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Human Sexuality, 2007.
This paper discusses the philosophy of human sexuality.
2,253 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the study of human sexuality and gender roles is a discipline complicated by a vast range of biases and prejudices. The writer notes that it may be arguable, with some justification, that it is impossible to approach this study from an unbiased perspective given our common humanity that the degree to which each of us is implicated in social relationships and influenced by our hormonal and physiological conditions. Within this context, this essay explores the questions of how sexuality and gender roles are constructed and the issues associated with medical interventions with regard to determining sexuality and gender roles. This essay argues the thesis that while sex is generally biologically determined, sexual orientation and gender roles are often - though not necessarily exclusively - socially constructed. Given this perspective, it is argued that medical interventions in these areas become highly problematic given the likelihood that they will be based upon not necessarily the patient's best interests, but the social preoccupations and biases of the medical intervenor.
From the Paper
"Thus, the numbers of truly inter-sexed infants may be assumed to be so small as to be statistically insignificant. While Kessler argues convincingly that physicians' socially constructed biases with respect to sexual orientation influence their interventions in inter-sexed infants, the fact remains that the numbers of such cases are so small as to not affect the overall conclusion that humanity is - in the vast majority - determined biologically by sex into male and female."
"Beyond this, however, evidence suggests that sexual orientation and gender roles may be significantly influenced by social construction to the point that the latter may often be the dominant factor in determining these roles."
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Conversations of Thrasymachus and Socrates, 2007.
This paper analyzes Thrasymachus' conversations with Socrates regarding justice.
1,096 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that total skepticism is easily the frame of mind in which Thrasymachus wallows at the end of many portions of his conversations with Socrates. The author points out that, throughout the entire conversation on justice and despite Thrasymachus' widely held belief that 'human behavior is and should be guided by self-interest', he is very seldom able to refute many of Socrates contentions. The paper relates that Thrasymachus allows himself to be manipulated in many instances, which is quite ironic since his behavior is definitely not governed by his own self-interest.
From the Paper
"If this is true, then Thrasymachus could have taken a more philosophical approach to the questions posed by Socrates and would have probably been a lot better for it. After all, it was not the beliefs of Thrasymachus that were under attack, it was the examination of such beliefs that floated Socrates' boat. Socrates enjoyed the art of examining beliefs, whereas, judging by Thrasymachus' responses, he was more concerned on whether he was correct or not in his thinking."
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Polygamy, 2007.
This paper provides a review of academic and popular literature on polygamy.
1,237 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the subject of polygamy. The writer looks at its origins and then offers reflections on polygamy in contemporary and social literature. The writer notes that he chose this subject for reflection because he knows relatively little about it. Further, the writer points out that it is a subject of heated debate and much interest in many communities.
Outline:
Polygamy
Overview of Polygamy
Academic Information on Polygamy
Popular Sentiment on Polygamy
Comparison of Formal vs. Popular Literature on Polygamy
From the Paper
"This section explores whether the articles are essentialist or constructionist regarding ideas on sexuality. Ideas on gender, desire and sexual identity presented in popular media are often more liberal and open-minded than those expressed in more formal publications and reviews. Much of the literature reviewed from academic or formal journals and reports reveals the sentiment that polygamy is something unnatural and against traditional "American" culture. Academic literature argues that Polygamy is more constructionist in nature."
"This opposes popular opinion, largely supported by the gay movement, suggesting polygamy is more essentialist in nature. Popular media often satirizes theories of polygamy, supporting the idea that polygamy is no different than any other non-mainstream American ideal or religious ideal."
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Theology, 2007.
This paper offers a personal theological view on several controversial issues.
878 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses how blood is viewed in different sources, such as the Old Testament and New Testament. The writer notes that it is clear in the Bible that God detests the shedding of innocent blood. This paper includes the writer's personal view of aspects such as euthanasia and abortion. The writer argues that we should use our lives to glorify God and that in many matters one should let the Ultimate Judge who is God settle the matters on His own.
From the Paper
"Crimes are prevalent nowadays because of avarice. Man's insatiable thirst for wealth and his desire to want more may make him do things inconceivable. Criminals like robbers kill innocent people because of their love for money. Some also kill out of fear. The rulers in the Old Testament killed their rivals. They feared to be toppled down and ousted. They feared the loss of their power."
"Personally, I agree with the Biblical texts. I think that shedding of innocent blood is utterly inhumane and contrary to what God originally designed man to do. Man is created in the image and likeness of God; hence, we should be godly in all our actions, and we should not shed innocent blood. In everything we do, we should bear in mind that we radiate God's image in us."
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Humanity and the Natural World, 2007.
An examination of the writings of Jean Jacques Rousseau and John Hobbes on the relationship between humanity and nature.
1,323 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper examines Jean Jacques Rousseau's writing about humanity where he asserts that humans are good innately, but that as they grow into society, they acquire bad traits. The paper reviews John Hobbes' views of natural laws, where he questions how humans can have total liberty and yet governments can also have authority to define what these liberties should be. The paper explains how Hobbes intended for his philosophy to be understood.
From the Paper
"The problem with humans, one can read into Rousseau's discourse, is that they are good innately, but that as they grow into society, they acquire bad traits. In his Discourse (number 2) Rousseau writes that once man (i.e. "mankind" or "humanity") acquired "new intelligence" and "increased his superiority over other animals," he now set out on "thousand tricks" and he would become "master" over some individuals and "the scourge" over others. After awhile, "men became bloody and cruel" and from the time "one man began to stand in need of the help of another...equality disappeared." So, when man left the Natural World, he changed into something ugly and unnatural, readers can glean from Rousseau."
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Altruism, 2007.
An analysis of the role of altruism within a cohesive society.
1,471 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the prevailing theories of altruism and attempts to develop a better contextual understanding of its core concepts. It discusses whether altruism fits into evolutionary biology and shows how altruism helps us understand how to create greater cohesiveness in society as well as encourage pro-social behavior.
From the Paper
"Understand these evolutionary theories become crucial on a societal level to leverage the altruistic intent and evolutionary instincts within human beings. Societies and leaders need to understand that mutual altruism is the only way for the improvement of the group and the survival of the individual within the group context. By leveraging the knowledge of reciprocal altruism, leaders can create a convincing argument for why it is imperative for everyone to become active members of society. Kinship selection also helps in our understanding of group activity; leaders can utilize this theory to articulate a vision for the needs of a strong and interconnected community. Human beings as evolutionary creatures have highly evolved instincts for altruism. Perhaps one of the reasons that we have survived so long and past the prime of many other animals is our sense of altruism. Therefore to understand how altruism can help on a communal level, one only has to look at the sacrifices each individual makes in every aspect of community growth."
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Poe's Philosophy, 2007.
This paper explores the philosophical beliefs and works of Edgar Allan Poe.
14,288 words (approx. 57.2 pages), 27 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Poe's beliefs regarding 'genius' and society. The paper compares Poe's treatment of death with that of Herman Melville and Nathaniel Hawthorne. The paper explores Poe's philosophy of life; what he felt about the lack of intelligence that he saw in the aristocracy of his time and in the common masses. The paper analyzes Poe's tales and demonstrates how he was clearly troubled by society and the evils that he saw in it. The paper discusses Darwinism and natural law that Poe would likely have believed in.
Outline:
Introduction
Intellectual Aristocraticism
Genius, Pseudo-genius, and the Common-Sensical/the Masses
Noble Aesthetics
Poe's Tales
Friedrich Nietzsche
Conclusion - Natural Law
From the Paper
"For Edgar Allan Poe, one obsession appeared to be death. It was likely an escape, and an answer to the questions that plagued him all of his life. He wrote about death as often being grotesque and painful. One example is his work "The Cask of Amontillado," where Fortunato is bricked up inside a wall in the cellar to die a slow and painful death from suffocation, starvation, or possibly both (Scary, 2002). While death is not the central focus of Poe's work that needs to be discussed throughout this paper it will be addressed briefly in this introduction because there are some tie-ins with society and Poe's opinions."
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Same-Sex Marriage, 2007.
This paper looks at both sides of the controversial argument regarding same-sex marriage.
1,625 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the question of whether same-sex marriage should be allowed or not has generated considerable argument between those who support the idea and offer their reasons, and those who oppose the idea and offer theirs. This essay offers a consideration of each side and their basic arguments. The writer argues that the claim that allowing same-sex marriage destroys the institution of marriage and the family is not supported by the facts, so same-sex marriage in some form should be allowed. The writer discusses that weighing the two sets of arguments suggests that most of the reasons why opponents say they oppose same-sex marriage are not valid, while the real reason would appear to be aversion to homosexual activity in any guise. The writer concludes that these people often see homosexuality as a choice rather than a condition, while more and more evidence suggests it is inherent and not a choice at all.
Outline:
Pro
Con
Personal View
Conclusion
From the Paper
"A basic aspect of the argument for gay marriage is a call for fairness, noting that married couples benefit from a variety of rights and privileges that are denied to unmarried persons, such as the right to inheritance, to insurance benefits, for one partner to visit the other in a hospital, and so on."
"Thomas B. Stoddard argues that gay people should seek the right to marry. He discusses the institution of marriage and finds it wanting, but in spite of these he believes that gay couples should seek their right to make this choice."
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Theories of Democratic Governance, 2007.
This paper explores the nature of the relationship between democratic governance and economic development in Africa.
6,841 words (approx. 27.4 pages), 24 sources, MLA, $ 155.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how poverty is known to create conditions that prevent democracy. The paper provides an in-depth analysis of theories of democratic governance to identify key elements in the historical evolution of democratic theories as they relate to development in Africa. The paper compares democratic theories from the perspectives of human nature, socioeconomic standing, politics, morality, ethics and culture. The paper also contrasts actual country events and experiences with assertions of theorists in the field, including Aristotle, Robert Dahl, Thomas Hobbes, Immanuel Kant, Niccolo Machiavelli, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Joseph Alois Schumpeter and Alexis de Tocqueville.
Outline:
Democratic Theorists
Application of Relevant Democratic Theories to Key Development Issues in Africa Today
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In his essay, "Consolidating Democracy on a Troubled Continent," Oko (2000) notes that, "In the dawn of the new millennium, the quest for a durable democracy in Africa remains largely unsolved. As democratization efforts that engulfed Africa immediately after colonial rule quickly atrophied, authoritarian rule supplemented them, mostly in the form of military regimes and one-party states" (p. 573). Today, Africa is in the latter stage of its so-called "third wave" of democratic reforms, but many international observers question whether these initiatives are too little too late to solve the enormous and complex problems facing the continent in the 21st century."
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The Philosophy of Kant, 2007.
This paper explains the philosophical beliefs of Immanuel Kant.
1,503 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Kant's belief that the only possible association with the truly good is that of a good will. The paper examines his ideas of innate laws of nature, morality and philanthropy. The paper is of the opinion that Kant's works are outstanding since they rely on the principle association of the individual as the driving force behind all actions of good will and this can be any individual, not just a learned one.
From the Paper
"Some examples Kant gives of the kinds of values that precipitate a good will but are not determinate of it are: "Moderation in emotions and passions, self-control and calm deliberation." Kant is careful to express that such characteristics are not only valuable but that they, "are...good in many respects [and]...even seem to constitute part of the intrinsic worth of a person." (7) They are not however according to Kant unconditional and therefore do not determine good will. "A good will is good not because of what it effects or accomplishes, nor because of its fitness to attain some good purposed end; it is good only through its willing, i.e. it is good in itself." (7) Kant goes on to say that when such a will is found it should be venerated above any thing that it might effect in its actions. The universal maxim given by Kant is "I should never act except in such as way that I can also will that my maxim should become a universal law." (14) The source of such as universal law must then be those innate in the good will of man that guide moral reasoning without concern for the outcome but as a result of the knowing and allowing the universal law to guide all moral reasoning."
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Count Dracula, 2007.
This paper discusses the book "Dracula" by Bram Stoker.
1,895 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that if evil can be fascinating, then 'Dracula' by Bram Stoker is a fascinating book. The writer notes that the author has created a mesmeric tale in which the reader is led to believe that it is all real. Of course, it is not, but to read it, study it, and discuss the story intelligently, one must pretend to believe in the fictional reality that has been created. The character of Dracula does not really change or grow during the course of the story's events, and in this essay the writer argues that he is incapable of changing. The writer maintains that the story of Dracula illustrates that evil has only the power people give to it by entertaining it, accepting it, and believing in it. The writer notes that prisons are tragically full of people who believe in evil, people like Dracula who believe that the mortal body is all there is to life. The writer points out that Dracula had to be stopped, of course, just as violent criminals today have to be kept away from society.
From the Paper
"When the reader first meets Dracula, he appears to be polite and courteous, a man who knows how to make a guest feel welcome. The author is perhaps making a statement about the seeming attractiveness of sin, which always promises to do something for us but inevitably makes us suffer. Dracula has prepared for Harker's visit and seen to it that his guest is comfortable and eating well. We learn more about him the next day when Harker enters Dracula's library. Dracula is an educated man, even a thinker, by the looks of his books and varied interests, ... "
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Certainty and Deception, 2007.
This paper discusses Miguel de Cervantes' "Don Quixote" and Rene Descartes' "Meditations on First Philosophy".
1,312 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper describes Cervantes' "Don Quixote" as a groundbreaking satire, critique and novel on the understanding of the power of deception. The paper also examines "Meditations on First Philosophy" where Descartes believes he must doubt everything that might deceive him. The paper illustrates how both writers are acutely aware of the power of deception, as humans can easily be deceived. The paper explains that despite the recognized deception in the world, Descartes and Cervantes both maintain that one thing can be known for certain and that is the existence of the self.
From the Paper
"Descartes, from the very beginning of his Meditations on First Philosophy makes clear the power of deception. In the first meditation he reflects on how "we may doubt in general of all things" and further expounds on the ability for the senses to deceive (Descartes 7). This seems to hint that we cannot know things for certain; because how can we know things for certain if our senses will deceive us? To Descartes, he must doubt everything and he cannot trust his imagination, for instance. Things he thought he knew for certain must be doubted, and this hints to suggest that Descartes not only believes in the power of deception, but also that things cannot be known with certainty."
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Surrogacy, 2007.
This paper discusses the psychological effects of surrogacy.
1,830 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the motherhood arrangements wherein a surrogate woman is impregnated with sperm from a male unrelated to her. The writer explains that the woman then carries a fetus and gives birth to a child for another woman. The writer notes that this has always been controversial, and has typically been a scenario in which psychological issues are present. This paper examines and reviews psychological and moral issues that accompany surrogate motherhood, from several different scholarly perspectives.
From the Paper
"There are also psychological issues attached to the method used in the surrogate procedure, Edelmann explains. For example, if the commissioning woman's egg is implanted in the surrogate mother and fertilized with the commissioning woman's partner's sperm, more complicated and potentially troublesome medical issues can arise and there may be a need for "mental health care" and counselling may be required. However if the surrogate mother is simply inseminated with the commissioning male's sperm, and the commissioning woman's egg is not implanted, there is less stress and hence fewer psychological scenarios may be present. "
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The Trial and Death of Socrates, 2007.
This paper discusses the trial and eventual death of the Greek philosopher, Socrates.
2,515 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
The paper describes Socrates' behavior, philosophical beliefs and principles that angered the Greeks and caused him to be placed on trial, found guilty and condemned to death. The paper examines why Socrates was so hated and vilified by Athenian authorities and city leaders. The paper discusses how Socrates refused to escape from prison and accepted his fate with much honor.
From the Paper
"According to Alfred J. Andrea, the main contribution of Socrates (469-399 B.C.E.) to Greek thought was that "he refused to accept easy answers as he searched for wisdom and virtue" and for Socrates, the moral person was "one who knows the good and acts accordingly;" however, Socrates "refused to accept the answers of tradition and the way of the past as infallible guides to wisdom and moral behavior." 1 Thus, due to his philosophical beliefs and principles and his unwavering stance against the "old ways" of Greek thought and behavior, Socrates came to be seen by his fellow countrymen as an irritant, a social pariah who refused to adhere to the viewpoints of the majority. As a result, Socrates was placed on trial for a number of offenses against Greek society and the city of Athens and when he was "found guilty and condemned to death by a jury that fully expected him to flee the city," Socrates surprised all of those at the trial when he fully accepted his fate and thus "went serenely to his death" by poisoning."
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Healing Touch, 2007.
This paper discusses the therapy of human touch.
1,043 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
In this paper the writer notes that there is a contest going on between conventional and alternative methods of treating sicknesses. The writer points out that conventional or traditional medicine relies on pills and other forms of mechanical intrusion into the ailing body, while alternative or holistic medicine aims at restoring the ailing body's balance by filling up its depleted energy field. The writer discusses that opponents have come up with views of the healing touch method as mere superstition, which cannot be outwardly proved, but notes that it continues to gather advocates among the public. The writer explains that the healing touch is an alternative method of addressing and correcting human illness, especially psychological illness, by intruding into the patient's depleted energy field and manipulating it. The writer concludes that the healing touch should be recommended but should not replace what is strictly within the proven or commonplace jurisdiction of traditional or conventional medicine.
Outline:
Introduction
Body
Summary and Recommendation
From the Paper
"A typical session starts with the patient sitting or lying down and the practitioner moves his hands over the patient's body without needing actual contact. The practitioner senses rough areas in the energy field. He is able to make an assessment or "diagnosis" in a few minutes. Many patients feel the sweeping motion made by the practitioner with his hands as a kind of warmth or pleasant vibration. The practitioner should desire the patient's well-being in order to produce the effect. Dr. Krieger said that the healing that follows is not a new concept. The touch somehow changes or improves the body's hemoglobin levels and this leads to the restoration of health. She insisted that the body's energy field is an electromagnetic phenomenon."
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