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Galileo Galilei, 2001.
This paper is about Galileo Galilei and his impact on history.
950 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper details how Galileo Galilei affected history by discovering the potential of the telescope, pioneering new approaches to science, and challenging the authority of the Catholic Church.
From the Paper
"Galileo Galilei was a mathematician, an astronomer, and a physicist who made several significant contributions to modern scientific thought. During his life, he made many scientific discoveries, often in contradiction with the centuries-old ideas of the Greek philosopher Aristotle. These contradictions led to great conflict with the Catholic Church; however, he emerged as a symbol to others who oppose unyielding authority and champion scientific progress. As James Reston's biography Galileo makes clear, Galileo is a historical figure who affected history by discovering the potential of the telescope, pioneering new approaches to science, and challenging the authority of the Catholic Church."
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Antimatter, 2002.
A basic technical outline on antimatter - a substance matter found in the universe.
1,095 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 29 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
A explanation of what antimatter is, where it originated, what its uses are and how much energy it can produce. It looks at the benefits of this matter.
From the Paper
"Antimatter is a rare substance that at one time was abundant in our universe. Antimatter is relatively simple, consisting of the same parts that make up the elements in our planet. The only difference is: an atom of antimatter is a 'mirror image' of a regular atom. Antimatter and normal matter both have neutrons, which make up a good portion of the mass of the nucleus. Normal atoms have negatively charged electrons which encircle the nucleus, and they also help to determine the charge of the atom. In Antimatter, those 'electrons' do not exist, they are called 'antielectrons', sometimes known as 'positrons', and they have a positive charge. The Protons of in a normal nucleus are also different in an atom of antimatter. They are called 'Antiprotons', and have a negative charge."
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The Development of Nuclear Fusion Reactors, 2001.
This paper tries to externalize the feasibility and optimality of the development of a nuclear fusion reactor as a source of energy for future consumption.
2,760 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the inevitable need for developing alternative sources of energy in order to bridge the gap between the rapidly increasing fuel demand and the depleting resources available. This paper tries to analyze the potentials of nuclear fusion reactors as a reliable alternative to overcome this energy crisis. Though the theories propounded are still in the state of infancy, they hold relevance for satisfying the fuel demand in the future in both on earth as well in space stations. Fusion, explains the author, is a source of the sun's energy that offers a clean, potentially limitless source of electricity and power. Hence a magnetic fusion reactor by using plasma would manage to bring about the nuclear fusion reaction in a controlled way.The author shows how plasmais a new state of matter in which most of the atoms are ionized due to some sort of 'violence' and breaking away of the originally bound electrons. Within the plasma, colliding deuterium and tritium nuclei fuse into helium nuclei and release energy to be converted into electricity.
From the Paper
"The concept of generation of usable energy from the nuclear fusion reactor is still at its state of infancy. Though both Bose and Einstein , in 1925 predicted the condensation of atoms into super dense states but still even after 76 years of extensive research the idea of a nuclear fusion reactor has not been physically implementable. Though nuclear fusion is the primary governing factor in the nuclear reactor design but a number of complex systems and their analysis need to be incorporated for its success. Currently, a number of significant projects are being pursued individually by the developed nations like the SST project, the Magnetic Mirror project and the combined efforts of scientists and governments from all over the world pooling their intelligence and resources to develop the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER)."
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A Call for Safer Methods of Nuclear Waste Disposal, 2001.
A call to action for safer methods of disposal of nuclear waste and other radioactive material.
665 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
An argumentative paper, exploring the chemical make up of uranium, showing that it is extremely difficult to dispose of this material in a complete way. It looks at current disposal practices in the world and analyzes their pros and cons.
From the Paper
"Radioactive material is defined as having atoms with extremely excited outer electron shells. This makes them unstable, excitable and an efficient means of providing energy to a population that can afford a nuclear power plant. The main source of this energy is Uranium. This is a naturally occurring element found in rocks and seawater. It is the most heavy element in the periodic table, having 146 neutrons and 92 protons in its stable form. The instable form has 143 neutrons and this is the kind that is used in cores to create energy (UIC website)."
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The Life of Alessandro Volta, 2001.
This paper gives an autobiographical account of the life of the famous Italian scientist Allesandro Volta.
1,550 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the great Italian scientist and inventor of the electric motor, Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta, who is considered among the pioneers of the modern science. It includes an historical overview of his life and his greatest inventions including: Electrophorus, isolating the compound methane and many gadgets. It discusses his many contributions to the scientific world as well as the recognition and rewards he received for them.
From the Paper
"Though the invention of Electrophorus was a huge success for Volta but his continuous research work brought several other successes to him. He became the first person to isolate the compound methane in the year 1778. His journey of success continued as he accepted a proposal to work as a professor at the University of Pavia in 1779. In the meantime he continued his research in the field and made several other inventions such as gadgets which were invented on the basis of the principles of static electricity. Because of his great inventions and high contribution in the field of electricity he was awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal Society in 1791. His works were not restricted to static electricity but he also worked in the area of dynamic electricity. His works in the area of dynamic were primarily an idea derived from the results of the experiments conducted by Galvani, who was a friend of Volta."
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Oliver Kellogg, 2001.
This paper provides a biography of Oliver Kellogg, and his book, "Foundations of Potential Theory".
1,235 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the life of Oliver Dimon Kellogg, who spent much of his time researching and advancing potential theory in the world of mathematics. The author discusses his contributions to math and physics, still used today.
From the Paper
"When the country no longer required his services, Kellogg was sent to Harvard University. Here he explored a few new mathematical venues before returning to his groundbreaking work in Potential theory. The 1920s were in many ways a decade of inspiration for artists, writers, mathematicians, scientists, and other thinkers across the globe. The war had dampened many spirits, but others saw its finale as a chance for new hope -- for a future without war. Others saw it as a future that was considerably grimmer, yet still full of the possibilities that only the realization of one's own finite nature can bring."
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"Effect Then Cause?", 2002.
This paper studies the implications of Faster Than Light (FTL) signaling for the principle of causality.
3,590 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 100.95
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Abstract
This paper is a trans-relativistic analysis by the author to attempt at reconciling the paradoxical causality implications, ramifications and consequences of "Faster Than Light (FTL) Signaling". The author's key objective is to break the "institutionalist hold" over physics by the STL Guardianship. It is argued that there is a need for a "greater" relativity theory. This paper has several scientific diagrams and comes to many conclusions regarding these theories.
From the Paper
"As "The Principle Of Causality" argues; our world (or universe) wouldn't make much sense if it were just a jumble of events leading nowhere and having no purpose. And our reality certainly proves that this is not the case. But now, physicists must deal with "a new reality": a broken Spacetime Speed Barrier (and possibly a paradigm shift). Even though skepticism about the "break-through-value" of this (Wang's) research is the obvious first issue to be dealt with, the question I ask is this: what would be "the ramifications of the pinnacle break-through"; the realization of FTL signaling? This question radiates thru my consciousness: Does "FTL" data from Lijun Wang's research really give credence to the notion that information can jump forward in time? If not, time will tell (no pun intended). But if so, this would suggest that The Theory Of Relativity needs to be "re-thought and reworked" for it to be reconciled with "a new tenet of 21st Century Physics": Superluminal Spacetime Physics. This focused omposite theoretic is my first attempt at speculative theoretical reconciliation of one aspect of the overall (FTL) issue: Paradoxical Trans-Relativistic Causality*."
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UV Radiation, 2001.
This paper looks at the positive side of ultraviolet radiation.
1,215 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the many positive aspects of UV radiation. The author examines the way ultraviolet light is commonly used, defines UV light, its dangers and how it's used in fluorescent lighting. The paper also describes how UV radiation is frequently used in water purification plants, destroying harmful bacteria.
From the Paper
"UV radiation is what is responsible for causing human skin to tan. Unlike x rays, ultraviolet radiation has a low power of penetration, so its only direct effects on the human body occur on the skin's surface and include sunburn, suntan, aging, and carcinogenic changes. Most of us know that "sunburn" is not simply a metaphor but is in fact like burns from other forms of radiation and can include symptoms ranging from redness and tenderness to blisters, swelling, seepage of fluid, and sloughing of the outer skin. Tanning - while it is never healthy, as we know now, is simply a natural body defense that uses melanin to help protect the skin from further injury from UV radiation."
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Solar Cells, 2001.
A look at solar cells and the technology behind them.
1,210 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper defines what solar cells are, how they are created and the technological history behind their development. It provides scientific theories to support this information and explains the uses of solar cells in today's technology.
From the Paper
"A solar cell is any device that directly converts the energy in light into electrical energy through the process of photovoltaics. Unlike batteries or fuel cells, solar cells do not utilize chemical reactions to produce electric power, and, unlike electric generators, they do not have any moving parts. Solar cells are also called solar batteries and, as the term solar implies, they are in most cases designed for converting sunlight into electrical energy.
"In the basic structure of a typical solar cell, light enters the device through a layer of material called the antireflection layer. The function of this layer is to trap the light falling on the solar cell and to promote the transmission of this light into the energy-conversion layers below. Such materials as silicon oxides or titanium dioxide are employed as the antireflection layer in solar cells."
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Magnets, 2001.
A comprehensive look at the science and theory behind magnets.
5,200 words (approx. 20.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 129.95
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Abstract
This extensive paper looks at all aspects of magnets and their unique attraction. It explains the scientific logic behind this attraction, defines what is metals and why some metals can be metallic and some not; and also looks into "false magnets". The paper covers the history of this discovery and examines the North and South Pole's role. It finally looks at the use magnets serve in industry and technology today.
From the Paper
"Law of the nature is that positive attracts negative. God has created everything in pairs and examples of this pairing are found everywhere in nature. A lot of the human study and knowledge in different fields of science be it biology, chemistry, physics or mathematics revolves around the study of reciprocal pairs and their interactions. Some examples may be the masculine and feminine sex, acids and bases, positive and negative particles (i.e. electrons and protons at the atomic level), positive and negative charges (i.e. electrical charges running in wires transporting electric power) and some modern physics phenomenon such as gravitational and anti gravitational fields and matter and the theoretical anti matter. It seems that a lot of nature follows some very well cut out disciplines in orienting itself. There always seems to be some mysterious connections joining two forces that may seem to be independent of each other, but their behaviors charter similar formulae. "
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The Manhattan Project: The Building of the Atomic Bomb, 2002.
This research paper is a description of the progression of the Manhattan Project, the undercover name for the building of the first atomic bomb by scientists.
2,260 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
This is a detailed study describing the progression of the Manhattan Project and the invention of the atomic bomb. The "Manhattan Project" was a code name given to the efforts and collaboration of many scientists to build the first atom bomb. The author sees two major challenges that faced the team of highly capable scientists. The first was the actual production of the atom bomb. This involved actually making innovative discoveries that would revolutionize war and change man's idea of war for good. The second involved all of the ethical debates on whether or not the bomb should have actually been used in warfare. The author concludes that the building of the atomic bomb proved to be the most pivotal advance seen by science up until the early twentieth century.
From the Paper
"We have too many men of science, too few men of God. We have grasped the mystery of the atom and rejected the Sermon of the Mount...The world has achieved brilliance without wisdom, power without conscience. Ours is a world of nuclear giants and ethical infants. We know more about war than we know about peace, more about killing than we know about living..." stated General Omar N. Bradley, Chief of Staff of the United States Army in 1948, voicing the opinion, shared by many of the time, towards the building of the atomic bomb. The "Manhattan Project" was a code name given to the efforts and collaboration of many scientists to build the first atom bomb. There were two major challenges that faced the team of highly capable scientists. The first was the actual production of the atom bomb. This involved actually making innovative discoveries that would revolutionize war and change man's idea of war for good. The second involved all of the ethical debates on whether or not the bomb should have actually been used in warfare. The project lasted from 1942-1946 and cost approximately 1.8 billion dollars, which is comparable to 20 billion dollars today. The building of the atomic bomb proved to be the most pivotal advance seen by science up until the early twentieth century."
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The Human Tactic of Evolutionary Manipulation, 2000.
The ongoing discussion viewed through the lens of biotechnology about the meaning of evolution.
1,555 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 2 sources, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the concept of evolution from a biotechnological point of view and the ongoing discussion amongst scholars. It looks at the article - Playing God in the Garden by Michael Pollan and explains why the epitomises the discussion of this topic.
From the Paper
"Some might say that human beings are, in large part, an arrogant species. Perhaps, they would suggest, we carry a general air of self-righteousness with respect to our relationship with the earth. It is a mien that evolves as we do. Our constantly developing sense of self, as well as the abilities to reason, implement social behavior and conduct intelligent thought processes, contributes directly to the superiority that we feel both as individuals and as a collective civilization. Whether this feeling of superiority is justified or not is a debate best left to another forum, however, the assumption of its credence has had a historically far-reaching effect on the world, perhaps an effect greater than any genuine substantiation to that assumption could engender. As a whole, we have taken the autonomy of global domination upon ourselves, and, rather than appealing to the practice of natural selection, we force the surrounding environments and species into an involuntary adaptation to our needs. As such, human evolution, and the demand it creates, affects change, or evolution in those environments and species. In the pursuit of our own survival, we have altered, and in some cases disturbed, the natural process of evolution in the plant and animal kingdoms in order to meet our own needs. Thusly, it can be deduced that a good majority of the unnatural evolution of certain environments and species can be directly attributed to the evolution of humanity. This is of crucial import when considering particular examples of natural response to human tampering as discussed in our text. In his account, "Playing God In the Garden", Michael Pollan provides insight to Steven Jay Gould's discussion on the definition of evolution, "What Does the Dreaded "E" Word Mean, Anyway?" by directly applying the questions of human evolution's predictability, directionality and, essentially, its relevance to its surrounding world."
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Complex Life on Earth: Cosmic Accident or Logic of Evolution?, 2001.
An analysis of the book "Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe."
1,655 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a critical look at the book "Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe", by Peter Ward and Donald Brownlee. It discusses their theories of the beginning of life on Earth and additional theories to life on other planets. It challenges their research and data and offers other explanations and theories.
From the Paper
"Was the occurrence of complex life on the planet Earth an isolated event or simply the next logical step in evolution? Ward and Brownlee seem to believe complex life is unique to our home world or at least extremely scarce in the Universe.1 In addition to the factors in their Rare Earth equation, mentioned in their book are some specific factors peculiar to Earth that may have affected the development of complex life. Beginning with the planet Mars, W&B argue that the fossil record shows that the cooling Earth developed bacterial life as soon as conditions permitted. They suggest that this may be because the bacteria first developed on Mars, which cooled earlier, and that perhaps Earth was then seeded with these bacteria carried by meteorites reaching our planet after having been ejected from Mars by asteroid impacts. The low gravity of Mars makes this more likely, and it is estimated that ten percent of meteors ejected from Mars may impact Earth. A system lacking a Mars-like planetary companion might have been slower to develop bacterial life."
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Friedrich Bernhard Riemann, 2001.
This paper looks at the life and works of Friedrich Bernhard Riemann.
4,000 words (approx. 16.0 pages), 6 sources, $ 108.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the life and the work of the 19th century German mathematician Friedrich Bernhard Riemann, whose ideas concerning geometry of space had a profound effect on the development of modern theoretical physics, including providing the foundation for the concepts and methods used later in relativity theory.
From the paper:
"An examination of the facts of Riemann's family background would not have led one to suspect that he would have become the great mathematician that he would develoo into. He was the second of six children of a Lutheran pastor and it was this pastor/father who gave him his first formal education. Indeed, much of his early education was centered in his family, which was by all accounts both happy and deeply devout. He later attended the local high school, where he made quick and substantial progress in mathematics, soon moving beyond the ability of his teachers to educate him further (Laugwitz 38-41). He quickly mastered calculus and theory of numbers of Adrien-Marie Legendre. After graduating from the high school (or gymnasium), he studied at the universities of Gottingen and Berlin from 1846-51. It was at this point in his education that he became interested in problems concerning the theory of prime numbers, elliptic functions, and geometry, theoretical interests that would guide much of his later work."
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Einstein, 2001.
This paper looks at the life and works of Albert Einstein.
1,600 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper examines in brief the life of this great thinker- his childhood, upbringing and education. It also looks at his scientific contributions and the significant and continuing ways that he has influenced European thought along with American.
From the paper:
"Einstein's efforts in behalf of social causes have sometimes been viewed as unrealistic. In fact, his proposals were always carefully thought out. Like his scientific theories, they were motivated by sound intuition based on a shrewd and careful assessment of evidence and observation. Although Einstein gave much of himself to political and social causes, science always came first, because, he often said, only the discovery of the nature of the universe would have lasting meaning"
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