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Pythagoras, 2006.
This paper discusses Pythagoras, one of the greatest men of the Ancient Greek civilization.
2,455 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Pythagoras left no written works; what is known about him and about his school is from a book written by the Pythagorean, Philolaus of Tarentum, which influenced Plato's philosophy. The author points out that Pythagoras considered himself a philosopher, which is clearly mentioned in Diogenes Laertios' letters, and the dialogues of Cicero, inspired by the Greek Iore. The paper states that the Pythagorean philosophy is related with the theory of numbers, which are not only the symbols of reality but the very substance of real things.
From the Paper
"The theory of numbers is strongly connected with the harmony of spheres, this way, number ten being the perfect one has a body under the earth moving parallel with it and which is invisible to us. The five planets, the sun, the moon, and the earth with its counter-earth, moving from west to east at rates of speed proportionate to the distance of each from the central fire, produce eight tones which give an octave, and, therefore, a harmony. In their psychology and their ethics the Pythagoreans used the idea of harmony and the notion of number as the explanation of the mind and its states."
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Relevance of Ivan Ilych, 2007.
This paper discusses Leo Tolstoy's book "The Death of Ivan Ilych" and looks at its relevance today.
1,323 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
In this study of "The Death of Ivan Ilych" by Leo Tolstoy, the writer notes that the book is very relevant today because of its message concerning living an empty life, one that is filled with pursuing all the wrong things. The writer points out that Tolstoy gets straight to the truth about life and how it should be lived, in this story about a very ordinary man that realizes he has wasted his life. The writer discusses that Ivan shows how people can become manipulated by egotism, falsity, and hypocrisy and waste their lives chasing these things in vain. Further, the writer demonstrates that the story is pertinent today, because we find many individuals living the same kind of life that Ivan did without even knowing it. In addition, the writer discusses that death is inevitable and instead of chasing after empty ideals, man should think of life beyond death. The writer concludes that through this point of view, one sees how Tolstoy was a severe realist, which allows his message and social commentary to remain just as significant today as ever.
From the Paper
"The phsyical death that Ivan endures is "merely the last phase of mortality" . From this perspective, we can see how Tolstoy inserts his belief that all things in life are coverings for the reality of death. In short, death is inevitable. How Tolstoy approaches this particular death forces us to think about the meaning of our own lives. Death is more than death. When we see Ivan's attitude change, we see a ray of hope that we can life a life that is right, good and satisfying, if we choose. What we must realize is that the choices are difficult and sometimes not always clear. This is the truth of Ivan's life.
This notion leads us to another concept that Tolstoy supported, which was that one must listen to his or her own inner voice. This is a problem our society struggles with today because we are constantly bombarded with messages from every angle. If we do not find our own voice and find our own way, we will surely be lead atray by meaningless efforts."
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Hebraism and Hellenism, 2006.
A review of Matthew Arnold's theory regarding the binaries of Hebraism and Hellenism.
780 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how in his poetry and prose, the Victorian essayist and author Matthew Arnold frequently makes use of binaries, or the classical rhetorical style of constructing a series of two contrasting or opposing ideas, to illustrate the speaker's main point. The paper then reviews Arnold's essay on modern religion, which is based upon the contrasts of Hebraism and Hellenism.
From the Paper
"The idea that Judaism is rigidly tied to the adherence to the law, sadly, can also be implicitly, if not explicitly connected to the Hebraic refusal to acknowledge Jesus as the Messiah. Not only does Arnold's analysis of the Hebraic impulse towards the truth sound reductive regarding Jewish culture but Stephen Prickett suggests that by creating such a binary opposition of the Hebraic and the Hellenic, Arnold attempts to filter out what he disliked in the Christian religion by creating the false binary of Hebraism, even while both the Greek and Hebraic ancient cultures were considerably more complex than Arnold's reading: "At the heart of Matthew Arnold's writings, whether literary, sociological, historical, or biblical, was the attempt to create an enlightened and forward-looking religion. For him this meant a Christianity that was 'scientific,' 'non-Semitic,' Indo-European, and Aryan in quality," that is, in Arnold's own words, containing "more of Plato and Socrates than Joshua and David." (Pickett, 2001; Arnold 1869)"
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Euthanasia, 2007.
This paper discusses the controversial issue of euthanasia, or mercy killing.
1,510 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that euthanasia or mercy killing is a Greek word actually meaning 'good or happy death'. The writer notes that in today's terminology, euthanasia means to "allow" someone to die, either at the hands of someone else, or at his or her own hands. The writer then discusses whether it is possible to envisage a level of pain or suffering where suicide is the best way out. The writer also asks whether one could imagine a point in someone's life where life could be considered as unworthy of living. The writer continues that even if the answer to this question is yes, does anyone have the right to end life? The writer concludes that a person's desire to be permitted to seek euthanasia, when a terminal illness becomes prolonged or unbearable, is a result of concern for quality of life and living with dignity without pain and suffering. Further, the writer claims that, while most people acknowledge that in cases of years of vegetative state with no chance of recovery or terminal illness with extreme pain and suffering, people should have a right to ask for euthanasia, permitting 'euthanasia on demand' has to be discouraged.
Outline:
Introduction
Philosophical Views
Types of Euthanasia
Right to Live with Dignity
Euthanasia-An Ethical Dilemma
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Euthanasia is certainly an intensely controversial topic and like pro- and anti - abortion advocates of abortion debate, pro euthanasia and pro-life argument excite high emotions. In this case the debates are opening a topic that certainly requires compassionate consideration. Should the doctors prolong life of a vegetative patient who has been on life support for years without any sign of recovery?
This debate very recently played on television all over the world in the Terri Schiavo Case. In this case, husband of Terri Schiavo, a vegetative patient, fought in courts to implement a promise he made to his wife for euthanasia in such an event. The woman's parents and supporters for anti euthanasia movement opposed withdrawal of the feeding tube and took the case right up to the Supreme Court. Terry Schiavo was eventually allowed to die as she wished, but the debate regarding euthanasia lives on."
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The Ideas of John Locke, 2006.
A discussion regarding the ideas and philosophies of John Locke.
4,100 words (approx. 16.4 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 110.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the philosophies of John Locke focusing primarily on the political concepts of the roles of religion and state. The paper examines Locke's personal religious beliefs based primarily on his 'Letter on Toleration'.
From the Paper
"To borrow from Locke's famous passage: The law in this case was "not made about a religious, but a political matter," nor was the sacrament of the Native American Church, but the criminal possession of a controlled substance, thereby prohibited. Of course, religious adherents, who are denied unemployment benefits because they practice their religion, will find little solace or comfort in the government's secular justification for such a burden. To use Locke's phrase, the regulation's justification lies in "the interest of the commonwealth." It is not by accident that at this stage of the argument the Court found support for its position in an old case concerning criminalization of the practice of polygamy. The Smith Court cited to the Reynolds Court for the proposition that to allow religious adherents a presumption in favor of their right to free exercise when secular government regulation invades that right is "in effect to permit every citizen to become a law unto himself."
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Philosophies of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, 2006.
A comparison and contrast of the philosophies of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.
2,450 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses, compares and contrasts the philosophies of the three Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. According to this paper, each believed that one could fulfill one's optimal function as a human being only within the company of others, and therefore as an integral part of human society.
From the Paper
"Socrates is wise enough to know what he does not know, and to question what others think they know (which infuriates others, thus, as Plato clearly implies, Socrates' predicament of being on trial). In his first speech of the Apology, Socrates recalls a journey he took to the Delphic Oracle, where the Oracle had declared no one wiser than Socrates. Subsequently, Socrates, in questioning poets; politicians; artists, etc., found that "those who had the highest reputation were nearly the most deficient, while those who were thought to be inferior were more knowledgeable" (Jowett, The trial and death of Socrates). Similarly, within the courtroom scenes of the Apology, Socrates' prosecutor Meletus is clearly uninterested in truth, but instead (like many prosecutors of public trials, yesterday and today) in gaining a conviction and pleasing the public. Socrates' accusers are, similarly, less interested in truth than in exacting revenge for Socrates' past pursuit of it, and in rendering Socrates no longer a threat. "
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Death in 'White Noise', 2007.
This paper discusses the them of desire and fear of death portrayed in 'White Noise' by Don DeLillo.
2,179 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer presents a detailed examination of the book 'White Noise' by Don Dellio. The writer takes the reader on an exploratory journey through the pages of the book with an overview of the theme of desire underscored for the purpose of the paper. The writer points out that in 'White Noise' the themes are timeless, the writing is excellent and the plot focuses on a desire that is common to all of mankind. The writer discusses that the desire to stay alive and not die, crosses all racial, socioeconomic and geographic boundaries. Further, the writer explains that whether one is young or old, just starting out or firmly established, male or female, most people have an innate fighting drive to stay alive. The writer concludes that whether someone will die tomorrow, or someone will live another 80 years, or someone is not yet born, the point of the book is that every person has a desire to live.
From the Paper
"Before one can fully understand the theme of desire that is laced throughout the book it is important for one to have an overall grasp of the plot. The plot of the book centers on several people and then includes many peripheral characters to strengthen the book's message. The main character in the book is a man named Jack Gladney. Gladney plays a crucial role in the development and theme of desire in the book because he is the only character that does not display an overt and constant fear of dying and death. While the undertone of all characters in this story is a fear of the unknown when it comes to death the character of Gladney does not produce the same constant understanding that death is something to be feared in the same way that the other characters do. The desire to stay alive is a constant theme because of the constant fear of death."
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'The Death of Ivan Ilych', 2007.
This paper discusses the foreshadowing and interconnectedness of both physical and spiritual death demonstrated in Lev Tolstoy's short story, "The Death of Ivan Ilych".
1,204 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines that within Lev Tolstoy's short story "The Death of Ivan Ilych", the title character, a materialistic and shallow member of the 19th century Russian bourgeoisie named Ivan Ilych, actually experiences two separate deaths: a physical death and a spiritual death. In this essay, the writer discusses the process of Ivan Ilych's spiritual death and rebirth within the story. The writer looks at the way in which Tolstoy foreshadows both Ivan's death and spiritual rebirth throughout the story. Further, the writer discusses ways that these two deaths that Ivan Ilych experiences are interconnected.
From the Paper
"This is the first foreshadowing Tolstoy provides the reader of Ivan Ilych's later death from complications due to this injury.
Undaunted for now, however, Ivan soon begins his new job, and a day to day existence that is comfortable but middling, unremarkable, and in fact quite bereft on any meaningfulness, emotional engagement, of deep (or even varied) feelings. In fact, as Tolstoy implies, Ivan's job and life are a sort of living death."
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Religion and Spirituality in End-of-life Care, 2006.
A discussion regarding the role of religion and spirituality in treatment interventions and outcomes for patients receiving end-of-life care.
1,850 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on one of the most common coping mechanisms that terminal patients turn to as they experience end-of-life care: subsistence to religion and spirituality. This paper reviews a research proposal developed to effectively demonstrate the presence and occurrence of religion and spirituality among patients receiving end-of-life care, as well as determine the nature and dynamics of this concept from the perspective of the patients.
Outline:
Introduction
Statement of Problem/Objectives
Review of Relevant Literature
Definition of Terms
Methodology
From the Paper
"In the practice of EOL care, it is inevitable that patients would discuss their situation with their caregivers, an occurrence that must be prepared for by the caregivers themselves. Most often, discussion of patients' situations are discussed with philosophical and reflective analyses, an approach that is commonly synonymous with religion and spirituality. As defined in the first section of this chapter, religion and spirituality operate on different dimensions: religion is primarily community-centered and shared among individuals, while spirituality, although a concept that can be expressed and shared, is mainly a feeling experienced by the individual, and may be shared or not shared to other people."
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Into Thin Air, 2007.
This paper discusses the dangers of the tourism mentality in dangerous expeditions, while examining the book 'Into Thin Air' by Jon Krakauer.
1,611 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer deals with the related ethical considerations when human endeavor, combined with the acceptance of the danger and risks involved in the endeavor, turn into a tourist outing. The writer notes that a quest for Everest involves a strong statistical chance of loss of life and discusses whether climbing Mount Everest should be considered a tourist venture. This essay alludes to the problems with too many climbers making the attempt at the same time resulting in over-crowding. The writer believes, as Krakauer does, that there should be a set of guidelines to prevent over crowding on the summit to assure a safe climb and return, or at least as much as is possible. The writer concludes that a fine balance between economic and ethical considerations, a healthy respect for a culture different from Western sensibilities, and a desire to take personal responsibility will ensure that there are fewer tragedies on Mount Everest.
From the Paper
"Better equipment, better organization, experienced guides have made attempts on Everest easier. While in the above 8000 meter altitude, also know as the Death Zone, rescue is almost impossible, with the odds of medical problems exponentially higher, better communication facilities and satellite-based weather services have improved odds of making it up and down the mountain. This has resulted in a sense of complacency among would-be adventurers who often attempt to climb the highest peak in the world with little or no mountaineering skills and even lesser respect for the mountain."
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Death and Dying, 2006.
A discussion on death and dying and why the topic of death and dying has become sequestrated in modern times from normal social times.
1,612 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the subject of death and dying in Western industrialized nations is seen as taboo. The paper goes on to explain how attitudes towards death in Eastern cultures and traditions, on the other hand, are essentially different and that there is a greater integration and cultural acceptance of death, particularly in the Tibetan tradition. The paper then refers to various literary works on the subject to highlight various attitudes about death and dying.
From the Paper
"However, the process of sanitizing and sequestering death does not solve by any means the real and existential problem of death as the most inevitable and sure aspect of any individual's life. One cannot simply ignore death. As a result of the movement in Western Countries and cultures towards a materialistic and secular mode of existence, the fear of death and the end of life has in fact been exacerbated, rather then reduced. This has led to many psychological and philosophical issues that have tended to dominate cultural discourse in the last few decades. The fact that medical science is being shown to be incapable of dealing with many disease and causes of human death has also opened up the fault lines and questioned the scientific and medical attempts to sanitize and prevent the public from being concerned about death. "
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Business Ethics, 2007.
This paper examines the issue of business ethics, making use of four relevant articles.
2,830 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer studies "The Business of Ethics - The Importance of Working with Integrity" by Lee Anna Jackson, "Ethics - The Global Challenge" by Alan Lane, "Keeping Ethics at the Forefront of our Business" by Esther Muller and "Ethical Imperatives" by Glenda Vosburgh. The writer notes that all the articles to a greater or lesser degree also address the pressures on the modern company to perform increasingly well in terms of profit. The writer then explains that this places pressure on leaders, who in their turn pressure their employees. Further, the writer points out that the middleman in this trio is the leader, who stands between the employee team and external pressures towards more profits. The leader then needs to shoulder the responsibility of incorporating ethical ideals, building up internal and external trust, and in the end producing the necessary revenue to survive and eventually excel. The writer discusses that because of the changing business environment both externally and internally, the above-mentioned pressures are offset by the public and other stakeholders in the business. The writer concludes that it is therefore likely that pressure from the public and investors would be more towards ethical behavior than pure profit.
From the Paper
"In today's business world, the issue of ethics is becoming increasingly important even as it is becoming increasingly complicated. Scandals associated with huge businesses such as Enron have brought to the attention of all business leaders the importance of ethics. "Doing the right thing" in the business world today has gained importance for several reasons. The most important of these is the fact that scandals result in devastating losses of public, customer and investor trust. Hence there is a loss in revenue and in most cases the business entity either closes down or ceases business until the scandal's effects have diminished. It is therefore in the interest of business survival to act in an ethical manner."
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Management Philosophies, 2006.
A comparison of the modern management philosophies of Chester Barnard and John Adair.
1,610 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the modern management philosophies of Chester Barnard and John Adair. The paper also touches briefly on prior theories of management similar to that of both Barnard and Adair. In addition, the paper provides a detailed understanding of the evolution of management thought and philosophy.
From the Paper
"According to Adair, a manager's responsibilities were to establish, agree, and communicate standards of performance and behavior. The manager was responsible for monitoring and maintaining discipline, ethics, and integrity while focusing on objectives. Adair's philosophy was action-based, focusing on the goal of the organization or the group as a whole. The main difference in Barnard's philosophy from Adair was that Barnard's focus appeared to be individual based, rather than on based on the organizational as a whole. In Adair's theory, and the theories that it was based on, the role of the manager included assessing and changing as necessary the balance and composition of the group. Barnard focused on the individual moral influences that an individual encountered and that motivated them personally. That is most likely the central difference between both management philosophies."
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Equality, 2007.
A look at the definition of equality in terms of social justice.
986 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the concept of equality is central to Western society and reflects the secularization of the Christian notion of equality before God. It looks at how early social theorists such as Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and John Locke, acknowledged the inequality of natural gifts and how they believed in the equality of individuals within the institutions of civil and political society. It discusses how the three distinct meanings of equality that inform most debates over social justice and provide many of the dividing lines of Western political life are equality before the law, equality of opportunity and equality of results or condition.
From the Paper
"Economic stratification by a combination of class, race, gender, region, religion, and ethnicity is still a central feature of the majority of societies and a strong determinant of life outcomes (Calhoun 2002). Although all societies accept some inequality, "they differ in the type and degree that are considered appropriate," and differ in the "degree to which they accept inheritance as the basis for inequality," thus inherited inequality has been discouraged in modern societies "in favor of an emphasis on merit-based rewards" (Calhoun 2002).
Much research has been conducted concerning the mechanisms that produce patterns of wealth and poverty over time, "especially those that inhibit social mobility in spite of social policies designed to create access to wealth," especially public education (Calhoun 2002). "
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