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Stepran's Infinity Puzzle, 2008.
This paper discuses Stepran's infinity puzzle as an excellent method to explore the character of infinity relative to tangible outcomes.
1,625 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the solution to Stepran's infinity puzzle
is not so difficult and has nothing to do with infinity, although the calculus of this equation may in fact be infinite. The author underscores that the puzzle is not a puzzle at all and is not indicative of infinity but rather is purely an exercise in the limitations of physics. The paper agrees with Rucker's concept of infinity as simply a natural element of the universe or of being one of the basic functional elements of mathematical device. The author concludes that the useful concept of infinity is that it does naturally occupy points in both physical and mathematical space ,which truly cements it within the context of a tangible mathematical and physics principle rather than some far-off rationale construct created and identifiable only by mathematical theorists.
Table of Contents:
The Puzzle
The Solution
Response Page to Postings
Discussion
From the Paper
"Stepran's states that a person is tasked with turning a light switch off and on starting with on at 2 minutes and then in increments by half of the time remaining flipping the switch to the opposite position. On the surface the outcome appears as if it will be a simple persuasion of the ineluctable quality of time; that, time is unavoidable and all things must come to an end. Yet, as one begins the calculations it becomes apparent that the half increments are, apparently, infinite starting with two in terms of seconds: 120, 60, 30, 15, 7.5, 3.75, 1.875, .93, .46, .23, .117, .058, .029, ad infinitum, at least to the extent that a common calculator is capable of dividing."
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"The Book Nobody Read", 2008.
A brief review of "The Book Nobody Read" by Owen Gingerich.
769 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 0 sources, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper examines "The Book Nobody Read" by Owen Gingerich which elegantly outlines the author's intellectual journey into scientific history that involves parties from all walks of life. The paper looks at how the book outlines a quest for knowledge from an intellectually investigative approach and tackles some social and political issues that still plague the society today. The paper also examines how the book focuses on the works of Nicolaus Copernicus.
From the Paper
"The book is organized around Gingerich's exploration of numerous copies of Copernicus classical works that made the claim that the Sun rather than the earth was the center of the universe, and all planets (including Earth) were orbiting the Sun. This is a rather profound statement that contradicts all scientific theory surrounding the existence and astronomy of the planets. The title seemed somewhat 'weird', but I later found out the origin was based on a rebuttal to a statement made by Arthuir Koestler (author of the seminal work Sleepwalkers), who called Copernicus; "the book nobody read". However Gingerich used a content analysis approach to scrutinize and examine copies of works of Copernicus and found that contrary to the statement made by Koestler, these works were read by many individuals, some were important scientists, philosophers, religious affiliates and so on."
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"Out of Gas", 2008.
This paper examines "Out of Gas" by David Goldstein that portends the fall of civilization if we remain dependent on fossil fuels.
779 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
The paper examines David Goldstein's book "Out of Gas" where he makes the dire prediction that civilization will cease to exist by the latter half of the twenty-first century, unless society learns to live without fossil fuels. The paper describes how Goldstein covers the history of Earth and the creation of the oil reserves, global warming, the scientific theories that gave rise to the industrial revolution and the energy sources available today. The paper shows how his predictions are dire and solutions not readily apparent.
From the Paper
"The Hubbert curve is a mathematical representation of when the rate at which oil us consumed exceeds the rate that oil reserves are discovered. In 1956 he predicted that this point on the curve would be reached around 1970 (Goldstein 26). It in fact did occur just a few years latter than he predicted, but nonetheless we have been increasing our rate of consumption oil faster than our rate of discovery for just over thirty years. All the world's oil (and fossil fuel) reserves were created millions of years ago when plants absorbed large portions of the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and sank to the bottom of the oceans, became compressed in layers of sand, and with heat from the earth's core, became the fossil fuel deposits that we tap today. The reserves of oil are estimated to be two to two point seven trillion barrels, a supply that should last about another 40 years (Goldstein 29)."
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Tidal Power Plants, 2008.
This paper identifies tidal power as an appropriate energy technology for the British Isles and other coastal regions.
2,094 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
The paper explores how the United Kingdom can use tidal energy to produce consistent alternative electricity. The paper looks at the two basic options for converting the kinetic energy of the tides into electrical energy. The paper examines the tidal power generation technology and the capital costs necessary and then considers the environmental impact represented by these tidal generation options.
The paper concludes that tidal power has the potential to provide a significant portion of the United Kingdom's energy needs.
Outline:
Introduction: Coastal UK and Tidal Power
Technical Considerations
Economics of Tidal Power
Environmental Impact of Tidal Power
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Developing alternative energy technologies that are reliable and site-specific can be difficult. Because alternative energy systems typically rely on locally available energy resources, they are not applicable in all situations and all circumstances. It is important to consider the potential energy resources of a given region prior to selecting an energy technology for development. For instance, it would be foolish to suggest the use of solar technology in a predominantly cloudy region, or a hydroelectric facility for an area that only seasonally has running water. The most important first consideration is to consider the site, and then determine what is the most reliable, locally available energy resource."
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Nuclear Power Generation Technology, 2008.
An examination of the general population's attitudes toward nuclear power generation technology.
1,953 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the impact on society of nuclear power generation technology. It describes the history of the global prominence that nuclear power has attained and the role it has played in the shifting of popular attitudes towards science and technology, in general. The paper shows how this technology - although critical to the production of energy in places such as Ontario - is also viewed with fear and scepticism by much of the population.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Popular Fears of Nuclear Power
The Post-Chernobyl Costs of Nuclear Power
The Future Role of Nuclear Power in Our Society
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Unless science and technology discover some previously unknown form of energy, it is clear that nuclear power technology - despite popular anxiety - is likely to expand its significance in our society in the future. There is simply no alternative energy supply to fossil fuels that can offer the large amounts of energy that nuclear power offers. Moreover, in a political environment where fossil fuels are also viewed with considerable negativity among the public for contributing to pollution and global warming, even the negative optics of nuclear power may be lessened in comparison. Thus, while it is admittedly impossible to make certain predictions about the future role of nuclear power in our society given the variables of public opinion as well as the political, economic and environmental issues to be considered, nevertheless I believe that in the immediate future humanity will be compelled to revisit the use of nuclear power to sustain itself."
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The Effect of Ideology on Soviet Science, 2007.
An analysis of the negative effects of Marxist-Leninist ideologies on Soviet science.
1,905 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the effect of ideology on Soviet science during the communist era of leadership and the negative ways in which it was manifested. The paper looks at some of the benefits that were provided by Soviet science, but then argues that Soviet science during the communist era was subverted to such an extent by the Communist Party that it became discredited in the eyes of most of the world.
From the Paper
"In conclusion, the negative effect of Marxist-Leninist ideology on Soviet science was manifested in a variety of ways, from the systematic propagandizing of dialectic materialism as a science to the undermining of science itself in the form of theories such as Lysenkoism. Although Soviet science provided some benefits in the form of discoveries in the field of space medicine, the development of space exploration, and the use of nuclear power to generate electricity for Soviet towns and cities, science in the USSR during the communist era was subverted to such an extent by the government that it was reduced in most cases to pseudo-science and became an object of ridicule throughout most of the world."
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Properties of Light, 2007.
This paper describes the key features of light.
893 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper describes the most common feature of light, reflection. The paper explains that reflection occurs when electromagnetic radiation in the visible portion of the spectrum experiences an elastic collision with any particular physical surface. The paper then looks at refraction, when the path of light is altered by the material through which it travels. The paper also discusses interference, which results from two separate wave forms coming together.
From the Paper
"To most of us, the general properties of light are so commonplace and so readily observed that we tend to think nothing of them. Additionally, we fail to critically examine what light may be and how it operates under certain conditions. After all, most of us could not conceive of a word without the aid of our sense of sight; yet this sight is based upon a very limited number of features of electromagnetic radiation. Of course, delineating a handful of key features of light - those that we witness over the course of our everyday lives - can be very beneficial towards a more comprehensive understanding of what it actually is."
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Stephen Hawking, 2007.
A review of Stephen Hawking's book, "A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes."
1,426 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Stephen Hawking's book, "A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes." It describes some of the concepts that Hawking discusses in his book, such as his allusions to God and his discussions on the "classical" and the "quantum" theory of gravity. The paper also briefly describes Hawking's physical and personal challenges in life.
From the Paper
"Hawking discusses the "classical" and the "quantum" theory of gravity, in a way that makes sense to the average non-science-focused person. The "classical" theory of gravity (based on "real space-time") offers only two ways the universe can behave, Hawking writes (135): either the universe has been around "for an infinite time," or otherwise it has had "...a beginning at a singularity at some finite time in the past." As to the "quantum" gravity theory there is a third possibility in terms of a definition. That is, space-time could possibly be "finite in extent and yet...have no singularities that formed a boundary or edge." In other words, the surface of the earth is indeed finite, we can walk on it and build on it; but it has no "edge" so if you go sailing off "into the sunset, you don't fall off the edge or run into a singularity," he continues. And he adds some humor to his explanation, as he often does in this book: "I know," he says, adding to the concept of not falling off the edge of the earth, "...Because I have been round the world!""
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Nuclear Energy, 2003.
A discussion regarding nuclear energy, an important resource for the energy needs of the future.
1,353 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at nuclear energy. According to the paper, nuclear energy provides a cost-efficient, safe and reliable form of energy generation that is relatively clean. The paper goes on to discuss how nuclear energy does not contribute to the growing problem of global warming and climate change since this source does not emit any pollutants into the air.
From the Paper
"Lake (2001) argued that since nuclear waste is fully contained and very carefully dealt with, it is the best-managed waste on planet Earth. Furthermore, this author explained how the costs of storage and eventual disposal of nuclear waste are included in the cost of nuclear-produced electricity. In regard to long-term solutions for the storage of nuclear waste, the U.S. commercial nuclear energy industry plans for the development and licensing of an underground national repository for the waste's permanent disposal (Lake, 2001)."
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Thermodynamics, 2007.
A look at thermodynamic principles and how they can be used as a guide to explain living systems.
1,685 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that thermodynamics can be used as a guide to explain living systems because living systems are simply a manifestation of components of non-living systems, with atoms, elements and an injection of micro-electricity guiding the process. The author points out that this relatively simple assumption has guided years of research and allows scientists to create explanations, which employ thermodynamics to define the development and more importantly the creation of life. The paper relates that a conflict occurs when the biological systems lean in the direction of complexity, as all living systems do, and the human mind then falters in his or her ability to apply thermodynamic laws to living systems. The paper includes a formula and several long quotations.
From the Paper
"Within this driving force of potential complexity and also the inability of simple science to correct for unpredictability there is debate, the driving force of answers. Debate ensues among those who attempt to simplify matters into those which can be recreated and documented repeatable effects to create scientific truth and those who wish to make conjecture part of the scientific rule on this issue. Some would say that the groundhog example is explainable through science, and still others would contend that it is not the environment that determines the reality of the system, ..."
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Aswan High Dam, 2007.
An analysis of the pros and cons of the construction of the Aswan High Dam in Egypt.
1,395 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an examination of the Aswan High Dam in Egypt. The paper explores the history of the construction of the dam. It then examines its uses. Finally the paper looks at the benefits of the dam and its liabilities. The paper concludes that overall the pros outweigh the cons and that the Aswan High Dam is a valuable asset to Egyptian society.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Dam
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Aswan High Dam is one of the largest dams in the world and it provides a multitude of benefits to those who live in the surrounding area."
"The electricity it generates is clean, and does not contribute to air or environment pollution. It maintains the river to control flooding which allows the environment to grow and prosper without fear of destruction.
The problems it created while being constructed included the destruction of artifacts that were thousands of years old. In addition it flooded a nation and the entire population had to be moved with their lifestyles and history destroyed. When the pros and cons are weighed against each other the dam provides many benefits to society now and will continue to do so in the future."
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Quantum Tunneling, 2007.
An analysis of the theory and uses of quantum tunneling, specifically the Esaki diode.
2,194 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses quantum tunneling, which is a function of quantum-mechanical activity in the instance where a particle moves against potential energy and appears on the other side of the energy barrier. The paper describes the theory behind quantum tunneling. It focuses on the Esaki diode and looks at its potential uses now and in the future.
From the Paper
"While the Esaki diode has not been widely used, its application is nearing widespread use in computers. The diode circuits have been developed and crash programs have been implemented by major computer makers in order to apply it to communications equipment. Yet there still is resistance to the use of these phenomenal little circuits, where currents may be reversed. Some designers and engineers prefer transistors. Proven circuits and solid-state technology that is already acceptable seem to be sufficient, they say. But interest in the diode is so great that they are being forced to try to apply this not-so-new technology to obtain ultra-high speed and ultra-low power consumption in the computer industry. The diode phenomenon dominated 1960 Physics Conferences."
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Rights of Biological and Adoptive Parents, 2007.
This paper provides an examination of the rights of biological and adoptive parents.
2,951 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the adoption process is one that should not be entered into lightly and one that professionals should take great responsibility ethically in providing necessary services to the birth parents who are considering entering into an adoption proceeding. The inequity of adoption laws are historically noted in this work as well as the failure of the legal system in protecting the birth parent from suffering associated with denial of information as to her child's well being. It is the belief of the researcher that provisions for adult disclosure of birth parent information and identification should be inclusive in laws and regulations governing adoptions in order to protect the individual who has everything to lose, and specifically for protection of the birth parent.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Statement of Thesis
Literature Review
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"The rights of the birthparents should be given the most weight in the adoption process as compared to the adoptive parents. While the adoptive parents have much to gain, the birthparents are those who have much to lose if the adoption process is not handled properly, ethically, according to prescribed laws, and responsively as to the psychological needs of the birthparents who are giving up their child for adoption. The intention of the birthparents who give up the child for adoption generally is one that is noble and is directly based upon a decision to allow the child the opportunity for a better life than the birthparent is able to provide. However, after the child has become an adult, the goal of adoption has been successfully concluded and there should be no reason whatsoever that the birthparent and child should be hidden from one another legally."
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The Manhattan Project, 2007.
A look at the historical development of the Manhattan Project.
1,485 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the Manhattan Project, describing its historical development and the political and diplomatic relations which it entailed. The fear of the Nazi's developing an atom bomb is considered one of the motivating reasons for the US speeding up its nuclear fission program. The paper further mentions how the US shared or did not share its research with its allies. The paper then describes some technical aspects of the research. The actual deployment of the bomb is discussed and how it contributed to the Cold War between the US and USSR. The paper concludes with the negative consequences of the Manhattan Project, including the tremendous loss of life caused by detonating two atomic bombs.
From the Paper
"American research in the field of nuclear physics had been progressing in a rather unsystematic manner. The British were interested in finding out about the American work. To this aim, they did not hesitate in what including atomic information in the exchanges of technical information and scientific missions that were going on in the beginning of the 1940s. This interchange of scientific information was very important; proof of its importance is that face that one of the documents forwarded to the United States was the Thomson Committee Report. This document stated the feasibility of an atomic bomb and led to the British decision to become involved in such a project; also, it represented an important factor that influenced the U.S. follow the same path and become involved. This was followed by an offer issued in October, 1941 by President Roosevelt to Winston Churchill for cooperation in relation to the project. After the agreement, the next step in the evolution of the project was a division of labor."
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Energy, 2007.
An analysis of the methods in which energy forms and the various types of energy.
1,494 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the different types of forces that operate within this world and the many different methods in which energy forms. It specifically focuses on analyzing mechanical, chemical, atomic and nuclear energies. The paper then further groups energy into two broad general categories - kinetic energy or the energy of motion and potential energy or the energy of position. It analyzes these sub-categories of energy.
From the Paper
" The use of modern energy sources to supplement traditional energy supplies such as coal and oil have naturally turned to nuclear energy. In theory, nuclear energy is the most sustainable method of energy production available to our society. However, the implicit risk of a power plant meltdown and possibility of both nuclear explosion or radiation leakage prevents nuclear energy from becoming extremely mainstream. This is evidenced by the Chernobyl accident, in which hundreds of thousands of Russian civilians suffered and died at the hands of the worst nuclear accident in world history. The impact of Chernobyl is that it has caused a massive social stigma to be attached with the use and development of nuclear energy. Although it is currently still not as popular as traditional forms of energy, the eventual scarcity of resources will increase the popularity of nuclear power as a clear alternative."
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