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Underwater Acoustics, 2002.
A discussion on underwater acoustics and acoustic energy used to detect objects in the oceans or sea beds.
1,375 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
The following paper discusses acoustics signals that detect the presence and location of commercially useful fish, map the ocean floor to establish the safest paths for supertankers, explore the earth?s geological formations and discover oil deposits in the ocean floor.
From the Paper
"At a bottom of the permanent thermocline or below it, water temperature is uniform. Here, the pressure of the water column due to the depth takes over. The sound speeds then increase on account of increase in pressure. (Pacific) The deep sound channel axis is between 600 and 1,200 m below the sea surface at low and middle latitudes. This is deepest in the subtropics and come to the surface in high latitudes, where sound propagates in the surface layer. (Pacific)
Sound waves can be ?trapped? in the deep sound channel and propagate in long distances. This is because these waves go through little attenuation beyond that, and this is due to geometric scattering or spread as well as minor volume scattering in water."
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Sonic Study, 2002.
A discussion of the study of sound.
800 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 2 sources, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces the general study of sound, and, specifically, ultrasonic phenomena. Human versus animal perception of sound is discussed. The use of ultrasound as a diagnostic tool in humans is outlined.
From the Paper
"One of the greatest tools that man has ever had in the drive to preserve his own body is that of understanding. Particularly, through greater comprehension of the processes and logistics that facilitate our body functions, we can make further gains in aiding them where need exists. Sonic study is indicative of that very fact and, specifically, with the inception of sound exploration into the canon of physics came evidence that sound is more than just what human beings can hear. Rather, we now understand sound as acoustic energy existing in amplitudes of widely varying sizes and intensities. Further, the human ear perceives these amplitudes by translating their frequency. This frequency, a measure of the quantity of sound waves an object (i.e. vocal chords, drum skin, etc.) produces per second, may occur across an infinite range of measurements, expressed in hertz. The human ear, however, has a decidedly finite capacity for sound comprehension that falls somewhere between 20 and 20,000 Hz. Any sound occurring above that frequency is defined as ultrasonic. That is, ultrasonic phenomena are those sounds that exceed ?normal? human hearing capabilities, normal being defined as that hearing which falls within the aforementioned frequency comprehension range."
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Dry?Cell Batteries, 2002.
A technical research report on the definition of dry-cell batteries and their kinetic make-up.
835 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses dry-cell batteries which were invented as an alternative to higher leaking, long lasting batteries. Today?s advanced electronics are demanding more battery power and it is not unusual for a highly developed electronic item to go through two or three sets of batteries in a day. The paper shows that as technology advances, the stronger the battery demand and this brought about the invention of the dry-cell battery. The purpose of this technical research is to define dry cell batteries, their kinetic make-up, and how are they recycled.
From the Paper
"Recycling batteries saves the environment and ensures proper disposal. There are many programs which assist in helping individuals learns how to recycle batteries. There is one program called ?Charge Up To Recycle? which educates people on the recycling process, and the companies that recycle batteries. The objective of this program is to make everyone aware of the available services and encourage them to participate in recycling of the batteries. There are some battery recycle facilities that charge a small fee for used up batteries, but most of these facilities will take the batteries free of charge. The purpose of the battery manufacturers is to get everyone involved in recycling old batteries. Recycling batteries can be very beneficial to the air, eliminating lots of air pollution."
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Einstein?s Theory of Relativity, 2002.
This paper discusses Einstein?s Theory of Relativity and its background history.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The author states that, in the early days, the basic principle of Einstein?s relativity was confusing to the public and to scientists. The paper continues that the theory should not be different from the idea it conveys: Every motion must only be considered as a relative motion. Examples are presented. The paper concludes by reviewing the book, ?Einstein, History, and Other Passions? by Gerald Holton.
From the Paper
"This principle not only maintains that it may equally be well to choose the carriage or the embankment as our reference-body for the description of any event. The principle rather asserts what follows: If we formulate the general laws of nature as they are obtained from experience, by making use of the embankment as reference-body, the railway carriage as reference-body, then these general laws of nature (e.g. the laws of mechanics or the law of the propagation of light in vacuum) have exactly the same form in both cases."
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E Pluribus Unum, 2002.
A study on the big bang theory of creation.
2,695 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
The paper argues the scientific big bang theory and order in the development of our universe. It describes the hierarchy of events and the Great Chain of Being theory. In particular, it discusses the electron atom nucleus universe expands origin universe Big Bang primordial ball creation overall order. This paper is well formatted with intelligent depth to the argument of the creation of life and our planet.
From the Paper
"Electrons circle the nucleus of an atom. Untold trillions of atoms collide together and explode. The universe expands. Electrons race down the copper wires of an electric cable. The sun shines. Leaves digest the sunlight, produce nutrients, live, grow, die, and fall to the ground. The wind bears aloft the leaves, scatters them over earth and sea. The tide moves them, pushes them up into rivers where at last they settle into the mud. Salmon swim upstream; lay their eggs on the muddy bottoms of lakes and rivers. A powerful grizzly bear nuzzles the icy water of a mountain brook. His great paw sweeps into the water and catches a darting salmon. Men come; establish a city on the banks of the stream. They drive the bear off. Their boats coast upon the surface of the sparkling water. Nets plumb the frigid depths, resurface filled with salmon. The men eat the salmon. The salmon are digested, turned into fodder for a thousand other creatures and into the food that builds civilizations. Digested again, these minute particles break down into molecules, and the molecules into atoms. A lone atom floats off in the vast emptiness of space. Electrons circle the atom?s nucleus. These are cycles, yes, but wherein lays their ultimate origin? Is there a connection between all that makes up the universe? Is there a plan?"
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Safety Issues of the Suburban Utility Vehicle, 2002.
This paper discusses the relative risk of buying a Suburban Utility Vehicle (or SUV) as opposed to a standard car automobile from the point of view of a consumer.
2,225 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 12 sources, $ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses in detail the safety of the Suburban Utility Vehicle (or SUV). The author uses the science of physics and engineering and the relationship between a car?s relative mass and center of gravity to understand to understand the problems. The author states that increasing the track width is the only way to make the vehicles more stable but that may modify the appearance of the car.
From the Paper
"What can be done to remedy these concerns over the Wrangler?s design? To answer this question, one must do more than simply understand more about the safety features of this particular vehicle or of SUVs in general. One must turn to the science of physics and engineering and the relationship between a car?s relative mass and center of gravity to understand what the risks are for each vehicle and how best to potentially remedy those risk. Or, to put the question in another way, if Einstein were an auto mechanic, what type of Jeep Wrangler would he like to be riding in? How might he modify the vehicle?s design?"
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Maglev Trains, 2002.
The development and use of magnetic levitation (maglev) propulsion systems in North America and around the world as an alternative mode of transportation.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
With air travel and the highways becoming increasingly congested, the need for an efficient, fast and comfortable mode of alternative travel has been felt in many countries of the world. One of the possible solutions is the Magnetic Levitation Propulsion System or high-speed trains called the Maglev train (short for magnetic levitation). The recent question mark over the safety of air travel and the fear of flying created among the general public by the events of 9/11 has renewed interest in the Maglev technology. This paper discusses how the Magnetic Levitation Propulsion System works and briefly overviews its history of development. The different types of designs developed so far, the cost of developing such systems, and the potential for its expansion and use in transportation systems in the United States and all over the world is also discussed. The author uses photographs and plan drawings to illustrate points.
From the Paper
"We all know that the opposite poles of a magnet attract while the like poles repel each other. This is the basic principle on which the Magnetic Levitation Propulsion System works. In magnetic propulsion systems, powerful electromagnets are used. The three basic components of a maglev train system are: A large electrical power source, metal coils that line the track or guide-way, and large magnets attached to the underside of the train. There is no conventional engine in maglev trains. Instead, the force for propulsion is achieved by a combination of the magnetic fields created by the electrified coils in the tracks (called the guideways) and the guideway walls."
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The Solvay Conferences, 2002.
An paper on the fifth Solvay Conference of 1927 with an analysis of 16 of the attendees and their contributions to physics.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 9 sources, $ 70.95
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Abstract
The author of this paper describes how 16 of those who attended the fifth Solvay Conference in Brussels in 1927 were laureates or went on to win the Nobel Prize. He examines in detail the contributions these attendees made to the field of physics.
From the Paper
"Compton is responsible for the study of the scattering of high-energy photons by electrons-the Compton effect. Besides Langmuir, Compton was the only American at the Fifth Solvay Conference. Compton was also responsible for pioneering work on gamma rays and their interaction with matter. Towards the end of his career, Compton worked on cosmic rays."
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Hume and Kant on Free Will, 2007.
This paper assesses how far Immanuel Kant is successful in overturning Humean skepticism and thus restoring faith in metaphysics.
3,196 words (approx. 12.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper is an attempt to show how Kant's ideas concerning practical and transcendental freedom of the will were a significant correction to the parallel theories of David Hume. The writer starts out by clarifying Hume's critique of free will, and how he arrives at the conclusion that the will is properly beyond analysis. For this reason Hume declares metaphysics to be impossible. The writer notes that Kant's task is to rescue metaphysics from this crisis. He does not deny that metaphysics is impossible, yet he sets out on the task of analyzing the will. The writer then discusses that Kant does not aim to provide metaphysics, but only to restore faith in the act of thinking. His explicit aim is for clarity in thinking. The essay goes on to outline the metaphysics of Kant in some detail and assesses how far it is successful in its aim.
From the Paper
"After impact with the first ball the second could have taken any one of an infinite number of trajectories. But it takes only one, and indeed we expect it to take only that one. A physicist may come along and try to convince us that it could not have taken any other trajectory because the laws of motion stipulates that, with the initial conditions given, the path it takes is the only possible one. But this is not an answer to the observer of the billiard ball, because he doesn't care what the laws of physics are. If nature had followed another mathematical law then another outcome would have been just as valid. The observer could then have framed his conundrum differently: Of the infinite possible mathematical laws why just that one? There is nothing in the inner logic of the situation that dictates that the first ball should produce exactly the prescribed trajectory in the second."
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Photosynthesis and Light, 2009.
A review of an experiment that tests the influence of wavelength and intensity of light on the production of photosynthesis.
2,339 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
The paper focuses on an experiment that measures the absorption rate of photosynthetic cells under two variation in the light properties: intensity and wavelength. The paper describes the methods used and explains the results that show the light conditions in which plants and other photosynthetic organisms would be most efficient in the production of photosynthesis. The paper also notes the limitations of this experiment and the options for future research.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
From the Paper
"Photosynthesis is the intricate process in certain organisms in which carbon dioxide and water is turned to oxygen and carbohydrates using the energy from sunlight. This sunlight is captured by photosystems within the chloroplast of the organism and supplies energy to drive the reaction. This experiment will measure the absorption rate of these photosynthetic cells under two variation in the light properties: intensity and wavelength. Eight different intensities and four different wavelengths will be systemically induced on cuvettes containing an artificial electron acceptor and chloroplast removed from spinach leaves. The absorbance levels will be recorded every 2 minutes for 16 minutes using a spectrophotometer and allow for photosynthetic rates to be calculated."
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Skin Color, 2009.
Investigates if sunlight is a factor in the geographical distribution of skin color.
1,050 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 21 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how the the ozone, skin structure and sunburns affect complexion and pigmentation. A complex description of skin color based on the analysis of reflected light is presented in the paper. The writer warns that maps of geographical distribution of skin color should be interpreted with caution.
From the Paper
"Sunburn ranges from mild discoloration to extreme blistering, depending on the time length and circumstances of exposure of UV light, and also the racial and individual characteristics of the person should be taken into consideration. The three basic responses are erythema, hyperplasia, and tanning. Erythema, the reddening of the skin, tends to appears a short time after a mild dose of erythemal sunlight and eventually fades away. The redden results from dilation of blood vessels in the dermis, which are reached by very little UV light."
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Energy Policy in the United States, 2009.
This paper discusses electrical demand in the United States and its effect on energy policies.
1,292 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the need for an energy policy in the US that would encompass energy needs for both automotive and residential use.
The paper reveals that the United States,however, currently lacks a comprehensive long-term energy policy that will accommodate future needs. The paper specifically focuses on electrical demand in the United States which comes primarily from coal fired and nuclear plants with wind and solar and water energy providing a small percentage of the power the U.S. consumes.
From the Paper
"As energy needs in the United States grow at an exponential rate our energy policy and infrastructure need to be reviewed and reformed to accommodate the future. We will face many challenges due to an increasing energy demand and an aging electrical generation infrastructure. The first energy policies in the United States focused on burning wood for heating, later coal, and finally petroleum. The United States currently lacks comprehensive long-term energy although three Energy Policy Acts have been passed, in 1992, 2005, and 2007. These acts include provisions for conservation, such as the Energy Star program and grants and tax incentives alternative energies but lack any outline for future growth in the energy sector. Much of today's regulation is on the state level."
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Forging Apocalypse, 2009.
Looks at literature and science to evaluate if humans are forging an apocalypse.
2,090 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that humanity's ability to control its environment and the creatures within it gave it the chance to create civilization and culture; however, man's technological advances may be the cause of its downfall or apocalypse. To find support for this premise, the author reviews Philip K. Dick's novel, "Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?". The paper argues that AI (Artificial Intelligence), robotics, nanotechnology and nanomedicine may be the next step towards progress; however, the author concludes that the future is still blurry.
From the Paper
"People have already started to create self-replicating programs used to wreak havoc on our computer networks called computer viruses. A computer virus is a program that can replicate itself from file to file, alter programs, and even steal information. The "Pakastani Brain" virus, discovered in 1986 is believed to be the first computer virus. Although computer viruses are fabricated, they do possess many of the criteria we use to classify living organisms: self-reproduction, information storage for reproduction, metabolism, functional interaction with its environment."
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Energy Harvesting from Human Locomotion, 2008.
A look at harvesting energy from human locomotion.
1,748 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This research paper discusses the possibility of capitalizing on the wasted power of human locomotion by harvesting energy from it. The scientific principle behind energy harvesting devices is explained; with the use of piezoelectric materials, which can be crystals, ceramics, and polymers, an electrical potential is generated when mechanical force is applied. The author goes on to introduce some of these energy harvesting devices such as knee braces and wearable backpacks before discussing the pros and cons of each device. The paper concludes that although small human locomotion-powered generators are not yet ready for the mainstream with furthering advances in materials, design, and electronics we may all someday be generating power as we walk. This paper includes figures.
From the Paper
"A third approach for mounting generators on people comes in the form of a wearable backpack. This device would use the constant up-and-down motion of a person walking to drive an electromagnetic generator. A weight inside the backpack is suspended on springs and oscillates with each step. This detail of operation reveals another benefit of a backpack-style generator: as the weight is suspended on springs it doesn't travel completely with the body as a fixed weight would. Instead the weight only travels a portion of the distance of the backpack, meaning that it is not necessary for the wearer to lift it as high as normal with each step."
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Protection From Radiation, 2008.
This paper looks at health and safety regulations that protect the public from radiation exposure.
1,220 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the radiological health program (RHP) that has been mandated to control the uses of radiation and to protect the public's health and safety and the environment from accidental and avoidable radiation exposure. The paper also examines the response to the Chernobyl accident and the ensuing establishment of the international nuclear safety program (INSP) and highlights the advancements that have been made in the technology of nuclear safety.
From the Paper
"Health is a key factor in the scope of any kind of nuclear services or work. Many steps are taken to ensure that each individual is protected as much as possible when involved in dealing with any type of radiation. A program called The Radiological Health Program has been established to set guidelines and regulations that protect the public and keep all involved safe.
"The Radiological Health Program (RHP) has been mandated to control the uses of radiation and to protect the publics' health and safety and the environment from accidental and avoidable radiation exposure. This has been accomplished through the registration of radiation (x-ray) machines, licensing of radioactive materials, inspections, and enforcement actions, to ensure total regulatory compliance."
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