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B.F. Skinner, 2007.
This paper discuses psychologist B.F. Skinner and applies his theories to thbe observation of a student.
1,830 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that B.F. Skinner became known for his theory of operant conditioning in relation to behavior. The author points out that, through experiments in his laboratory, Skinner determined that the human was similar to the rat because rats could be taught to behave in any manner if they knew that a reward would follow the behavior. The paper argues that, while many in society proclaimed that Skinner was attempting to create a system that would prevent individual's from being in control of their own lives, he simply demonstrated that the environment was a substantial factor in how people behave. The author describes the behavior of the student Mike and concludes that Skinner would have determined that Mike's behavior was because of extensive operant conditioning in which Mike learned through both positive and negative reinforcements.
Table of Contents:
Skinner's Theory of Operant Conditioning
Rat Experiments
Behavior Modification
Criticism
Student Case Study Observation
From the Paper
"Skinner believed, nonetheless, that if the entire process of setting the timer, ringing the bell and serving the food were repeated eventually that the rats would resume their previous operant behavior. This was because Skinner found that "re-teaching" the rats to act in a certain manner was a simple task, as the rats appeared to mentally recall the process that they had learned previously. Initially teaching the rats required "continuous reinforcement" on the part of Skinner, which meant that every time, regardless of the hour, that the rat completed a task that Skinner had determined the rat would be rewarded with food."
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Philosophy of Counseling Therapy, 2008.
This paper presents the writer's personal theory of counseling.
1,612 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
In this article, it is explained that it is the writer's intention in counseling to form a personal realistic approach. The writer's approach is inclusive of Gestalt therapy, existential psychotherapy, and person-centered theory. The writer believes it is important to help the client find self-awareness and gain peace in his or her life by accepting responsibility for any change that is needed. The writer concludes that a dysfunctional person wants to change and can make necessary changes in order to reach self-awareness and find peace by accepting him or her for who he or she may be.
Outline:
Abstract
Counseling Philosophy
Outcome of My Personality Theory
From the Paper
"What is personality? Why study the behavior of people? How can counseling make a difference? These are important questions when it comes to creating an individual philosophy in counseling. Perhaps the best starting place in defining my personal counseling philosophy is to begin with the topic of personality because this is what makes each of us unique individuals. Personality consists of what a person thinks, how a person feels, and the way the person behaves through different situations and events. Knowing our personality characteristics and those of others, it allows us to recognize ourselves and limitations that have emphasized the person (known as the idiographic approach) and his/her unique profile of personality. It is from this perspective that I believe the individuals govern their own life by their own body, mind and spirit. The Gestalt theory of wholeness is an important part of my own philosophy of counseling theory, but it also includes Existential psychotherapy, and Person-centered therapy."
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Non-erotic Physical Contact in Therapy, 2008.
A research proposal studying the use of non-erotic touch as a component of the therapy process.
1,035 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a research proposal that seeks to review, by interview, five persons active as professionals in the area of cognitive social work. It sets out the background of the hypothesis and discusses how to interview the five practitioners about their personal experiences and preferences in non-erotic touch as a component of the therapy process. The paper aims to determine whether the practitioners feel that non-erotic touch is a legitimate and necessary aspect of therapy.
Table of Contents:
Statement and Justification of the Research Topic
Sample Population
Hypothesis and Statement of the Research Questions
Brief Review of the Literature
Proposed Methodology
From the Paper
"The researcher will conduct the interviews in person for no longer than thirty minutes for a session and no less than fifteen minutes. All interviews will be recorded to permit playback of data at a later time. The data from the interviews will then be assessed according to the frequency of the phenomena that are reported in them, where commonalities that are found in the responses to each research question by the subjects from different disciplines will be noted as significant. However, as all therapists have unique strategies when dealing with clients, those responses that do not share anything in common will not be dismissed but rather reported as evidence of the therapists' personal perceptions."
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Video Game Addiction, 2008.
A psychology research proposal on the topic of video game addiction.
2,031 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
The paper proposes a study to explore the prevalence of video game addiction as a behavioral addiction associated with drug addiction and other addiction problems, such as gambling. The paper explains that the study's focus is on the psychological elements of video gaming. The paper provides a literature review that explains the behavioral addiction theory.
Outline:
Introduction
Purpose
Literature Review
Hypothesis
Research Design
Social Impact
From the Paper
"The underlying assumption regarding video game addiction is directly correlated to the stigma and roots of habitual drug abuse. Historically, video games, especially violent video games, have been perceived as 'poison' and 'mind numbing' by older generations.
"Video games are becoming prevalent not only in with the youth of the world, but with older generations. The advent of the video game console has been in existence for roughly 20 years, and the issue of game addiction covers a large age demographic."
"However, the beginning of the 21st century has demonstrated a skew of the population who play video games more so than participating in normal socialization activities."
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Athletes and Eating Disorders, 2008.
This paper explores eating disorders among female athletes; why they happen and what can prevent them.
1,113 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the seriousness of the problem of eating disorders among young female athletes and some possible explanations for why these young women succumb to eating disorders that end their athletic careers or even their lives. The paper argues that the sporting society needs to adjust its focus when it comes to what measures will allow for athletic success. The paper discusses the importance of young women being prepared to challenge unrealistic body type images in the popular media and listen to their bodies and to the medical evidence, rather than to a coach.
From the Paper
"To start with, female athletes are more likely than male athletes to use induced vomiting as a means of losing weight. In a related vein, female athletes looking to "shed a few pounds" are perceptibly more likely then their male counterparts to use laxatives as a chief means of doing so. The troubling use of laxatives is often accompanied by the even more troubling misuse of diet pills by female athletes. Lastly, an exhaustive study undertaken by the National Collegiate Athletic Association Study reveals that, while young male athletes have a "low" (but acceptable) boy fat count over-all, female athletes register "abnormally low" in the body fat development (Johnson et al, 1999). Findings such as this one are deeply unsettling insofar as young men and women - for the most part - play the same sports today yet women seem to desire getting smaller much more so than their young male counterparts."
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Insight Problem Solving, 2008.
This paper explores attention control and insight problem solving.
3,117 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
The paper focuses on insight problem solving and the components that help ensure high levels of performance. The paper discovers that it is highly probable that successful insight problem solving draws upon mindfulness, but this cannot be proven using the scope of the current literature. What the paper says can be proven, however, is that the aspects associated with improved performance of insight problem solving - specifically retention of information and improved focus - can be enhanced through training.
Outline:
Introduction
Background
Failures of Broad-Level Attention and Problem Solving
Selection of Information Used in Problem Solving
Teaching Relevant Information Selection and Attention Focus
Mindfulness and Real Life Problem Solving
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Insight problems and insight problem solving rely heavily on domains of thinking that are non-traditional or utilize areas of experience that are not commonly encountered as first-response outcomes. For instance, if a problem were stated: "Marsha and Marjorie were born on the same day of the same month of the same year to the same mother and the same father yet they are not twins. How is that possible?" the solution cannot be derived from the known information within the question but can be answered through associating other scenarios that do not, at first blush, appear to be related. This example problem can easily be solved if it were known that Marsha and Marjorie has another sister and they are triplets, not twins, but the governing assumption in a scenario of this nature is to focus on the problem word "twins" and not extend the line of thinking to potential solutions beyond this limiting point."
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An Intervention for Obesity, 2008.
This paper discusses obesity and looks at the part played by nursing interventions in the rehabilitation of patients.
2,024 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that obesity is escalating throughout North America as a result of macro-environmental, micro-environmental, as well as biological social and cultural factors. The writer also points out that obesity is linked to numerous diseases, psychological problems and mortality. The writer maintains that socio-cultural factors in the forms of advertising and ethnic customs influence the consumption of large amounts of unhealthful foods and interfere with the over-eater's motivation to eat healthfully. Further, the writer maintains that it is the role of the nurse to develop an effective individualized care plan. The writer concludes that best practices can be achieved by individual nurses, other health professionals, the entire unit, and by the mental health care system as a whole.
From the Paper
"A gap analysis demonstrated inconsistencies between the evidence as outlined above and current practices. As indicated the research indicates the beneficial impact of nursing interventions upon reduction in patient overweight and obesity. However, on a rehabilitation unit and indeed on any surgical unit, overweight and obesity are much more aligned with crisis interventions and little can be achieved in the way of interventions simply because the problem is too pronounced. The overweight patient who must ambulate and participate in strenuous exercises after arthroplasty is just not capable of these actions. Interventions aimed at weight reduction are introduced out of realization of crisis but the patient needs to direct energies to recovery as well as to the intervention. Another consideration is that prompt discharge from the unit interferes with the type of sustained intervention that is needed."
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The Genocide in Cambodia, 2008.
This paper discusses the psychological elements behind the genocide in Pol Pot Cambodia.
1,228 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes the social-psychological influences that dominated Cambodia during the late 20th century. The paper discusses three major causes of genocide; passive bystanders, historical antagonism and victimization and socialization of violence. The paper then shows how the factors that led to the Khmer Rouge rise and eventual deaths of close to three million Cambodians will always impact this country.
Outline:
The Passive Bystander
Historical Antagonism
Victimization and Socialization of Violence
Cambodia Today
From the Paper
"Ervin Staub is well known for his extended research on the major acts of genocide of the 20th century. Staub not only conducted decade long research studies on the events that occurred during the Khmer Rouge and other authoritarian regimes, he also attempts to explain the social and psychological constructs of each country. In an effort to provide information to prevent the spread of genocide, Staub notes that genocide occurs primarily for 3 major reasons: 1. Passive bystanders, in other words Stoicism 2. Historical Antagonism 3. Victimization and socialization of violence."
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Adolescent Smoking, 2008.
This paper is a literature review of research studies to determine if adolescents' personal conceptions of smoking or addiction deter or encourage them to smoke.
2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that this literature review about adolescent smoking indicates the complex socio-cultural context in which personal conceptions arise. The author points out that, among the numerous variables affecting these conceptions are race, ethnicity, socio-cultural expectations, gender, peer group and nicotine. The paper summarizes that this literature review reveals that adolescents' conceptions both deter and encourage smoking. The author reports that all the researchers use quantitative methodologies and interpretive paradigms; however, a major limitation, which is common for all these studies, is that they are based on self-reports.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Studies
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Rasmussen-Cruz, Martin & Nuno-Gutierrez's (2006) purpose was to explore tobacco consumption and motives for use among university students. The research question was: why do university health sciences students who are informed about tobacco risks consume tobacco? The design was a basic quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study. The method was an online survey of 282 students, aged 15 to 24. The authors used an interpretive paradigm. The results were that conceptions involved motives such as coping with emotional problems, reported by 76 percent."
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"Seven Up!" - A Documentary on Childhood, 2006.
An examination of the way in which children and childhood are presented in the documentary film "Seven Up!", directed by Peter Almond.
1,287 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the documentary film "Seven Up!" directed by Peter Almond. It looks at whether the film presents the true voices of the children involved; what they actually think and feel. The paper also examines the way in which children and childhood are presented by the film and the importance of the film in terms of developing our understanding of childhood. The paper argues that the film does not present the true voices of children but rather how these voices are shaped and influenced by the children's environment and their social and economic status.
From the Paper
"Childhood is a socially constructed concept and as such hides the vast differences between children in terms of age, gender, ethnicity and social status. The film attempted to highlight these issues to some extent. The children chosen for the film were all seven year olds from Britain. Hence in some ways they all shared the same concept of childhood, the western one (as opposed to for example non-western, developing country childhood). To some extent there is a cultural chauvinism in the film, since the children are all fit into this western concept of childhood."
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Psychology of Health and Disease, 2008.
This paper discusses the psychology of health and disease through the study of the health profile of a female.
2,000 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the case of Mary, a female of Aboriginal descent, who is 29 years of age and in generally good physical condition. The writer notes that Mary does have some problems with her weight, which is often in considerable flux, and is concerned about diabetes. In addition, the writer points out that Mary also possesses an inherited genetic disability that runs in her family. This paper approaches the health profile of Mary from a multidimensional perspective. The writer concludes that Mary's health profile reveals not only the importance of a multi-dimensional bio-psychosocial approach to health, but also the extraordinary degree to which psychological, biological and social factors overlap each other as primary determinants of her state of health as revealed in the health profile.
Outline:
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Conclusion
Appendix
From the Paper
"Eating and weight are issues of prominent concern in Mary's life. These concerns are associated with her concern about diabetes given her Aboriginal heritage, as noted above. However, they are also connected to family history concerns as well as personal body image problems in youth. She recognizes this is a socialized model of beauty as being equated with extreme thinness that she has inherited from society. Nonetheless, however, Mary is committed to weight reduction through dieting and exercise. It must be noted, however, that her weight has often been in flux due to her admitted habit of "binge eating" on occasion to cope with severe stress or depression."
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CBT and the Incarcerated Female Teen, 2008.
This paper discusses cognitive behavior therapy and the incarcerated female presenting co-morbid dysthymic and conduct disorders.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the case of Mary who is a 16-year-old female incarcerated for assault with a deadly weapon. The writer explains that Mary had been diagnosed with conduct and dysthymic disorder prior to her incarceration. The paper also highlights the effectivity of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for female adolescents who are incarcerated. The writer reviews issues surrounding cultural awareness and CBT and reviews Mary's case presentation. The writer then discusses how CBT can be effective specifically for Mary and concludes with a brief review of potential ethical issues for the practitioner.
Outline:
Abstract
Case Presentation
From the Paper
"Through effective CBT intervention, significant reframing occurred, changing perceptions, thinking and behavior. For example, one goal for CBT with Mary was increase her levels of self-respect and self-esteem, as different from false bravado as a defense mechanism forcing her to act tough and repeat her assaultive behavior patterns."
"Another goal was to effectively deal with her past experiences and leave them in the past rather than continue to relive them in the present. It was believed that this approach would help reduce her dysthymic and conduct disorder symptoms."
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Edward Titchner versus Max Wertheimer, 2008.
A comparison of Edward Titchner and Max Wertheimer and their respective structural and gestalt theories.
1,588 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a brief review of two major psychological theorists - Edward Titchner and Max Wertheimer. It provides a brief biographical sketch of each theorist and then describes and analyzes their respective structural and Gestalt theories and schools of psychology. The paper then compares and contrasts the two schools of psychology.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Titchner versus Wertheimer
Edward Titchner
Max Wertheimer
Gestalt Psychology
Comparing Structural and Gestalt
From the Paper
"Walter (1997) distinguishes between Wertheimer's Gestalt and Titchner's approach based on the conscious mind. Researchers (Rausch, 1949 and Hoeth, 1979 as cited by Walter, 1997) believe that if Titchner defines the conscious mind as knowledge based on interactions the individual can recall and then verbalize in what might be called self-determination, then Titchner is ignoring the unconscious in his rational based view. Wertheimer, on the other hand, doesn't believe the unconscious has any more to do with self-determination than does the conscious mind, "the inaccessible no less than the accessible, the ground no less than the distinguishable figure, the functionally bound...no less than that which is seen, the visual constant...no less than the visual variable" (Rausch, 1949 and Hoeth, 1979 as cited by Walter, 1997)."
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Statistical Procedures, 2008.
A discussion of the content of "Statistical Procedures and the Justification of Knowledge in Psychological Science," written by R. Rosnow and R. Rosenthal, analyzed through three readings of the article.
1,182 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper presents three readings of the article, "Statistical Procedures and the Justification of Knowledge in Psychological Science," written by R. Rosnow and R. Rosenthal. It provides a quick overview of common problems in the first reading, discusses the problems that they highlight in the second reading and discusses the suggestions that they propose in the third reading.
Table of Contents:
First Reading
Second Reading
Third Reading
From the Paper
"On a positive note, Rosnow and Rosenthal offer a number of suggestions for improving academic research. First, they claim that meta-analysis is needed in order to determine the true relationships behind data, and not just new interpretations. The process for this is outlined as one in which researchers check each other's work and run new quantitative analyses on the same data in order to determine whether the data is in fact valid. The effort here should be to further research, not to nit pick. They point out that researchers should "cumulate data not conclusions." In doing so, they argue, researchers will improve the general condition of the professional approach to data because they will be forced to justify their own data in stronger terms (as others will be checking them). They also conclude that researchers will have to do their own legwork in compiling the reviews of literature and presume that this will help further the field as a whole because researchers will not rely on surface analysis and narrative reviews, but will instead apply more rigorous methods of analysis."
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The Typicality Effect, 2008.
This paper reports a study that tests the influence of blocked and random words on the typicality effect.
1,655 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the purpose of this study was to examine some of the characteristics of typicality, with regard to proto-typically versus non-proto-typically, category blocking, and interaction between typicality and category blocking. The authors tested three hypotheses: (1) Prototypical word lists will be recalled better than non-prototypical word lists. (2) Category blocking will demonstrate better recall rates than random retrieval. (3) Some interaction will exist between typicality and category blocking. The paper reports that there were ninety-one subjects participating in this survey, divided roughly evenly between males and females. The author concludes that the main effects of the hypotheses all proved to be significant, while the interaction was not significant.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Discussion
From the Paper
"Typicality is a simpler concept to understand than it might at first seem. Loken and Ward (1990) define typicality as the degree to which an object is representative of a given category. This basic and fundamental relationship exists between typicality and categories. For instance, a newborn canary might be considered less typical of the canary category than his fellow nestling if said canary sports blue feathers instead of yellow. This example is that of an atypical individual, one that does not easily fit into our preconceived notions of what constitutes a typical member of a group."
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