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Bipolar Children, 2008.
A descriptive account of the disorder known as bipolar syndrome and its occurrences in children.
2,106 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses bipolar disorder, which is a brain dysfunction marked by extreme changes in mood, energy, thinking and behavior. The paper discusses the onset of symptoms, medical diagnosis and car, age at onset, recurrence, sleep problems and additional behavioral syndromes.
From the Paper
"Second, lack of professional training has resulted in under and misdiagnosis of bipolar youth. Unfortunately, professionals trained during or before the 1990s are likely to have little or no knowledge and training with this illness. Third, changes in diagnostic criteria have led to inaccurate estimates of manic depression. Fourth, developmental variations in symptoms seen across the lifespan and those that overlap with other childhood disorders make it challenging at best for diagnosis. Due to the complexity of co-occurring disorders and the stigma associated with the disease, many professionals are less likely to diagnosis childhood bipolar disorder and more apt to diagnosis comorbid disorders. Fifth, until most recent years, the availability of psychometrically sound assessment approaches and valid research on the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions and medications have been limited. "
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Shyness, 2008.
An analysis of the origins, functions and affects of the personality trait of shyness.
701 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the personality trait of shyness. It describes the origins of the trait and its purpose and function in humans. The paper discusses the ways in which the personality trait of shyness affects an individual's behavior. It then looks at methods and techniques that can help to reduce the quantity of the negative aspects of the trait.
Table of Contents:
The Origins and Development of the Personality Trait of Shyness
The Purpose and Function of the Personality Trait of Shyness in Humans
Ways in which the trait of Shyness affects the Individual's Behavior
Methods or Techniques that can be used to Decrease the Quantity of the Trait of Shyness
From the Paper
"Carducci (2000) advices shy people to persist, stop avoiding, act now, and do social reconnaissance. In terms of public speaking, for example, they should be encouraged to practice at home and take every opportunity to speak; anxiety-ridden situations should be transformed into routine activities. Shy people must learn how to not focus on their flaws so much; a person may become even more uncomfortable and uncertain if he concentrated on his shortcomings. As parents of shy children, children should be taught strategies on how to successfully interact with their peers (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2007). They should be taught coping strategies in various situations such as through failures, successes, and rejection. They should be taught how to manage their anger, how to use humor, to forgive and apologize, and give compliments. Shy people should be encouraged to interact with their peers by teaching them how to share, make requests, express appreciation, standing up for a friend, and doing favors for others."
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Infrahumanization And Double-Vision, 2008.
An analysis of the relationship of dehumanization to violence.
1,040 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses several experiments which test the hypothesis that killings of out-group members by in-group members would incite or enhance infra-humanization. All experiments supported this hypothesis from different out-groups of aliens, Australian aborigines and Native Americans. The paper relates that findings from these experiments suggested that infra-humanizing was not intensified by the suffering of an out-group as it required an admission of responsibility for the crime for one's own group. The paper shows that infra-humanization of the out-group could happen only with socially relevant groups, which have some meaning to the in-group. The paper concludes that relevance could even be instrumental in the formation of the perception of responsibility.
Outline:
Experiment 1
Experiment 2
Experiment 3
Summary of Discussions
From the Paper
"This focuses on how British participants felt about the diminution of the aboriginal Australian population in the early part of the British occupation of Australia (Castano and Giner Sorolla 2006). Records and informal discussions provide evidence to British university students that the British made life difficult for the inhabitants. The aborigines were subjected to severe persecution and diseases by the British. This experiment consisted of two parts. The first presented evidence of the afflictions on the aborigines. In the second, group identification and collective guilt were introduced to the participating British students."
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B. F. Skinner's Baby Box, 2008.
This paper discusses the baby box B.F. Skinner used for his infant daughter.
1,043 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses B.F. Skinner's baby box and the controversy surrounding the use of the invention. The paper first explains that the primary purpose of the box was to keep Skinner's baby daughter warm, safe and comfortable. The paper then discusses the arguments in favor of using the box as well as the arguments opposed to its use. The paper also includes the writer's personal opinion about using the baby box.
From the Paper
"When B. F. Skinner built his 'baby box' it worked very well, but a lot of people were concerned that it was a 'cage' in which to keep his child. Some of this undoubtedly came from the fact that Skinner was a serious proponent of operant conditioning, where he taught a rat to pull a lever in a box in order to be given food. Naturally, this was extended to the belief that he was doing the same thing with his infant daughter - putting her in a cage and requiring her to perform certain actions in order to be given food and other necessities. Of course, this was not true, but it did not stop people from saying it."
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Crohn's and Disability, 2008.
This paper discusses Crohn's disease as a debilitating disorder.
2,623 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that Crohn's disease is a debilitating bowel disease that has no known cause and very limited treatment options. The writer then discusses symptoms and the diagnosis of Crohn's disease. The writer maintains that individual and long-term counseling with an individual who is particularly sensitive to the devastating effects of chronic illness, and specifically "invisible" illnesses as one counselor puts it is the key approach to maintenance counseling for Crohn's disease. The writer concludes that just as the disease is variable in individuals so must the approach to resolving the many issues that are faced by individuals who have it.
From the Paper
"The disease itself is a clear robber of vitality, as the individual does not get the needed nutritional elements to gain weight, and in women mature sexually and potentially menstruate for the first time. The body is placed in position of shock with regard to physical growth and development and if the disease's onset is early enough this can stunt growth for life or completely destroy one's body image, another potential psychological problem. Thompson points out that the age group of typical onset is particularly vulnerable to impatience and therefore may feel devastated by the length of time it takes to elicit treatment results, and restore the body to its normal state, and appearance."
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Sigmund Freud's Civilization and its Discontents, 2008.
A review of Sigmund Freud's book - "Civilization and its Discontents".
1,877 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the work of Sigmund Freud, one of the most influential figures of the twentieth century. In particular, the paper provides an overview of his famous book, "Civilization and its Discontents" in which Freud makes a pertinent and crucial analysis of the development of civilization and its relationship with the individual.
From the Paper
"Freud's argument thus begins with a review of the man's essential purpose in life: every human being pursues what the author had called in his earlier work 'the pleasure principle'. That is to say, every individual strives for his or her personal happiness in life: "What decides the purpose of life is simply the program of the pleasure principle. This principle dominates the operation of the mental apparatus from the start."(Freud, 23) The pleasure principle is as an essential structural aspect of human existence. Nevertheless, the tragedy of human life is precisely the fact that man's happiness does not seem to be a part of the plan of Creation. In fact, it is obvious that full happiness as such cannot be attained; therefore man has to content himself with either merely avoiding unhappiness or with focusing on gaining pleasure in every possible way. Freud then proceeds to enumerate the variegated ways in which the individual strives to divert sufferance. Depending on his typology, the individual will seek alleviation in very different ways. The weaker person will seek seclusion from the world by fending off any relationships she or he might have with other human beings: "Against the suffering which may come upon one from human relationships the readiest safeguard is voluntary isolation, keeping oneself aloof from other people."(Freud, 24) The narcissist will take refuge in the creation of another world, therefore by interesting himself in higher intellectual pleasure such as fantasy and art. Still other individuals will completely reject reality and close themselves in their inner selves, becoming madmen. Another way in which the crude reality is kept at a distance is religion. According to Freud, the latter is probably the most absurd and the least effective way of numbing the sufferance produced by reality. Throughout the book, Freud makes a strong critique of religion as one of the first ideas that has forced civilization on and put a great number of restrictions on the individual."
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Child Psychology, 2008.
An overview of the basic psychological concepts of child development.
1,606 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines the debate of nature vs. nurture, discusses the developmental milestones that assess a child's physical, social, mental and cognitive developments and looks at the importance of the environment with a child's development. The paper also examines how Jean Piaget explains the development of children's cognitive abilities and how Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory explains gender identity. The writer relates that these concepts of child psychology have given him the knowledge to appropriately and effectively contribute to a child's progress. The writer points out, however, that these concepts serve as mere guidelines and not strict predictions on what to expect from children as they grow older.
From the Paper
"The development of human behavior begins as soon as a child is born into this world. The way he looks at his environment as sound and color surround him, the way he regards his mother, or how he cries or laughs over a stimulus gives us a clue of what he will be like once he communicates through words. Child psychology is the study of a child's cognitive, emotional, and social development of children from infancy up to puberty. It also associates how children learn to communicate at different stages of physical development. Taking this course was an opportunity for me to learn about how children's minds and bodies develop."
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Hearing Loss and Maternal Bonding, 2008.
This paper researches neonatal hearing loss and its effects on maternal interaction and bonding.
8,753 words (approx. 35.0 pages), 26 sources, APA, $ 183.95
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Abstract
The paper evaluates the effects of neonatal hearing loss on the quality of bonding with hearing parents, bonding in general, bonding of parents to special needs children, the interaction of hearing parents with the deaf infants and the psychosocial stressors on parents with special needs children. The paper reviews the procedures surrounding universal newborn hearing screening, its effectiveness and the satisfaction parents feel with currently used hearing screening processes.
Outline:
Universal Newborn Hearing Screening (UNHS)
False positives
Parent-Child Interaction
Typical Mother/Child Interaction
Attachment
Parental Stress
Methods for Assessing Interaction and Bonding
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Definitions are often helpful before a full literature review is undertaken. For the purposes of this study, we shall consider congenital permanent hearing loss to be defined as impairment > 40 decibels (dB) at the time of screen, relative to the threshold level. This level is considered significant in that hearing loss at this level is associated with greater than average deficit in verbal compared with non-verbal abilities up to 25 intelligence quotient (IQ) points (Yoshinaga-Itano, 1998)."
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Sister Callista Roy, 2008.
This paper discusses the adaptation model of Sister Callista Roy.
1,476 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that the adaptation model of Sister Callista Roy classifies and defines human beings as behaving according to a series of adaptive models. The writer notes that the system does not reduce human beings to a series of medical functions, but it embraces the scientific concept of the organism reacting to internal and external stimuli to acknowledge that psychological and sociological, as well as physical influences impact a state of wellness. The writer maintains that despite Roy's vocation as a nun as well as a nurse, in what one might think of as a contemplative life located in the values of another time, Roy's 20th century model is helpful to people living in the modern era because of its emphasis on how to deal with environmental stressors. The writer concludes that whether it is a picture of reality is perhaps less important in that our society sees change and self-concept as critical, and thus this has created a reality that makes the Roy Adaptation Model an effective conceptual model for nurses.
Outline:
Introduction: Classification of Theory, Brief Description, and Continued Relevance
Biography: Education, Preparation and Professional Experience
Theoretical Sources
Major Concepts and Definitions
Major Assumptions
Utilization: Education, Research, and Practice
Evaluation: Simplicity, Generality, and a "Picture of Reality"?
From the Paper
"In Roy's Adaptation Model, health is defined as a state of adaptation that is a result of adapting successfully with stressors. It is part of a process of responding positively to environmental changes and to successful coping with stressors and environmental changes. For example, a healthy person might respond positively to the stressor of going for a run by physically feeling a rush of endorphins and by feeling more energized and limber afterwards. Illness, in contrast, is defined as ineffective coping with stressors, like a patient who falls ill because of a socially imposed need to sleep less to meet a deadline. Both health and illness are not defined in black and white terms, rather both exist on a continuum from death toward adaptation Roy defines the environment in terms of the individual's external surroundings and influences that affect a person's development and adaptation towards a state of health or illness."
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The Divine Comedy and Carl Jung, 2008.
This paper discusses Dante's 'The Divine Comedy' as it relates to Jungian archetypal theory.
1,740 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the development of Dante's 'Divine Comedy' is a development of self. This individual travels from shallow to more authentic experiences as he or she travels through the different worlds or levels of hell. The writer points out that similarly Jungian archetypal theory demonstrates the same sort of idea. The individual travels through a traditional set of concepts that range in depth from very shallow to much deeper and more authentic, until one becomes what is considered the true self which is steeped in the concept of the old soul and is the mythic combined with the human. The writer maintains that the archetypes associated with Jungian theory are clearly and concisely illuminated in the depths of the 'Divine Comedy'. The writer concludes that each archetype is given its appropriate time and due character while Dante the pilgrim seeks to entertain how he above others can more closely live the life of the wise old man, who he assumed was Virgil but was really himself.
From the Paper
"The shadow coincides with early Dante, when he is drawn by sin and temptation and on the verge of suicide. He is in need of intervention, in this case Virgil (the wise old man) to accompany him and give him guidance as he does not know himself or his place in the world. He is also in need of Beatrice, his lost love to come to him and explain the virtue of the journey and to introduce him to his guide, the wise old man a concept illuminated later that will lead us between the acceptance of the feminine Animus within himself as nothing to fear. For Dante the shadow is really his grief, as he wanders about the world trying to do and say the right thing but not knowing himself well enough to known what the right or wrong thing for him is."
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Theory Application, 2008.
An analysis of the application of the social constructionism theory, the labeling theory and the social exchange theory to the clients of the DePaul Family Services.
2,888 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how interactions with people, places and situations all leave their imprint on a person's way of being. The paper discusses whether a client's behavior is the result of the events occurred within his society, community and family or, if he is the intersection of the macro, mezzo and micro environments. It also discusses where personal characteristics intervene and impact of the resiliency and strengths of the individual. The paper focuses on the DePaul Family Services and analyzes their clients from three theoretical standpoints: the social constructionism theory, the labeling theory and the social exchange theory.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Agency Description
Agency Client
Theory Application
Social Constructionism Theory
Labeling Theory
Social Exchange Theory
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Resiliency, in the general meaning of finding the strength to pick up the pieces and carry on, is vital for the success of the DePaul clients. The area in which the social organization activates is extremely tough and challenging and it often offers more disappointments than actual successes. The social workers in the organization are constantly faced with refusal and a generally negative outcome. But they know not to give up, for the beneficial result of these humanitarian actions resides in persistency. It is impossible to teach and integrate a child with mental disabilities from the first day of program implementation. But with persistence, the results will show in time. Character strength and resiliency is also a must for the client and his family. Parents and other close family members generally find it hard to accept that their child is mentally challenged and when they do seem to find a solution in the DePaul services, they soon come to expect a miracle. And when this miracle does not happen, they often feel frustrated and tend to take it out on the representatives of DePaul and its social workers. But the employees at the organization and the family members only represent the close environment of the client's and their being resilient is required in order to support the client. He is the one that must truly be resilient and strong to make sure the treatments take effect. This is one more proof that the microenvironment directly impacts the behaviour of the client."
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Mental Health in Developing Countries, 2008.
A look at the role of education toward the development of understanding the mental health needs of Nigerian citizens.
1,941 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how mental health problems are not the sole purview of developed nations, of course, nor are they any different in terms of causation or their general responsiveness to modern therapeutic techniques. In some cases, though, longstanding perceptions the efficacy of traditional healing methods and the actual causes of mental illness may adversely affect the ability of such modern healthcare services to effect substantive improvements in the mentally ill. To help understand what factors are involved in delivering effective mental health services to the citizens of developing nations in general and Nigeria in particular, this paper provides a review of the peer-reviewed and scholarly literature to this end, followed by a summary of the research and important findings in the conclusion.
Outline
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview.
Rationale of the Study.
Methodology
Mental Illness in Nigeria and Other Developing Countries
Conclusion
From the Paper
"From the perspective of a majority of modern Nigerians, mental illness continues to be primarily equated with severe psychoses; these popular concepts of mental health problems are founded in large part on the idea that mental illness is the result of supernatural forces, notions that are firmly established even among educated Nigerians (Kemp, 1993). In recent years, though, there are indications that this is changing to some extent, though, with the primary forces of change being increased education concerning mental illness and exposure to modern medical practices (Ilechukwu, 1988). One of the most important medical events in the history of mental health care in Nigeria was the establishment of Aro Psychiatric Hospital (Nervous Diseases Hospital) in Abeokuta in 1952; this facility was established during a period in Nigeria's history when electroshock therapy was regarded as the most efficacious modern therapeutic treatment modality available (Kemp). "
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Postpartum Depression Role Attainment, 2008.
This paper looks at depression following childbirth, both for women and the families involved.
2,000 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 27 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that postpartum depression is a serious and invasive social problem affecting millions of women and their families every year. The writer notes that it is clear from the research on the subject that postpartum depression is both a biological and an environmental problem that can be successfully treated, if the individual seeks such treatment. The consequences of untreated postnatal depression are broad, as it can affect not only the individual woman but her infant, any children she previously bore and her partner, where one is present as well as extended relations and other social support structure members. This work addresses the issue of postpartum depression and the maternal role attainment, to develop a now suspected link between social and personal stagnation and postpartum depression.
Outline:
Introduction
Statement of Problem
Review of Literature
Methodology
Sample
Sample Selection
Variable Identification
Data Collection/Data Analysis
Instrumentation
Protection of Subjects
Limitations of Research Design
Expected Results
Summary/Conclusion
From the Paper
"Research is conclusive of one fact, and that is that postpartum depression has long term effects, as individuals need but a few weeks to develop a habit, and many habits of child rearing, social inaction and role inaction or negative action can compound to result in long term social and personal stagnation relating to the interruption that this supposedly glorious developmental even creates. The difficulty regarding research is that most research regarding postpartum depression revolves around theses that are interested only in the infant well being, and not so much in the long term or even short term coping of the mother. In fact is often only in extreme high-risk population, such as rape victims, extremely young mothers, or known drug using mothers where the welfare of the mother is not considered the secondary factor to the disorder research. It is also clear form the existing literature that research is often compounded based on the idea that depression, in all its forms is environmental as well as biological and that it needs to be treated with multidimensional treatment plans. Yet, a true long term study regarding post partum depression and long term role attainment by mothers has not been done. It would therefore be prudent to develop a research base that responded to this gap as a way to understand the give and take of role attainment with regard to postpartum depression."
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Hugo Munsterberg, 2008.
A biography of the life and achievements of psychologist Hugo Munsterberg.
2,517 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 21 sources, APA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how Hugo Munsterberg is often described as a central innovator in the fields of industrial as well as experimental and clinical psychology. It looks at how his work is also relevant to the field of crime and forensics and how he is credited with challenging the effectiveness eyewitness testimonies.
Outline:
Accomplishments and Views on Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy
Industrial Psychology
Applied and Forensic Psychology
Medicine, Education, Sociology
History and Influences
Criticisms of his Work
From the Paper
"Munsterberg is often referred to as the father of applied psychology. His work was influenced by the work of several other psychologists, such as Binet, (1900), Bolton, (1896) and Cattell, (1895), who investigated the application of cognitive processes in terms of legal as well as criminal issues. At the beginning of the Twentieth Century, Munsterberg and other psychologists, "....conducted applied experimental studies on perception and memory, suggestibility, confessions, lie detection, and hypnotism" (Yarmey, 2003). In other words, Munsterberg was part of an experimental trajectory in psychology in the years at the start the Twentieth Century that demonstrated the value and possibilities of scientific psychology in the legal and forensic field of inquiry. Munsterberg was one of the most outspoken exponents in this field. "
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Metabolic Syndrome and Antidepressant Medicines, 2008.
A review of research undertaken regarding antidepressant use and metabolic syndrome.
21,253 words (approx. 85.0 pages), 51 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This research project focuses on providing an explanation of the problems associated with metabolic syndrome as well as the potential link it may have to antidepressant medication. The paper not only attempts to show the seriousness of this problem, but also attempts to come up with ideas that will help to show how this problem can be reduced in size. The paper relates that the best way to accomplish this is to first analyze the problem in question to determine just how serious it actually is, and then use that seriousness as a wake-up call for those that have been looking the other way and avoiding dealing with the issue. There are many of these individuals, and it is time that this is changed.
Outline:
Introduction
Problem Statement
Literature Review
Research Methodology
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The issue of metabolic syndrome is one that has been misunderstood for many years, because people did not realize that the problems that were associated with it were tied together as one syndrome. They simply thought that there were individual problems that people experienced, and sometimes they had more than one of these individual problems. Now that this syndrome has become more well-known, however, there are individuals that study it and discuss how significant it is, and there are others that see it as some kind of made-up problem that is really not important enough to focus on. Both of these are valid points of view for people who research the issue but, in recent years, it has generally been accepted that metabolic syndrome does exist, and that the study of it is important. Unlike standard medical problems, such as singular diseases that affect the body, metabolic syndrome is not something that can be 'cured,' as it is understood in the traditional sense."
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