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Truth on Trial: Galileo Galilei, 2002.
Examines the life and ideas of Galileo Galilei and how his discoveries were seen as a problem by the Church.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This essay examines the life of scientist Galileo Galilei, focusing on his research and the challenge it posed to the Catholic Church.
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Sociology and Science, 2002.
Analyzes the topic of sociology in relation to science, using the works of several sociologists.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
Based upon a study of several highly respected books by prominent sociologists such as Max Weber, Anthony Giddens and Martin Hollis, this paper critically explains and analyzes the relationship between sociology and science.
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Aristotle on Motion, 2002.
Explores Greek philosopher, Aristotle's theories on motion and how they compare with Newtonian science and quantum physics.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
Aristotle was a brilliant philosopher, but many of his scientific beliefs have been proven to be incorrect. One example is the fact that Aristotle believed that the earth was the center of the universe. Regarding Aristotle's views on the idea of motion, he was in conflict with another Greek thinker named Zeno who had attempted to analyze the motion of an object as a series of "still frames." Aristotle did not believe that motion could occur this way. This paper delves into Newtonian science and quantum physics and tries to understand Aristotle as a philosopher.
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Man of the Century, 2002.
Explains why Albert Einstein was chosen as Man of the Century by Time Magazine.
1,483 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that by Time Magazine selecting Albert Einstein as Man of the Century (above other contenders such as Adolph Hitler or Gandhi), we recognize that this century has been the century of scientific inquiry, scientific developments and a major shift in scientific thought - a shift so profound that it has extended beyond science to how we view the world, our place in it and our place in the universe at large. The paper explains how Einstein's theories and thoughts changed the face of science so dramatically.
From the Paper
"The shift brought about by Einstein would lead to a wide variety of possibilities, from the frightening atomic bomb to nuclear power. More importantly, it involved a major shift in how we view the universe, how we explain reality on the largest (cosmological) and smallest (atomic and below) levels, and eventually how we explain the origin of reality itself. Einsteinian theory remains strong because subsequent experimentation and improved means of observation have offered support for much of what Einstein predicted."
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Micro Machining, 2002.
An introduction to the development and use of micro machining in the electronics industry.
4,391 words (approx. 17.6 pages), 28 sources, MLA, $ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how advances in micro miniaturization conceived in the electronics industry, have been applied to shrinking the size of components necessary to implement pressure transducers and how the application of this technology to other domains outside of the electronics industry has also become known as ?surface machining?. It considers how micro machining technology can be used to fabricate chemical instruments and even miniature chemical laboratories as well as many other uses such as solid-state pressure sensors and their application in those areas associated with in vivo blood-gas biosensors.
Outline
Background
State of the Art
Advantages to the Technology
Drawbacks to the Technology
Conclusions and Recommendations
From the Paper
"Similarly, the idea of putting a conventional, general-purpose chemistry laboratory on a single silicon microelectronic device appears somewhat fictional. Regardless, the miniaturization of chemical and physical processes and their subsequent integration onto such a piece of silicon for specific scientific and/or clinical applications is today a definite reality (Freemantle, 1999, p. 27). The development of micro scale devices that are capable of processing and analyzing very small amounts of samples and reagents is gaining the serious interest of an increasingly large number of chemists, and could, potentially, revolutionize chemical analysis and synthesis methodologies in much the same way that microelectronic technology has turned upside down, the electronic and computer industry."
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Nuclear Energy, 2002.
This paper explores and examines the uses of energy resources. It provides scientific calculations and compares nuclear energy as an alternative source of energy. This paper also has a few excerpts on new technologies and Fission/Fusion technology.
1,464 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper addresses the question of whether the world?s energy resources are becoming scarce with the impending increase of the human population. This paper analyzes the current energy resource uses, provides calculations of energy output and compares them with each other. A background of the various energy resources is given as well as an introduction to Nuclear Energy. Fission/Fusion technology is also brought up throughout the paper. An explanation of the Fission/Fusion theory is provided on how this renewable resource works.
From the Paper
"With man?s leap into technological advances, one would think that the boundaries are endless. The human race has allowed to progress for over hundreds of thousands of years. Especially in the late centuries of history, mankind has excelled immensely in achieving technological success. From the discovery of electricity, to the creation of the internal combustion engine, modern society has come to a time where ceaseless change exists in everyone?s lifetime. Everyday man takes another step into the ladder of intellectual evolution. These advances still cannot guarantee happiness among society. For all of these things are dependent on one thing, energy. Energy is needed to maintain life in all things, from the plants of the Amazon forest, to the fuel burning inside of a Toyota Camry. Without it, all living things would cease to exist, including the humans who created this ever growing technology. One might speculate that with the extreme rate at which the population is increasing, all the resources on earth would become scarce. But an energy crisis is hardly anything for a person to worry about, for humanity has taken a step into the discovery of nuclear power."
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Waves and Their Properties Analyzed in Light and Sound, 2002.
This paper examines the phenomenon of waves, looking to understand how waves work.
1,874 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
The paper first defines and categorizes waves, looking at the different media that can carry waves, such as liquid with waves in the ocean, solid with sound carried through a wall, or gaseous with light traveling through the atmosphere. The writer then gives the mathematical formulae for defining and understanding the way in which waves are formed and travel through space.
From the Paper
"There are a number of ways to categorize waves. One method is to categorize them according to the direction of the movement of the individual particles of the medium relative to the direction in which the waves travel. Three categories result: longitudinal waves, transverse waves, and surface waves. A longitudinal wave is a wave in which the particles of the medium move in a direction parallel to the direction in which the wave moves. Sound waves are an example of longitudinal waves. In a transverse wave, the particles of the medium move in a direction perpendicular to the direction in which the wave moves. Transverse waves require a relatively rigid medium in order to transmit energy due to the interaction of the particles that creates the perpendicular movement. As a result, only longitudinal waves flow through gas and the majority of liquids, even waves in the ocean."
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Smoke Movement in High Bay Hangars, 2002.
Examines the interaction of smoke movement and detector sensitivity in high-bay hangar spaces.
9,084 words (approx. 36.3 pages), 42 sources, APA, $ 188.95
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Abstract
This study develops reliable data that fire safety and security management professionals can use in the development of models for smoke detector types and placement in high-bay hangar facilities. Two research questions are investigated in this paper and hypotheses are tested in relation to each research question. The research questions investigated were as follows:
1. What effect does bay height have on smoke detector sensitivity in a high-bay hangar?
2. What effect does the use of a draft curtain have on smoke detector sensitivity in a high-bay hangar?
Each of the hypotheses is supported by the analysis of the data. The results of the research performed for this study show that, as bay height increases (all other factors remaining equal), smoke detector sensitivity decreases. The results of the research performed for this study further show that smoke detector sensitivity is higher when draft curtains are in place than when draft curtains are not in place.
Based on these findings, the paper concludes that the use of draft curtains should be mandated in all high-bay hangars. It concludes, further, that means should be found to deploy smoke detectors at levels lower than ceiling height in bays higher than 15 meters.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Purpose of the Study
Definitions of Terms
Overview of the Remainder of the Study
Review of Literature
Theoretical Framework
Waveform Analysis
Systems Theory
Related Research
Methodology
Research Design
Research Questions and Hypotheses
Variables and Operational Definitions
Data Collection Procedures
Data Analysis
Findings
Results of Testing hypothesis One
Results of Testing hypothesis Two
Summary and Conclusions
Summary of the Results
Conclusions
References
From the Paper
"A total of 33 full-scale fire experiments were conducted in two high-bay hangars. The two high-bay hangars were of different heights, thereby allowing the effects of height on smoke detector sensitivity to be measured and assessed. Draft curtains were used in some experiments but not in others. This approach allowed the effects of the use of draft curtains on smoke detector sensitivity to be measured and assessed. Varying fire sizes were used in the experiments."
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Smart Systems and Magnetostrictive Actuators, 2002.
An analytical report on smart systems and magnetostrictive actuators in aeronautical design.
24 words (approx. 0.1 pages), 3682 sources, MLA, $ 17.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an application oriented state-of-the-art review of smart materials and magnetostrictive actuators in aeronautical design. Smartness describes self-adaptability, self-sensing, memory and multiple functionality of the materials or structures. The paper shows that these characteristics provide numerous possible applications for these materials and structures in aerospace, manufacturing, civil infrastructure systems and biomechanics. Active vibration and acoustic transmission control, active shape control and active damage control are some of those areas which have found attractive applications for smart materials and structures. Examples of specific applications are micro-positioning, vibration isolation, fast acting valve and nozzles, transducers, luxury car shocks, and active engine mounts in aircrafts. The paper shows that system integration, mass and energy consumption reduction, elimination of moving parts in actuators and collocation between actuator and sensor are some of the benefits of using smart materials. Those smart materials covered in this paper are primarily piezoelectric, shape memory alloys and magnetostrictive.
From the Paper
"Along these lines there is growing interest in the design and control of smart structures systems with embedded sensors and actuators that provide enhanced ability to program a desired response from a system. The ability to sense real-time conditions, i.e., the factors that contribute to turbulence and therefore resistance in a given environment, would be welcome and useful. Applications of interest include: (a) smart helicopter rotors with actuated flaps that alter the aerodynamic and vibrational properties of the rotor in conjunction with evolving flight conditions and aerodynamic loads; and (b) smart fixed wings with actuators that alter airfoil shape to accommodate changing drag/lift conditions. In these and other examples, key technologies include actuators based on materials that respond to changing electric, magnetic, and thermal fields via piezoelectric, magnetostrictive and thermo-elasto-plastic interactions."
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Global Positioning System, 2002.
This paper discusses the Global Positioning System (GPS) and includes technical data.
2,350 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that GPS provides all-weather round-the-clock navigation capabilities for the military and is an integral asset in numerous civilian applications and industries around the globe, including recreational uses such as boating, aircraft and hiking, corporate vehicle fleet tracking and surveying. The author states that the military's Precision (P) code provides positional accuracy to within approximately 20 meters. The paper reports that the first eleven spacecraft (GPS Block 1) were used to demonstrate the feasibility of the GPS system; the orbit inclination was 63 degrees, differing from the 55 degrees used for the operational system.
Table of Contents
Abstract
Background: Global Positioning System (GPS)
Problems to be Solved
Technical Discussion
Launch Facts
Future Prospects
From the Paper
"SLR will continue to be essential for measuring temporal variations of the gravity field given the passive simplicity of these orbit targets and the decadal span of precision data. With the launch of Lageos 2 in 1992 and Stella in 1993, in combination with the older geodetic satellites Lageos, Starlette, and Ajisai, estimates of the temporal variations of the gravity field will undoubtedly be improved in accuracy, and spatial and temporal resolution. Geophysical modeling of temporal gravity variations will also continue to be important, since their combination with the satellite estimates will improve our knowledge of the solid Earth, ocean, and atmosphere. The development of realistic eddy resolving multi-layer ocean models forced by real wind fields will be an important resource over the next few years for determining the role played by the atmosphere and oceans in the excitation of the Earth's gravity and rotational variations [Rosen, 1993]. Future improvements in the long-wave-length models of the time-invariant gravity field will depend on accurately modeling or estimating both the tidal and non-tidal gravity variations, as the current uncertainties for the low degree coefficients are at the same level as the known temporal variations of the coefficients. While tidally-induced variations have been modeled for many years, the importance of modeling non-tidal variations in gravity is only now becoming apparent."
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The Institutionalization of Science, 2002.
Examines the history of the institutionalization and professionalization of science in the leading nations of Western Europe.
4,858 words (approx. 19.4 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 123.95
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Abstract
The First Industrial Revolution (1760-1850) had an immense impact on the professionalization of science in Britain, France and Germany. This paper traces the history of the process of changing science from a field that belonged to "some enlightened entrepreneurs and a handful of aristocratic patrons" to a field in the which the state sponsored new initiatives and created a professional and well-defined discipline. The paper compares the process of institutionalization and the creation of modern universities between Britain and the rest of Europe.
From the Paper
"Much of the system of technical training--on a state-supported basis--was continued even after the Revolution as the general notion of centralized education and training remained a favored plan with nearly all successive rulers of France. Indeed, although the sluggishness of the Ancien R?gime and the upheavals that followed the Revolution contributed to France's failure to industrialize in the eighteenth century, the Revolution proved to be the salvation of French science and "helped decisively shift the centre of scientific excellence back from England to the continent" (Rose & Rose, 1969, p. 19). The liberalizing impetus behind the Revolution was opposed to science as an attribute of aristocratic culture and many revolutionaries considered technological advance to be merely a means of impoverishing artisans and the emergent working class. But there was also a firm conviction that, in the hands of the people, science would be a powerful force for the nation's good."
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Nuclear Energy, 2002.
Discusses the issue of nuclear energy as a power source.
1,774 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper is an examination of nuclear energy as a power source, focusing on the environmental impacts associated with producing and using the fuel. The history of the development of nuclear technology is briefly discussed. Then some of the positive attributes associated with nuclear power are given, as an argument for having pursued this technology despite its many uncertainties and pitfalls. Next, the many drawbacks commonly associated with nuclear power are presented, including the problem of radioactive waste. The paper concludes with a short look into what the U.S. government is doing to address the situation created by the nuclear industry and the areas in which it falls short of solving the problems at hand.
From the Paper
"Safety concerns have rightly plagued the nuclear industry since its inception. On one front, there is the threat of nuclear proliferation, which has already become a reality with feuding countries like India and Pakistan, both possessing nuclear capabilities. This poses a major threat to the global population as well as the global environment. If even one of these weapons were to be detonated, the immediate impact on human and other biological life would be devastating. But the long term effects to the ecosystem are assumed to be equally as grave and ruinous."
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"Toward a General Theory of Hurricanes", 2002.
Summarizes and analyzes the article, "Toward a General Theory of Hurricanes" by professor of meteorology Kerry A. Emanuel.
1,523 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 1 source, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes the article written by Prof. Kerry A. A. "Toward a General Theory of Hurricanes" which appeared in the July, 1988 edition of "American Scientist" and which calls for the placement of the physics of hurricanes in a more general context. The paper shows that Emanuel's reasoning behind this is that it would allow scientists to predict how the frequency and intensity of these storms would respond to changes in climate and allow scientists to relate hurricanes to seemingly different phenomena such as oceanic storms of the polar night and dust devils.
From the Paper
"The question of why hurricanes are so rare is considered next, for it is often known that there are several empirical condition that are necessary but not sufficient for the formation of hurricanes. There is some limitation which prevents these from being sufficient in most cases, and Emanuel considers a number of numerical simulations which may give a clue. He says there is a need for a strong starting disturbance, and this is consistent with the observation that real hurricanes never start spontaneously. The model of Rotunno and Emanuel is asymmetric and does not allow variations of the explicitly calculated fields around circles centered at the storm center. To start a hurricane, it was necessary to impose on the basic state a weak vortex which decays upward from the surface. This is the disturbance which starts the process toward a hurricane."
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Device Isolation of Integrated Circuits, 2002.
This paper is a literature review of recent articles about the evolution of the universal building blocks used by logic circuit designers.
3,650 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 26 sources, APA, $ 101.95
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Abstract
This paper states that interconnects and isolation has been, is and will continue to be the key factors that limit the performance and costs of integrated circuits. The author points out that as technology is scaled below a quarter micron, the problems associated with interconnect are ever more pressing and could potentially become the roadblock to progress. This paper concludes that technology is changing the physical size of circuitry, allowing an 11 Million transistors on an 80 mmz die, but this is only a short respite before other technologies allow more and more processing to be done in smaller spaces with less.
Table of Contents
Overview
The Need for Device Isolation Defined
The Evolution in Manufacturing and Deposition Technology
The Evolution in Materials Choice for Device Isolation
A Critical Review of Literature from 1997 through mid-1999
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Essential to chip fabrication is a process called lithography, which resembles the printing of a photograph by shining light through a negative onto a photosensitive surface. To produce features less than 0.1 mm wide, semiconductor companies face the task of developing methods that involve light or other electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths much shorter than those commonly used today. The shorter the wavelength, the finer the line can be sharply drawn."
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The Mystery of Modern Science, 2002.
A discussion of the effect of magic and religion on modern science.
895 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how magic and religion have always seemed to be at odds with the scientific community and how ironically enough they were major contributors to the motivation and means behind the Scientific Revolution. It looks at how many of the leaders of discovery in that time were heavily influenced by religious matters and how men like Descartes, Newton and Galileo saw their work as evidence of God?s infinite wisdom. It examines the specific circumstances surrounding scientific discovery in the 1600s and the natural philosophers themselves and evaluates the influence of these factors on methodology and motivation.
From the Paper
"Magic was redefined as well. The new interest that began the Scientific Revolution was due in part to a desire for more practical convenience. Mechanism and alchemy came directly from magic and the occult, but according to our present definition of magic, this fact is blurred. We tend to view the mystical, demonic, or spiritual side of magic as the whole, but in truth, scientists took the physical, known use of magic and renamed it SCIENCE. At one time, using an herb or a mineral solution to cure a physical ailment was considered natural magic. To use one thing in nature to affect another, to study their interaction closely, and to derive conclusions from this intimate knowledge of the natural power of things, was an early form of the Scientific Method. This method was taken directly from natural magicians."
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