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Vocational Assessment for the Disabled, 2008.
This paper identifies the issues involved in assessing psychological and vocational factors for individuals with disabilities.
1,016 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper explains how important it is to understand the difference between the terms "disability" and "handicap" when assessing individuals with disabilities. The paper further emphasizes the importance of diagnosing disabilities accurately. The paper then goes on to look at how the assessor evaluates the individuals' unique psychological and vocational abilities and determines how their various disabilities impact their vocational capabilities. The paper also discusses how the quantity and quality of client input is important to the assessment process.
Outline:
Issues in Psychological and Vocational Assessment
Types of Disabilities that Impede
Modification to Address Issues
From the Paper
"The person assessing the client must have a clear idea of the meaning of the term "disability." Although frequently used interchangeably, "disability," "impairment," and "handicap" all have different meanings. An assessor's perception of the client based on what some people might consider semantics can have a serious affect on that person's ability to accurately evaluate the individual being assessed. In strictest terms, a "disability" is a "physical or mental impairment that a) substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of an individual" (Power, 2000, p. 37)."
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Being a Good Consumer of Psychological Research, 2008.
This paper looks at the article "New Autism Study Shows Effective Treatment" by Adrienne Murphy published in the Irish Times.
816 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer critiques an article published in the Irish Times on March 20, 2007. The title of the piece is 'New Autism Study Shows Effective Treatment' and it confidently asserts that applied behavior analysis can help autistic children overcome their condition. This refers specifically to children who receive ABA out-strip in behavior and, in cognitive performance, those who receive "eclectic" treatment.
The writer concludes that the article falls short of what it could be because it is uncritical, short on methodological specifics, and exhibits a general lack of concern about the notion that the individuals cited in its body may be individuals who have a vested interest in seeing ABA given more credit than it warrants. The article itself is appended to the paper.
From the Paper
"To begin with, there are some positives to the manner in which the aforementioned study is described in the article. For one thing, the article is lucidly-written, so novice readers will not find the text inaccessible or confusing. Further, the writer or writers of the report wisely eschew technical terms, thereby allowing the reader to focus his or her attention upon the important thing in the piece, which is that ABA intervention really does work. Finally, the article does a commendable job of capturing at length the sentiments of two scholars - study author and noted professor Bob Remington of the University of Southampton and Dr Geraldine Leader, chairwoman of the Psychological Society of Ireland's division of Behaviour Analysis - who staunchly support the idea that ABA intervention is the approach to take when dealing with autistic children. Unfortunately, this is where the good things to be said about the article draw to a close."
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Emergency Response Plan, 2008.
A look at the emergency plans set up in North Carolina in the case of an emergency situation.
1,176 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the National Response Plan in North Carolina, set up to provide structures, resources, and capabilities to aid in the coordination of federal support to state, local, and tribal response managers. The author looks at the situation in the four counties of Chatham, Harnett, Lee and Wake.
Outline:
Chatham County, NC
Harnett County, NC
Lee County, NC
Wake County, NC
From the Paper
"If any incident occurs in North Carolina, the state has primary authority unless the incident falls under federal jurisdiction. Different levels of federal assistance can be made available, but the state always has jurisdiction for state and local government workers within the state, including state and local emergency responders (North Carolina Department of Labor, 2005, p. 2).
"Chatham County is a major retirement community in central North Carolina, and the area includes a number of health professionals who are potential volunteers. However, their knowledge of and participation in county health and emergency response operations is limited, given that their primary orientation is to the cultural/social attractions of Durham, Raleigh and Chapel Hill, which border Chatham. Chatham County is also largely rural, which also reduces the ability of health professionals to have participated in many emergency operations on a large scale. The County states that the local volunteer fire departments, and other volunteer emergency responders, tend to be long-time local residents and face increasing costs and regulations that make services difficult to maintain. These responders have no time and little motivation to open up to "outside" volunteers, and this could affect long-term sustainability for the volunteer emergency base (Chatham County MRC - In the Beginning, 2003, para. 5)."
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The Brain's Processing of Information, 2008.
An analysis of G. Potts, L. Martin, P. Burton and P. Montague's article, "When Things are Better or Worse than Expected: The Medial Frontal Cortex and the Allocation of Processing Resources."
976 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews Potts, Martin, Burton and Montague's examination into the way the brain processes information, specifically how it orders and accesses data to know what is the most relevant information. It looks at their 2006 article, "When Things are Better or Worse than Expected: The Medial Frontal Cortex and the Allocation of Processing Resources."
Table of Contents:
Summary
Analysis
From the Paper
"The authors consider some models for this process that have been offered by other theorists. Data that is considered task-relevant is data with motivational value, meaning they confer rewards or punishment. Activity has been identified in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), ventral striatum, and medial and orbito-frontal cortex for reward signals. Research has shown many of the specific mechanisms involved, such as the pairings of VTA neurons and what makes them fire. How these neurons fire has been demonstrated not simply to code reward but to code how reward outcome relates to expectation. Another identified component is ERN (error-related negativity), associated with the monitoring of ongoing behavior rather than attention selection. However, in some tasks, the brain has insufficient information to evaluate whether a response is correct or not, in which case feedback is needed to make an assessment. In such a case, the ERN is elicited to the feedback rather than the response."
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Cloning of Human Beings, 2008.
This paper argues that the cloning of human beings should be outlawed worldwide.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that cloning offers the prospect of scientists being able to create a new individual genetically identical to another person. The writer points out that the science to do this has almost been perfected. The writer notes that some people believe that cloning technology should be vigorously developed, as it offers an enormous potential to cure diseases and so reduce human suffering. However, this essay argues that this potential benefit is outweighed by the massive potential ethical problems. Therefore, it is argued that cloning of human beings should be outlawed worldwide.
From the Paper
"One compelling reason to ban cloning is with regard to the human rights of potential cloned beings. Things that are manufactured are usually, by definition, property, and so do not have human rights. Thus, if a company were to clone human beings, it could possibly have the power to use these people as "spare parts" for rich clients. This potential ethical minefield was explored in the recent film, The Island. In this film, rich people have clones made from their DNA, and "store" them in an underground facility. The clones have no idea they are clones - they think they are the survivors of a nuclear holocaust, kept confined for their own safety. When their "owners" become sick or are injured, the clones are simply killed to provide spare parts. The clones are even used for breeding purposes. In this way, a female customer of the clone company can "give birth" to her own genetic offspring without the inconvenience of being pregnant."
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Nursing Shortage Effects, 2008.
This paper looks at the effects of the nursing shortage on an emergency department.
1,215 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that while the universal perceived shortage of health care personnel is serious in that its major impacts on health care delivery can be felt by patients directly, no other profession is harder hit than the nursing profession. The writer discusses the effects of the shortage of nurses concentrating on an emergency department. The organization selected for discussion is the emergency department of a community-based teaching hospital that provides tertiary care for the surrounding community and most of the county. The writer concludes that while it is understandable that operations cannot be encumbered by inexperienced personnel, the core values of nurses as coaches and mentors should be shown as an example for younger staff to follow and respect, regardless of the situation or even the fact that the hospital is not a full-fledged teaching institution unto itself.
Outline:
Introduction
Problem Identification
Leadership Behaviors
Cultural Diversity Issues
Problem Resolution and Recommendations for Improvement
Implications and Conclusions
From the Paper
"To increase the number of candidates, the experience criteria was dropped, favoring new graduates on the premise that they could be more easily taught to conform to the system instead of more experienced nurses firmly set in the manner in which they practice. Although the nurse managers maintained an open-door policy, this was rarely utilized by the junior nurses in voicing their complaints."
"The senior nurses, who had been practicing in the department for several years, were recognized as informal leaders on the floor and were valued for their operational, "field" input. This was almost always the charge nurse and one other senior per shift. They also adapted the leadership style of their superiors, as department operations were already efficient enough to run without management and coordination."
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Leadership and Change: The Nursing Shortage, 2008.
A discussion of transformational leadership as a solution to the nursing shortage.
2,037 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the issue of the nursing shortage from a critical feminist perspective, Everett Rogers' model of "diffusion of innovations", and transformational leadership. The paper asserts that all nurses today can and must assume leadership positions in every area of health care delivery and reform. It adds that nursing leaders today must be fully informed of the issues affecting their organization and also must be capable of anticipating future change. The paper explains that a transformational leader is able to create an innovative type of supportive environment that is marked by effective communication and recognition of human resources as well as diversity and individual differences. The transformational leader is also able to influence commitment both at the individual and organizational level so that organizational goals can be achieved. The paper concludes that the solution to the current nursing shortage can only come about through the level of motivation and inspiration which the transformational leader can provide.
Outline:
Introduction
The Nature of the Issue
Literature Review
Analysis of the Issue
Change Theory
Transformational Leadership
Conclusion
From the Paper
"According to Beugre (2006), transformational leadership can be defined as "a leadership type in which leaders possess charisma and provide intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration and inspirational motivation to followers". The RNAO (2004, p. 1) defines leadership as "a combination of sound knowledge, an unwavering passion for a cause, and the courage to share these with others". In contrast to the transformational leader the transactional leader tends to try and control others instead of motivating them. The transformational leader is able to create a supportive environment by providing others with inspiration and focusing on human resources (Skelton-Green, 2006). The transformational leader is able to inspire a deep commitment in others through intrinsic motivation as a result of the value and importance of that leader's goals. The transformational leader's approach to inspiring acceptance of innovation is through the development of trust and openness (Aarons, 2006). The importance of transformational leadership at the present time is that nurses come to realize that a new image of the nursing profession is possible. As Beugre (2006) maintains, the leader through means of inspirational motivation is able to energize the members of the organization even under the most stressful conditions."
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Breast Cancer, 2008.
This paper examines the social meanings and the enormous psychological impacts of breast cancer.
1,275 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, because society is obsessed with the body and attractiveness, breast cancer strikes at body image and the very meaning of what it is to be an ideal woman. The author of the paper points out that, whatever surgery the woman might have to remove the cancer, she can never be sure that the cancer is gone completely. The paper relates that hair loss is the most upsetting side effect of chemotherapy because, socially, women are told by the media about the importance of their hair and people always make comment about hair styles. The paper states that intimacy can be affected because sexuality is all about sharing the woman's body with her partner and she may be deeply afraid of rejection. The paper notes that greatest psychological effect on the husband is that he feels completely helpless.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Risks and Prevention of Breast Cancer
Effects of Breast Cancer Treatment
Psychological and Social Effects of Breast Cancer Treatment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It is very important to prevent breast cancer because it causes many social and psychological problems. Early detection results in the highest possibility of successful treatment. Women need to have a screening mammogram to be sure they are free from breast cancer. For one thing, mammograms result in a 30 percent reduction of deaths from breast cancer. Women in Canada are at risk because a good standard of living or prosperity is a risk factor. The reason is that the woman's diet tends to be high in refined sugars and animal and saturated fats."
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Aggressive Driving, 2007.
A discussion of aggressive driving.
1,354 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper examines all aspects of aggressive driving. The paper explains that aggressive driving can be defined as driving that fails to consider the safety of others and that aggressive drivers know they may be driving in such a way that could endanger others. The paper then looks at the difference between road rage and aggressive driving. The paper points out that studying the behaviors of aggressive drivers and knowing what to do when someone is driving aggressively is vital in reducing the number of accidents caused by aggressive drivers. The paper then looks at why male drivers are more aggressive than females. The paper concludes with suggestions on how one can protect oneself from aggressive drivers.
Outline:
The Dangers of Aggressive Driving
Understanding Aggressive Driving Behaviors
Male Drivers Are More Aggressive than Females
Protecting Oneself Against Aggressive Drivers
From the Paper
"If a driver intentionally intends to harm another driver or another person, they can be stated to be aggressive drivers. Some people may not intend to be aggressive drivers, but they know they are taking risks that could endanger the lives of others which make them aggressive drivers. Some of the behaviors that aggressive drivers have are tailgating, failure to obey traffic signs, weaving in and out of traffic with no regard to safety, passing on the right, honking, yelling, and facial or hand gestures (Aggressive Driving). Most aggressive drivers have high levels of stress and may be angry at loved ones and/or angry at themselves. Often these drivers may have mental health problems. Three factors are in common and they are "lack of responsible driving behavior, reduced levels of traffic enforcement, and increased congestion and travel in our urban areas" (Aggressive Driving)."
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Short-Term Memory and Aging, 2008.
A discussion of the possible causes for short-term memory loss in old age.
2,550 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses short-term memory loss among the elderly. The paper points out that the habit of viewing difficulties of short-term memory loss as normal in aging is countered by knowledge of the phenomenon as a frequent indication of changes in other memory functions. The paper mentions current models, which address short-term memory in relation to brain connectivity, such that impaired short-term memory may be read as a sign for other alterations in memory or brain function that are more significant. The paper looks into a variety of causes in order to gain a better conceptualization of a condition that is a frequent symptom, rather than a disorder all its own. The paper concludes that symptoms involving cognition and memory indicate something, and are not reducible to old models of steady decline, especially mental decline, in old age.
From the Paper
"An aging North American population and much research attention given to Alzheimer's and dementia have produced considerable knowledge of help in understanding other conditions of brain function including mental and nervous disorder. Grady, Furey Et Al (2001) examined altered brain connectivity and the decline of short-term memory of a sample of Alzheimer's patients and a normal control group. Alzheimer's disorder is increasing defined as a syndrome of dysfunctional connectivity within the brain whose most apparent indication is often much impaired short-term memory. Given the technology available to neurologists and neuro-psychiatrists of today, much more is understood of what happens to the memory of the Alzheimer's patient in addition to knowledge allowing us to know more of the normal or aging person who does not present the condition. Delays in cognitive processing due to Alzheimer's changes affect other aspects of memory. For instance, impairment in the functioning of the prefrontal cortex of means the patient cannot recognize a once familiar face, or the face of a caregiver or other individual that is seen daily."
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Canadian Bush Pilots and Air Medical Services, 2008.
A discussion of bush pilots and the advent of air medical services in Canada.
2,290 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the rise of air medical and evacuation services in northern and remote areas of Canada after the 1920s, noting the continuing need for air ambulance services for Canadians living beyond road or rail networks. The paper points out that a great array of popular history material has been published in the last thirty years or so attesting to the romantic lives of bush pilots who indeed were often self-styled persons to occupy their own boundless milieu. The paper adds that a study of the many female bush pilots provides an intriguing aside on the women's history emphasis of the last decades that can lend an impression of women's domesticity that was by no means general. The paper concludes that, today, bush pilots retain their particular glamour, being well-equipped and trained with every benefit of modern communications and navigation, and still risking unusual, even ridiculous situations.
Outline:
Introduction
A Twentieth-Century Progression
Medical Services in Northern Canada
Saskatchewan
Training of Pilots and Medical Staff
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
"With socialized medicine as a federal Canadian addition, outpost infirmaries and hospitals were incorporated into local communities but some memoirs refer to occasional doctors who carried on in remote service, radioing instructions to particular flying companies or pilots; instructions arrived via Royal Canadian Air Force stations, too, in a continuing range of services that has by no means subsided with the advent of tele-medicine. Nursing were sometimes found in contract posts who might be better described today as physician's assistants in their obstetrical and orthopedic skills, not a few of them turning to surgery where there was no doctor and air evacuation impossible in time to save lives. (Larmour 1988) The international profession of nursing took considerable interest in the post-World War II decades in what Canadian provinces and territories were beginning to pioneer in nursing stations, infirmaries, public information on when to bring patients to radio dispatch centres and all else done and learned by practitioners in the course of northern or Arctic service. (Waller 1964, King 1968, Smith 1972)"
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Finance and Management: Non-Profit Organizations, 2008.
An examination of the profit measure criterion for governance at non-profit organizations.
1,205 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper examines non-profit organizations, focusing particularly on profit measure criterion, and argues how it can benefit a hospital facility grappling with high costs and high expectations. In so doing, the paper looks at several of the broad characteristics that define non-profit organizations and suggests how an effective policy governance model and health care provisioning can be achieved simply by paying attention to the bottom line. The paper concludes that hospitals must understand that they have finite resources and that offering a few core services at a high level is infinitely preferable to running up a high debt offering numerous services at a low level.
From the Paper
"One of the strengths of using the profit measure approach is how it can succeed in ensuring that there is no confusion about who does what, what is expected when they do it, and what the final outcome(s) should be. According to Carver & Carver (2006), the properly-functioning Policy Governance Model will accentuate the following: self-imposed rules (for the board) vis-a-vis the delegation of authority and the method by which "board-stated" criteria will be utilized during the evaluation process; clarity in terms of who is responsible to whom; and a determination to see to it that board decisions (while open to possible change) are never undermined. While Carver and Carver do not touch upon it, the preceding governance approach clearly functions best when there is one easily quantifiable, easily transferable, means of measuring who is performing and who is not performing across the whole breadth of the organization's activities. The profit measure obviously does this and thereby sees to it that long-term goals are not compromised by short-term mismanagement in one department (or group of departments)."
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Life-Support Withdrawal, 2008.
A research proposal for a study of how families deal with making end-of-life care decisions.
2,370 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This research proposal involves an examination of how the decision to remove life-sustaining interventions in the intensive care unit (ICU) comprises a most significant event that encapsulates diverse experiences for families. The methodology used consists of a sample of four to five families who will be contacted through ICU family conferences in one or two hospitals. The research design is based on interpretive phenomenology, according to the work of M. van Manen and its focus on direct experience. The paper maintains that family members' experience of decision making related to withdrawal of life support is subjective, but also universal in many respects. The decision to withhold or withdraw interventions involves a complex process that occurs in stages. The paper concludes that the goal of the study is to show how this process is either facilitated or made more problematic for families.
Outline:
Introduction
Research Design
Theoretical Underpinning
Strengths and Limitations of Design
Participant Selection
Study Setting
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Steps to Ensure Rigor
Dissemination of Findings
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The theory underlying this study ultimately is found in the writings of Heidegger (1975, p. 11) who maintained that the individual worldview is not relative because whenever a worldview is developed, what it contains "can be formulated in propositions and rules which are related in their meaning to a specific really existing world". Individual experience, then, reflects universal experience. According to Phillips and Brown (1993), a critical hermeneutic approach proves useful in investigating the management of meaning. The approach is based on hermeneutics as an area of philosophy which relates to the theory and practice of interpretation, but is critical because it enables self-conscious reflection on social conditions. When the hermeneutic perspective is combined with a critical approach, the result is a structured approach to the analysis of the role of meaning in people's experience (Phillips & Brown, 1993). Researchers use the approach to associate ideas and symbols in ways which will explain the creation or maintenance of a permanent pattern of social relations. These include any activity which affects the network of symbols through which the individual or group understands reality. Critical hermeneutics is especially useful since it extends existing interpretive approaches (Phillips & Brown, 1993). The method can be used in longitudinal studies, in studies comparing cultural management, or in the study of groups and inter-group conflict."
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Drug Addiction in Professional Nursing, 2008.
This paper explores chemical dependence in nurses and its implications for the nursing profession.
2,008 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the biological and psychosocial prerequisites for substance abuse and subsequent addiction in nurses. The paper then looks at the treatment programs available as well as the preventative measures in place. The paper also discusses the implications of substance use, abuse and subsequent dependency for present and future nursing practice.
Outline:
Introduction
Position
Predisposing Factors
Treatment
Prevention
Implications
From the Paper
"In order to understand fully the pathogenesis of addiction, the biological and psychosocial prerequisites for substance abuse and subsequent addiction will be discussed. The pathogenesis of substance dependence conforms to a general behavioral pattern of cause and effect. An external stimulus such as stress in multiple spheres of an individual's life (e.g. work/school, home, personal) may trigger an initially behavioral response to these stressors. The pleasurable stimulation from intake of these substances, the escapist theme, and the aversiveness of the "reality" of the individual's situation conditions the individual to avoid the aversive stimulus and take in these substances, where their pleasurable effects serve as a reward, a positive reinforcement for substance-seeking behavior. Behaviorally-oriented treatments involve extinction of this reinforcement."
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High Turnover Rates in Emergency Department Nurses, 2008.
A discussion of the growing shortage of emergency department nurses.
3,530 words (approx. 14.1 pages), 21 sources, APA, $ 99.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the high turnover rates among emergency department nurses. In particular, it takes a look at leadership and management issues within an emergency department at a community-based hospital in a mid-size US city. The paper points out that the nursing shortage is not simply a problem of supply and demand, but much the result of high attrition rates due to work dissatisfaction, a phenomenon that was almost unheard of in older nursing staff, in spite of the use of incentives to retain workers. The paper suggests that the multi-generational composition of the work force needs to be addressed and that each generation's strengths and weaknesses should be assessed. The paper concludes that, once intergenerational differences and needs are recognized, acknowledged, appreciated and addressed - not only at the managerial level but also in the workplace - increased job satisfaction and increase in ranks may reverse the current trend.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Causes
Solutions
Reflection
From the Paper
"From these scenarios, it can be seen that a "culture" that adheres to an unspoken, strict hierarchy exists within the emergency department, almost akin to a tradition. To the nurses that have been with the department for some time, it was an efficient system that accomplished tasks according to ability and experience. This is evident in the lack of clout juniors have within the department, who are relegated to "scutwork" and rarely get to participate in more engaging activities in the emergency department. Very rarely did any junior staff stay long enough to reach at least 18 months. Coincidentally, the hiring of fresh graduates was only implemented two years ago."
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