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Comparing Michel Foucault and Jean-Francois Lyotard, 2007.
This paper compares the philosophies of Michel Foucault and Jean-Francois Lyotard through two of their works.
2,832 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper compares Michel Foucault and Jean-Francois Lyotard, both early postmodern philosophers, through the use of two of their works, as well as other sources. These works are Foucault's "The Body of the Condemned" and Lyotard's "The Postmodern Condition". In addition to these works, other information about Foucault and Lyotard is used to indicate the similarities and differences between these two works, their philosophies and their beliefs. While the two works are analyzed, the overall philosophies of Foucault and Lyotard are also addressed.
Outline:
Michel Foucault
Jean-Francois Lyotard
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Foucault fits into the general philosophical tradition, but it is the critical tradition, similar to Kant, and most of what Foucault writes about and proclaims is a very critical history where human nature and thought is concerned (Foucault, n.d.). This does not mean that the history of ideas that he discusses is also an analysis of the errors that might be seen when issues are examined after the fact. Instead, it should be taken to mean that Foucault's work is an analysis based on the relationship between object and subject, and what conditions are seen to either form or modify those relationships (Foucault, n.d.)."
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Evolution, Creation and the Full Spectrum, 2007.
This paper discusses the issue of teaching evolution and creationism in schools.
1,329 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that for decades now the American school system has struggled with whether or not evolution should be taught in schools. The writer explains that the difficulty arises in that this scientific theory of origin appears to be at odds with the Judeo-Christian tradition of creation, and thus many conservative elements feel that it is a direct threat to the faith of their children. The writer points out that many religious scientists have in fact accepted that evolution and Christianity can co-exist, and moreover such a co-existence is the doctrine of the Catholic church at present. The writer concludes that if students receive proper education about the theories of origin, they will be able to understand that it is important to learn how to understand the world through science without devaluing other methods of understanding and the difference between science and faith-based knowledge will be one with which they are comfortable.
From the Paper
"It is against the foundational principles of the American government and its school system to endorse one religion or denomination over another. Christian conservatives have frequently argued that though schools are not supposed to have a sectarian agenda, American schools in the Colonial era did not forbid Bibles or prayers, and that schools could teach ethics, morality, and creationism without embracing a specific denomination. This argument suggests that there is no such thing as value-free education, and that teaching about evolution is the same as teaching a religion of atheism. This argument may seem valid if one believes that there are only two options, creation or evolution. However, once one realizes that different Christian groups embrace evolution and the old age of the earth to differing degrees, it becomes evident that the issue is in fact on of denomination and sect. Do we want to create strictly Protestant schools, in which the Catholic belief that God may have worked through evolution is denied? Or do we want to create strictly Catholic schools by actively teaching children that God worked through evolution and gave special souls to men when they had sufficiently evolved? The idea of providing both ideas with "equal time" reduces the school to a forum for religious and denominational debate."
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Abortion and Ethics, 2007.
This paper discusses both sides of the abortion debate.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the underlying ethical arguments of both sides of the abortion debate, using Ronald Dworkin's "sanctity of life" principles. In this article, the writer includes all forms of abortion, from early fetal abortion through the RU46 drug to late-term abortions, from abortions out of "convenience" to abortions in cases of rape and incest. The essay evaluates how the anti-abortion crusade has framed its campaign on the personhood and the rights of the unborn fetus. The second part looks at the pro-abortion movement, which has framed its issue as a campaign for women's rights to privacy and reproductive freedom. The writer concludes that both pro- and anti-abortion factions have a common interest in seeing a society with no abortion, where the stigma and economic concerns attached to unwanted pregnancies no longer apply.
Outline:
Abortion and Ethics
Anti-Abortion Arguments
Pro-Abortion Arguments
Works Cited
From the Paper
"All these scientific arguments about fetal heart rates and brainwaves serve to tie abortion to a greater and more clear-cut moral issue - murder. At issue is what Ronald Dworkin terms people's belief in "the sanctity of life," a multidimensional value measured in several factors. First, life itself has an instrumental value, because everyone's life can contribute to the interests and well being of society as a whole. Second, life has a personal value, a good or personal worth to the living individual. Finally, beyond the instrumental and personal, life also has an intrinsic value. This intrinsic value exists independently of other people's valuation, regardless of the beliefs of its possessor or other observers."
"By proving that a fetus has a heartbeat, distinct DNA and brainwaves, through graphic films showing how a fetus reacts to shock and pain, the anti-abortion camp is focusing on what Dworkin identifies as the intrinsic value of life."
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Altruism, 2007.
A look at the modern debate over the existence, nature and desirability of altruism.
4,164 words (approx. 16.7 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
The paper researches the degree to which pure altruism, untainted by the selfish issues of group identity or personal gain, may indeed exist. The paper discusses the difficulty in attempting a definition of altruism and illustrates the differences between practical altruism and pure altruism. The paper looks at human activity towards animals and contends that we are not being altruistic for alternative reasons. The paper maintains that there is a uniquely inexplicable altruism at work present in those who have dedicated their lives to volunteering with animal rescue, caring for sick or injured animals, or otherwise sacrificing personal time, money and effort for animals.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Research Design
From the Paper
"The recent events with Hurricane Katrina sparked a nation-wide charitable reaction. Individuals and private organizations rushed to the rescue with a speed that put the tax-payer supported local and national governments to shame. While systems specifically designed to serve and protect their citizens struggled to do so, thousands of altruistic individuals moved immediately to the rescue. People across the country opened their hearts to those displaced by the hurricane in a truly spectacular way, many times crossing the usual borders of race and socioeconomic status to volunteer their efforts and their money."
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Dada Art, 2006.
This paper describes the Dada movement and the artists Marcel Duchamp and Francis (Francois) Picabia.
2,675 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Dada movement, whether a painting, book or treatise, was intended to make the viewer think, to reconsider every one of his or her opinions, to break through the old boundaries and begin to look at the world in a new way. The author points out that Marcel Duchamp's "Fountain", an ordinary urinal, was his manifesto about the society for which the "artwork" had been made because, in this still nearly-Victorian age, Duchamp committed the unpardonable sin of making public that which should never even be mentioned. The paper relates that Francis Picabia's "painting" "Sainte Vierge" or "Holy Virgin", which is no easier to identify with than Duchamp's "Fountain", is an inkblot; the importance of which is the viewer's initial reaction to this Dada art. The paper includes several long quotations.
From the Paper
"Whether in New York or Europe, Dada was a "movement" of the avant-garde. In order to understand the Dada, one must look into the conditions that gave it form and substance. The First World War was only an immediate cause - it was the spark that caused people like Duchamp and Picabia to search for a radically new form of expression. But Dada was more than paintings. Drama and literature could as much be expressions of Dada as any of Duchamp's or Picabia's works. By the time, Duchamp and Picabia had begun, independently, to create the style that would become Dada; the avant-garde had already established itself as a synthesis of the radical and the rebellious."
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Plato and Aristotle, 2007.
An examination and comparison of Plato's 'Republic' and Aristotle's 'Ethics.'
1,477 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals that there are many similarities between the works of Plato and Aristotle, yet there are also differences that are so significant as to render some of their works almost opposites. The paper explains that both men analyzed many aspects of life looking for truth, beauty, the reasons behind life itself and the reason for the universe and its creation. The paper relates that the main difference is that Plato looked at things from a very grand scale while Aristotle examined more minute issues of human nature.
Outline:
Introduction
Aristotle
Plato
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Much can be learned and understood from both Plato and Aristotle, but some of what they discuss is difficult to understand in today's world of technology and fast-paced living. Both of these men looked for the deeper meaning in things, instead of only seeing what is on the surface, like so many people do today. In order to understand either man, it is necessary for one to slow down and really read what they are writing, allowing the messages that they are sending to actually sink in and make sense."
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Origin of Satan, 2007.
This paper offers an examination of the origin of Satan.
2,121 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer first discusses the origins of the name of Satan. The writer then explains that one of the most widely debated aspects concerning the origin of Satan revolves around the question as to exactly what extent the power of evil is manifested in Satan. The writer maintains that perhaps the most powerful image of Satan in today's world is linked with the concept of Armageddon, a time in the distant future, or in the distant past, when Satan and his evil minions will gather together to battle God and Christ for the ultimate and supreme control over man and the universe. The writer concludes that Satan remains an elusive yet easily recognizable figure, due to the fact that this personage of evil and destruction has survived untold numbers of revisions for more than three thousand years and continues to pervade the minds and hearts of believers and non-believers alike.
From the Paper
"However, other theological scholars and students of ancient religions have devised another path toward associating evil with Satan via non-canonical Hebrew literature which supports the idea that not only is Satan a true adversary of God but is also the leader of the fallen angels, contained in such works as The Book of the Secrets of Enoch and several Islamic texts. Yet also Satan eventually evolves into the ultimate symbol of evil, the ancient Hebrews offered "no suggestion of any dualism, neither temporal, spatial or ethical," meaning that Satan was either pure evil or was not. Additional apocalyptic literature maintains this stance but it was only in later Judaism when Satan was viewed as being a dualistic figure. Tom Radcliffe points out that as the Jewish church became established and grew in prominence, many of its enemies were linked to Satan, such as heretics and the Syrians."
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Responsibility, 2007.
This paper discusses vocational and ethical responsibility as portrayed in the movies.
2,213 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses ethical responsibilities in the workplace and examines how this subject is portrayed in various films. For this purpose, the writer studies the following movies: "Broadway Danny Rose", "The Conversation", "The Hospital" and "Things Change" . The writer points out that if one does not strive to live according to one's personal sense of morality, then one is likely to be haunted by one's own sense of moral inferiority. The writer concludes that "Broadway Danny Rose" and "Things Change" show that taking on more responsibility than one can handle might be dangerous, but the humor of the first film and the compassion of the second film in comparison with the brutal misery of the lives of the characters of "The Conversation" and "The Hospital," make the risks of Danny and Jerry seem like blessings in comparison.
From the Paper
"The Conversation" as directed by Francis Ford Coppola, depicts a man who might not seem to be a conventionally responsible individual even in his personal life. Harry Caul has no family ties. He lives entirely alone, in a small apartment in a city where he seems to know no one other than the persons he works for as a spy. Yet despite the potentially immoral nature of occupation, that a professional surveillance expert, Harry becomes haunted by a sense of moral responsibility for the consequences of listening to other person's conversations."
"The film begins after Harry has left the East Coast because his wiretapping caused the death of three people. Although Harry was just doing his job, and did not want to hurt these people, these individuals died as an unintended consequence of Harry's actions. Harry cannot even bear to confess the action to a priest, even though his evident loneliness conveyed by the starkness of his dwelling-place and his monotonous routine makes him seem haunted by guilt in the eyes of the viewer."
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Zen (Chan) Buddhism & Daoism (Taoism), 2006.
A comparison between the philosophy of Zen (Chan) Buddhism and Daoism (Taoism).
2,596 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at Zen (Chan) Buddhism and Daoism (Taoism). The paper reviews these respective philosophies and draws attention to the differences and similarities between the two. The paper further explores how Zen Buddhism differs from Taoism in the focus and trajectory of its emphasis on radical non-dualism.
Outline:
Introduction
Discussion: emptiness in Taoism and Zen Buddhism
Zen Buddhism, non-dualism and Satori
From the Paper
"However, while there are more similarities than dissimilarities in the foundational views of Taoism and Zen, yet there is a difference in emphasis. On the one hand, as can be seen in the first Taoist painting, the human figure still exists in nature and the world of opposites. Another aspect of Taoism is the theory of continual change and non - stasis. The opposites of the Yin and Yang remain as an important part of the ethos of Taoism. These opposites are completely and more radically denied in Zen Buddhism."
"Nevertheless it is equally important to realize that both philosophies are based on the basic principle that true reality cannot be grasped or 'pinned down' by human conceptuality and rational thought. The second Zen painting makes this point sharply clear in that there is only the circle - a symbol itself of the denial of opposites - depicted against a an essentially blank background which represents the true nature of reality. Here there is no reference at all to nature or man and the origin of the Origin is suggested in its obvious and non-dual entirety. "
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Kant and Nietzsche, 2006.
A comparison between Immanuel Kant and Frederick Nietzsche.
1,037 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the thoughts and ideas of Immanuel Kant and Frederick Nietzsche. According to the paper, Nietzsche struggled with Christianity and deism, while Kant took a rather rational, existential tack toward many of his assertions. This paper focuses specifically on how each philosopher derived his concept of morality.
From the Paper
"These systems of morality, Nietzsche asserts, are in essence a way for society to control the behaviors of men. Instead of the Kantian view that man forms systems of morality to pursue the good will and the individual good of each man, Nietzsche's assessment of why these systems are created is so that a small group of aristocrats and powerful interests can control and regulate society. The differences between each thinker's conceptions of the roots of morality demonstrate the differences in each man's understanding of the nature of mankind. Kant saw man as a creature endowed with reason and ration, and that he could use these tools to discern the good will. Nietzsche saw the systems of morality which were imparted to individuals as constructs of society whose ultimate aim was control and regulation of behavior, not a good will or greater good."
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Value of Life, 2006.
A review of the economic methods and methodologies used in valuing life.
3,005 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the monetary value of life from an economic perspective. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of the literature examining various methodologies used to calculate the dollar value of human life. The results of the paper suggest that it is impossible to define an exact statistical value for human life, however estimates can be made contingent on an individual's lifetime earning potential or the value one places on adding years to their life and improving their perceived quality of life.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Overview Monetary Value of Human Life
Utility Models Human Life
Summary of Literature
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Most economists according to Morin (2006) measure the value of life using an economic model defined as "willingness to pay measures" suggesting that one may calculate the value of life based on how much a person may have earned during an extended life period. This theory may apply when seeking damages in wrongful death cases, when family members may calculate how much a person may have earned had they lived their life to a finite period of time. This model however, does not consider the value for individuals that are not earning a defined income, suggesting that those individuals have no economic value. Many suggest it is important to also consider what an individual might pay to avoid death compared with how much they would pay to compensate for wrongful death (Morin, 2006). "
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Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics, 2007.
A discussion on Aristotle's "Nicomachean Ethics", focusing on voluntary actions and responsibility for character.
1,458 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Aristotle's "Nicomachean Ethics" which argues that one is responsible for one's character because character results from voluntary actions. The paper outlines Aristotle's main argument and discusses his view on actions done in ignorance. The paper concludes by suggesting a case where an agent did not know that her actions would harm her character and discusses whether, according to Aristotle,
she would still be responsible for her character.
From the Paper
"A good and virtuous person (that is, a person who practices and perfects virtues through moral education) will strive to behave both rationally and virtuously, whatever his or her conditions and circumstances; the person has, in essence, trained himself or herself to remain both rational and virtuous. Virtuousness means to not demean ones self or others, and to avoid descending into pettiness; jealousy; or meanness (vices). Therefore, one who harms her character due to ignorance is not virtuous, although still rational. Moral education can put that person on the path toward virtuousness, and toward achieving happiness based on virtues, morals, and ethics rather than on practicing vices."
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Leisure Time, 2007.
This paper defines and analyzes aspects of leisure.
2,872 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer notes that a general definition of leisure is used to explain that this time is free from activities such as employment, business, household chores, education, eating and sleeping. However, the writer points out that the definition of what makes an activity true leisure as opposed to being a compulsory activity is a rather arbitrary one and in many cases it can be difficult to determine which activities are being done purely for pleasure with no utilitarian purpose. In order to study the role of leisure over the course of a lifetime, an elderly subject is interviewed and the leisure activities are analyzed for each decade of life between the ages of twenty-years-old and seventy-years-old. This case study analysis allows for a comparison of how leisure affects the individual's life throughout the different stages of life, as well as providing a comparison to the "average" leisure activities of other people.
From the Paper
"The modern notion of leisure and having leisure time, however, did not emerge until the nineteenth century when the mechanization of industry changed the way most people worked. Because machines allowed the typical workweek to be shortened by more than twenty hours, the average person had time to relax and take part in non-compulsory activities. Before this change in industry, enjoyable activities such as sports and theater were associated with only upper-class -- not working-class -- lifestyles. Since then, leisure has been an essential part of the Western lifestyle for the vast majority of people."
"There are two major categories of leisure and leisure activities. The first is active leisure, which is a type of non-compulsory activity that is just that, active, and implies that the person wishes to exert energy during the activity. Active leisure activities may be low-impact, such as walking, yoga, or swimming, which are not highly competitive or highly energetic, but still a physicalism activity. Active leisure activities may also be considered high-impact, such as competitive sports, which are highly competitive or highly energetic, and may in some extreme cases actually risk physical harm."
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Unilateral Do Not Resuscitate Orders (DNR), 2007.
This paper explores the ethical issues of unilateral DNR orders.
2,070 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses unilateral DNR, or do-not-resuscitate orders, placed in the chart of patients without the consent of the patient or the patient's family. They are used when CPR would be futile. The paper then describes the ethical controversy involved with this issue--that many fear physicians could abuse this practice. The author argues that policies must be in place to safeguard against abuse. A model unilateral DNR policy is presented.
Outline:
Introduction
Review of Literature and Analysis
Explore Options
Apply Rule Ethics
Position
Considerations For Practice
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the early 1960s, CPR or cardiopulmonary resuscitation came into use. CPR was originally developed for patients who suffered a cardiac arrest secondary to anesthesia. The practice of CPR quickly became the standard of care for all patients suffering cardiac arrest. With advancements in technology the norm has become aggressive treatment until death. From the earliest days of CPR, few issues have been more contentious than whether a physician may determine, without patient or surrogate consent, that CPR is not indicated(Leonard, 1999). According to the Journal of Critical Care Medicine, by the late 1960s articles began to appear in medical literature, which described the agony many terminally ill patients experienced from repeated resuscitations that only prolonged their death (Burns, 2003). Because of the suffering caused by CPR performed on patients with terminal illnesses, hospital staff began using the unethical practice of slow codes or show codes. Orders not to resuscitate evolved in the early 1970s."
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The Existence of God, 2007.
An argument in favor of the scientific and logical proof of the existence of God in this world.
1,549 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed exploration of the existence of God. The writer looks at society's need to believe in a God as well as any proof or evidence of a higher power in existence. It discusses the debate over scientific proof, as well as logical proof for God's existence. The paper concludes by suggesting that God does in fact exist, as is seen by the arguments presented in the paper.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Scientific Proof
A Practical Man's Proof of God
Social Belief
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Whether or not there is an existence of God has dominated school debates in philosophy classes for thousands of years.
Proof of God's existence can be argued with a study and discussion about creation. There are two basic facts when it comes to the existence of mankind. Either there was a beginning of existence or there was not a beginning of existence when it comes to mankind. Atheists believe there is no beginning when it comes to the creation of mankind and therefore society."
"The universe is expanding. This has been scientifically proven in recent years and with that expansion comes a better understanding of the creation process and the fact that there had to be a beginning. It is a fact that the scientific community calls a singularity (http://www.doesgodexist.org/Phamplets/Mansproof.html).
The fact that the sun provides a never ending supply of gas and energy is also an evidence based proof of God's existence. If one were to drive a car without ever putting any more fuel into it the car would eventually run out of gas. However, when one scientifically looks at the sun one realizes that if the sun and the cosmos and the universes have been here forever without a beginning it would have run out of hydrogen gas."
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