter of a mentally ill woman whose tumultuous driving mental voices impact on everyone around her.
From the Paper
"McCaslin's historical references continue in the third stanza, where the schizophrenic voices that pursue the mother "blazon" her face, an old-fashioned word associated with heraldry, of officers of arms. A blazon is a description of a coat of arms or flag used to depict an image, typically involving banners or seals. Such formal, historical imagery is conveyed by McCaslin to represent the mother's mental state, which the woman carries around as a logo - a logo which automatically exempts her from deserving love from Canadian society as a whole."
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Dual Relationships in Counseling, 2008.
This paper discusses the danger of dual relationships in the counseling field.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the dangers of dual relationships within the mental health field. The writer maintains that counselors and therapists should avoid establishing or allowing the establishment of dual relationships within the context of their professional capacity. The writer concludes that this is not only an ethical imperative with respect to the client/patient continuum but also extends to dual relationships among patients in group therapy settings as well as relationships between coworkers and colleagues.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Dual Relationships in Group Therapy
The Counselor/Client Continuum
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Clearly, these negative developments that arise due to the existence or the establishment of dual relationships can have a very real and a potentially very harmful impact on the counseling process within the group therapy setting. Yet, all of these negative attributes can just as easily develop within the dual relationship context in the single-patient counseling environment or in the back office relationships that arise within the clinic or treatment facility setting. In all instances, the effectiveness and the objective of the counseling process is undermined and made almost irrelevant due to the dual relationships allowed to develop."
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Don't Abolish D.A.R.E.!, 2008.
An argument for the continuation of the Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) drug prevention program.
723 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the reasons why the D.A.R.E. Program should not be eliminated from the curriculum in the face of strong statistical evidence that it is not effective in preventing drug abuse. The paper demonstrates the positive contributions of the program in spite of its ambiguous results. The paper contends that in the absence of an effective proven alternative, it is best to continue with even a slightly effective method to prevent drug abuse.
From the Paper
"The question is posed, in light of seemingly overwhelming evidence of its ineffectiveness, why not abolish the D.A.R.E. Program? There are several reasons as why not to abolish the program, the least of which is the statistical data that supports the supposition that the program does not reduce the incidences of drug abuse by the students that participate. However, the program is profoundly popular with parents and supporters of the schools and continues to garner near religious support for its continued inclusion in the school curriculum. Exposure to the course material is not shown to be harmful or increase the instances of drug use. Further, the cancellation a drug awareness program just might send the wrong message to the students."
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Multiple Sclerosis and Quality of Life, 2008.
This paper discusses that certain symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) that lead to higher levels of disability, fatigue and depression will result in lower quality of life for MS patients.
2,487 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer discusses the nature of the relationship between disability, depression, fatigue and quality of life for people with multiple sclerosis. The writer notes that the focus of the research is to get a clearer understanding of the primary as well as secondary factors that affect people with multiple sclerosis. The writer also notes that, as stated by Benito-Leon et al, there exist many other factors that affect sufferers of multiple sclerosis, besides the impairment or rehabilitative nature of the disease.
Outline:
Scope of Study
Literature Review
Hypotheses
Method
Participants & Materials
Procedure
Results
Descriptive Statistics
Pearson Product Moment Correlation
Discussion
Findings
Study Limitations
From the Paper
" MS research has not been focused on understanding the QOL among MS patients. Few studies have focused on the how the symptoms of MS affect noted measures of QOL. The general understanding is that as a whole MS seems to lower QOL; however few studies have been able to provide the necessary link between QOL, and specific aspects of MS related symptoms. Nortvedt and Riise completed a literature review and found that the literature was either validating the use of measurement criterions, focusing on the factors that influence QOL within MS patients, or focusing on using lift questionnaires to understand the impacts of MS. Many of the studies examined used similar measurement via quality of life questionnaires and clinical scales to identify the nature of the relationship between QOL and MS."
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Theories of Criminology, 2008.
This paper discusses and explains different theories of criminology.
1,134 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that in the field of criminology, various theories have been advanced to explain why people commit crimes. The writer notes that more manageable and more conventional is the listing of theories provided by Victor Jupp, which posits four theories: biological, social bonding, social structure and psychological bonding. Jupp points out that these four theories reflect the learning of different intellectual disciplines and come to widely different opinions about the individual criminal, but are all directed to the common question - why do people commit crimes? The writer concludes that while each of these theories offers some insight, there is a frustrating difficultly in criminology. The writer maintains that although criminology may be able to explain why certain people have committed certain crimes, it is frustratingly less effective at discerning how one might commit crimes and how to prevent them.
From the Paper
"The biological theory and the social bonding theory both assume that the individual develops into a criminal because of inborn factors. Lombroso and his followers contend that the stigmata mark the atavistic criminal, and these cannot be changed. Eysenck and company contend that, certainly in the adult, the personality is largely unchangeable, and in the case of the criminal, the psychoticisms cannot be removed. By contrast, social structure theories contend that the individual is more of a blank slate, shaped by his surroundings, so that if these surroundings can be manipulated, criminality will not develop."
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Childhood Emotional Development, 2008.
An examination of childhood emotional development and how the social environment plays an important role in emotional development.
2,046 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper examines traditional schools of thought on childhood emotional development, recent research and probable future directions. The paper explains that one of the most important motivators for positive emotional childhood development is the social environment. The paper then points out that children who enjoy healthy positive social relationships tend to develop more proficiently on an academic and sporting scale; they are also more likely to have greater self-esteem and self-worth than those who endure relationship problems. The paper also looks at how the personality of adolescents is a very important part of childhood emotional development. The paper suggests that the development of children in modern times has been associated with sweeping global changes, perhaps most notably the Internet.
Outline:
Introduction
Vygotsky
Freud
Erikson
Ainsworth
The Social Environment: An Important Part of Emotional Development
Older Children and Adolescence
Current Childhood Development Concerns
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It is for this reason that children are taught at school from an early age the importance of practicing good social skills and engaging in pro-social behaviors. The importance of a positive social environment for children has been recognized by research which suggests that social development problems cause greater problems over time, leading to adult mental health problems (ibid, p. 98). However, approaches to implementing social skills in children have varied over the decades. Thinking in the 1970s revolved primarily around three schools of thought. The psychoanalytical school of thought maintained that through interpretation of unconscious thoughts, children develop a latent awareness related to appropriate social behaviors. The humanistic approach suggested that children benefit most from empathy and accepting environmental conditions, and that these preconditions were sufficient for future emotional development. The third approach, the behavior modification approach, proposed that appropriate behaviors be treated with reinforcement, increasing the chance that healthy behaviors would appear as the child developed (ibid)."
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