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The Industrial Revolution, 2005.
A look at what triggered and sustained the transformation of an agriculture-based economy to an industrial-based economy.
1,752 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the causes of the Industrial Revolution, suggesting that the primary cause was the occurrence of an 'Agriculture Revolution' in Britain in the century following 1750. In exploring this topic, the paper also describes the causes and outcome of the Agricultural Revolution, features of the Industrial Revolution, the social consequences of the Industrial Revolution, as well as Karl Marx's and Emile Durkheim's theories about the Industrial Revolution.
From the Paper
"Most historians are in agreement that the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain following mid 1700s could not have been sustained if enough food was not available to feed the country's rapidly growing population during the period . On all previous occasions of rapid population growth in the country's history, i.e., in the Roman period, around 1300, and in 1650, lack of sufficient food for a population larger than 5~6 million, had proved a stumbling block for further population growth. However, the mid-eighteenth century saw a number of developments in agriculture that enabled sufficient growth in agricultural output to support a much larger population. These developments and the resultant growth in the output of food crops can be considered as nothing short of an "Agricultural Revolution." (Overton, 2002)"
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Agricultural Economics, 2004.
An analysis of agricultural economics, with a focus on the world's food supplies.
867 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper examines several areas of concern for agricultural economists when they look towards the future. Some of these areas of interest are nutrition and health, the possibility of using food products for uses other than consumption, and genetic adaptation of crops. However, the paper highlights three major interests of agricultural economists, the supply of food available, farm productivity and profits, and agriculture production that will be friendly to the environment.
From the Paper
"The availability of food supplies in the world is a primary interest and concern for agricultural economists. In an article by Lester Brown, he compares our use of the natural resources to the use of an endowment, which we have now started to utilize in addition to the interest and this leads to bankruptcy. He states, "By satisfying our excessive demands through overconsumption of the Earth's natural assets, we are in effect creating a global bubble economy" (Brown 1). Several issues impact the concern of the world's food supply."
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New Deal Regulation and Farm Productivity, 2004.
This paper reviews Sally Clarke's article, "New Deal Regulation and the Revolution in American Farm Productivity," which states that this regulation in the 1930s made possible the acquisition of labor-saving farm machinery.
725 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how the New Deal eliminated earlier concerns and conflicts between safety and productivity. The author states that this article recognizes the roles of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and the Farm Credit Administration (FCA) in the farmers' investment strategy and that the economic impact of government regulation interfered with market forces in ways that did not always benefit the economy of the country. The paper concludes, in terms of history, that the article shows that the past needs to be taken into account for both its successes and its failures, if things are to move forward in a significant way.
From the Paper
"Clarke makes several points to advance her argument. Firstly, she points out that high sales figures for tractors starting in World War I may be misleading, as they do not focus on the farmers who might potentially have bought tractors and did not. When calculating the relative number of farmers potentially benefiting from purchasing tractors, Clarke finds that fewer farmers in the Corn Belt than expected owned tractors in 1929. This advances the argument that economic factors led to reluctance to invest in new technology during this time. The author further reinforces the point by citing the farmers' tendency to protect assets due to the instability of commodity markets."
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Wheat Staple in Upper and Lower Canada, 2004.
Examines the history of wheat staple in Upper and Lower Canada
in the late 18th and early 19th Century.
3,159 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
The importance of wheat to the Canadian economy is not a new phenomenon. On the contrary, as far back as the 18th Century and earlier, there existed a significant agricultural sector. As the political environments differed in Upper and Lower Canada, though, so too did the development of agriculture, particularly the cultivation of wheat. To understand the importance of this crop, this paper sheds light on the impact of the wheat staple in the late 1700s and early 1800s on the Canadian economy. It presents information on different backgrounds and institutions that were involved and shows that the history of wheat cultivation in Lower Canada was greatly influenced by the colonial institutions of New France.
From the Paper
"This pattern of landowners moving into Lower Canada created a new demand for agricultural land. In addition to the existing French Canadian settlers who still farmed the seigneurial land, many English settlers either settled as new free-hold tenants, or bought seigneuries. Some French farmers were displaced onto land further north, away from the St. Lawrence where most of the seigneuries bordered. These displaced farmers were forced to attempt to cultivate less fertile land in order to serve the demand for wheat exports to Britain. This "displacement... was caused by the growing population on the established seigneuries... and the apparent unwillingness of French Canadians to leave their native land." (Marr, 1980, p83)."
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Genetically Modified Foods, 2004.
A look at the effect on the environment of growing genetically modified food.
1,376 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the author's view that scientists, in their attempts to improve the quality of plants and thereby increase the world's food supply through the growth of genetically modified (GM) foods, have the potential for creating monstrous effects in the Earth's environment, on the internal environments of the humans, and on other creatures who eat the GM food.
From the Paper
"Teitel and Wilson mention a Dutch researcher who is attempting to breed genetically engineered plants that can produce drugs and vaccines in nectar so the drugs can be ingested by eating honey. At first glance, this looks like it might not be too bad. After all, if one goes to the local health food store and asks a knowledgeable clerk what to do for springtime allergies, her or she might well recommend eating local honey. Because local honey probably contains traces of the very pollen that's making noses run, it is supposed to have the same effect as an inoculation meant to desensitize people to those substances. So wouldn't the Dutch researcher's work be even better? Before anyone could answer that question, the answer to what happens if a bee or two escapes needs to be answered."
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Deforestation in Ghana, 2004.
A look at the environmental devastation brought upon the country of Ghana as a result of the destruction of the Ghanaian forest.
849 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the history and causes of the deforestation of Ghana. The paper points to economics and greed as the primary causes of this deforestation and points out that, while there have been some attempts to protect the natural landscape of Ghana, the overriding poverty of the country makes it vulnerable to environmental exploitation as a means of boosting the economy.
From the Paper
"According to Microsoft's online Encarta, in the 19th century, the southern half of Ghana was completely covered by hardwood forest, however, by the year 1995, such large portions of its forests had been destroyed, over logged, or cleared for mining, that only 39.7 of the entire country remains forested, with (during the period from 1990-1996) more than 1.3 percent continuing to be lost every year (Encarta)."
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Genetically Engineered Foods, 2004.
An overview of genetically engineered foods and a discussion on how good they are for the environment and the citizens of the world.
2,849 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how genetically engineered food is food that is produced from genetically engineered crops or animals and how the process of genetic engineering occurs when genes from one organism are spliced into the DNA of another organism, creating a new organism that could no come to pass through traditional breeding methods. In particular, it looks at how, because GE foods can be produced in larger quantities and at lower costs than traditional foods, the trend to embrace them seems inevitable and how opponents of GE foods are pushing to ban them, arguing that these foods are dangerous to human health and to the environment.
From the Paper
"The argument that GE foods are potentially dangerous, that they may possibly be harmful in some unknown way at some unknown time cannot support the proposal to ban GE foods. For example, recent charges that a type of GE corn found in corn snacks could cause nausea and anaphylactic shock failed to provide the necessary evidence to support this accusation. No clinical case demonstrating such allergic reactions was ever reported. In addition, the quantity of this type of GE corn found in Taco Bell tacos was only one percent-an amount too small to be of any consequence."
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Growing Agricultural Hemp, 2004.
This paper discusses the growing of industrial hemp, which is different from its distant cousin, marijuana, as a viable cash crop alternative.
975 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 64 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Americans had been cultivating the hemp plant for hundreds of years, but, in 1937, the Marijuana Prohibitive Tax Act outlawed the growing of any kind of hemp. The author points out that there are as many as 25,000 industrial uses of hemp, including rope, clothing, diapers, car parts, and carpet; oil from the seeds is used in shampoo, beer, vitamins, and lip balm. The paper stresses that hemp production is a growth industry around the world, and American farmers are losing revenue to foreign nations that allow the growing of hemp, such as Great Britain, France, and Spain.
From the Paper
"Contrary to popular misconception, the hemp plant is not marijuana. Known by the botanical name "cannabis sativa," hemp does not contain the narcotic qualities of marijuana, and so its growth is not dangerous to the community. While many people believe growing hemp is just like growing marijuana, there are numerous differences. Hemp grows taller than marijuana, and they are spaced quite close together in the fields, unlike marijuana, which is spaced out for optimum leaf growth. In addition, hemp produces more flowers and seeds, while marijuana cultivation is mainly concerned with unfertilized female plants, which create more leaves."
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Climate and Agriculture, 2004.
This paper discusses the impacts of climatic changes on agriculture.
4,180 words (approx. 16.7 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
This paper states that there has always been a natural variation in rainfall, temperature, and related conditions in certain parts of the world, leading to food insecurity due to variation of agricultural production. The author points out that existing socioeconomic effects often occur faster than the changes in the environment, which cause the socioeconomic changes, and thus, it is difficult to forecast them. The paper states that, because of climatic changes, the entire world will move into an unfamiliar situation, as human beings would be stepping beyond the limits that the world can provide them in support.
From the Paper
"For the 21st century, agriculture requires that it may be integrated as a total system with the components of environment, society and economy. Only this will lead to development for meeting the needs of the present generation and also take care of the next generation. It is now estimated that the people of the world will increase by almost 3 billion in the next fifty years, and most of this growth will be in the developing countries. This will happen in spite of the fact that even today, some 800 million people go hungry every day and another billion live a day on less than one dollar. This is the food insecurity and poverty that affects one-fourth of the population of the world. It shows clearly that we have not been able to take the necessary corrective actions in spite of the tremendous scientific progress and economic developments that are being made now. To meet our food security and poverty dangers, we must ensure that proper agricultural and rural development take place."
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Agricultural Innovations, 2004.
This paper discusses the societal effects of the diffusion of agricultural innovations.
1,095 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, of all the innovations discovered during the Middle Ages, the plow is considered the greatest transformer of social and cultural change. The author points out that the initial effect of the shift from horticulture to agriculture was an increase in food production because societies that adopted the plow were able to produce more food in a given territory than those that relied on the hoe and digging stick, thus leading to the development of permanent settlements. The paper relates that one of the most profound changes associated with the plow was the development of a system of writing because the trade of agricultural and other goods had to be tracked.
From the Paper
"So deep were the diffusions of the agricultural techniques that before the First World War, farmers composed the largest single group in every country. They no longer made up the population everywhere, as they had from the dawn of history to the end of the Napoleonic Wars, a hundred years earlier. But farmers still made up a near-majority in every developed country except England and Belgium--in Germany, France, Japan, the United States--and, of course, in all underdeveloped countries, too. And with the current transformation, these agricultural producers are not "farmers" in most senses of the word; they are "agribusiness," which is arguably the most capital-intensive, most technology-intensive and most information-intensive industry."
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Genetic Modification of Crops, 2004.
This paper discusses the debate over the global acceptance of genetic modification (GM) of crops.
1,850 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although the American consumer has become comfortable with the debate about the safety of genetically modified seeds, in Europe and Africa, some individuals have labeled imported GM produces as 'eco-terrorist' practices of sabotage by the U.S., preferring to starve rather than to eat this type of food. The author points out that, misguided as it may have been, the African nations' banning of GM seeds was an attempt to set local, national standards for the creation of a form of modern agriculture that was 'right for Africa.' The paper states that one of the problems in much of the world is not a lack of technology, but a lack of government infrastructure.
From the Paper
"Thomas DeGregori sees such hysteria as a form of Luddite technophobia. (DeGregori, 2002, 152). He also sees the African example as a dangerous result of first-world generated fears regarding important new agricultural technology. The capitalism that fueled genetically modified crops that are more resistant to disease and easier to produce in difficult climates, DeGregori suggests, will be the salvation of the world, if only environmentalists will step aside. DeGregori, it must be noted, does not stand alone on the world agricultural state in his fervent belief in the value of capitalism. "
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Pesticides and Farm Children, 2004.
A brief examination of the threat faced by children of farmers from pesticides.
1,006 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that children brought up on a farm are at a higher risk of exposure to pesticides. The writer states that basic hygiene practices and proper education are the solution to removing this risk.
From the Paper
"Pesticides contain harmful effects to human, as repeatedly reported by series of studies of the US Environmental Protection Agency. Pesticides can be included into high-level danger category for its long lasting potential hazard. However, the continuous usage in farming areas sometimes goes far beyond the awareness of the farmers to protect their family - especially children - from the pesticides effects. Farmer groups stay away from the health concern due to lack of information and regulation of pesticides use."
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Genetically Modified Food, 2004.
This paper is an extensive discussion of genetic modification (GM) of food, also known as genetic engineering, genetic manipulation, gene technology, and recombinant DNA technology, which is the most recent application of biotechnology to food.
8,045 words (approx. 32.2 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 173.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, for many centuries, farmers fought pests using everything from usual plant-breeding techniques to chemicals, such as pesticides and herbicides; but, as new chemical treatments increased health and environmental concerns, gene modification became the agro-scientists' tool for advancing molecular biology. The author points out that over 40 plant varieties have completed all of the federal requirements for commercialization as per the FDA and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The paper explains that, although customers in the U. S. are accepting GM foods, customers in Japan are beginning to show a strong liking for unmodified fruits and vegetables in supermarkets offering both GM foods and unmodified foods.
Table of Contents
Do We Need Genetically Modified Food?
Does the Human Race Need GM Food?
Background Information on the Types of Plant Genetic Engineering
The Worldwide Issue of GM Food, Advantages and Disadvantages
How Prevalent are GM Foods?
What Plants Are Used?
Genetic Engineering Techniques
Other Issues
How GM foods are Regulated and the Government's Role
What Limits are Put on Farmers?
How they are Labeled for the General Public?
Ethical and Social Aspects Involved and Implications for the Third World
From the Paper
"Genetically modified foods (GM foods or GMF) provide opportunities to swiftly enhance crop nature such as yield, pest resistance, or herbicide tolerance, which is not successful with conventional methods. From the predecessor to plastics to consumable vaccines, GM crops can be molded to make completely artificial substances. The methods of modern genetics have made it probable for the direct action of the genetic makeup of organisms. Using genetic engineering, plants from wild relatives, other distantly related plants, or almost any other organism can be relocated with simple genetic qualities into the crop."
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Genetically Modified Food, 2004.
An outline of the arguments for and against genetically modified crops.
1,860 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the issue of genetically modified food (GM), exploring the medical arguments against eating it as opposed to the benefits proponents claim it has. The writer makes reference to the body, known as CorpWatch, which aims to check corporations who use GM food to profit on the lack of certain foods in Third World countries. As GM crop growing is relatively new, much of the research is based on theory rather than fact, and the writer points out that it may take years to truly know the effects of eating and producing GM foods, both on those who eat it and the land that is used to grow it.
From the Paper
"Proponents state that genetically modified plants enhances biodiversity by allowing weeds to continue growing for longer, (because the less need for herbicides) thus providing nutrition for animals. Genetically altered plants designed to resist insect manifestation will help reduce use of insecticides also increases insect diversity. Increased crop yields and crops altered to grow in climates that are harsher then their natural cousins, it is argued, will help feed the world's poor, in part by making currently harsh soils and / or environments less of a factor in raising food crops. (Carr 2000) Additionally, genetically modified plants often use bacteria or other organisms to shuttle the genes into the target organisms. Having the genes that make them dangerous removed or disabled cripples these vectors."
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Humulus Lupulus, 2004.
An overview and discussion of the medicinal importance of humulus lupulus, or the common hop.
3,803 words (approx. 15.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how hops (humulus lupulus) is well recognized and extensively grown for its use in preparing beer and lager. It shows that, while hops has been utilized in beer preparation in Europe from the Roman times, hops received recognition in Britain in the 16th century for medical and drinking reasons. Through a literature review, it looks at the history of its use and activities, as well as its medicinal advantages, especially in the field of cancer.
Outline
Introduction
History and Description of Humulus Lupulus
Uses
Growth Habits
Environment Requirements
Chemical Composition
Bio-Chemistry
Activities and Medicinal Advantages of Humulus Lupulus
Pharmacology of Humulus Lupulus
Chemical Constituents of Humulus Lupulus
Physiological Properties of Humulus Lupulus
Conclusion
From the Paper
"German beer makers have been utilizing wild hop (Humulus lupulus) to give flavor to their drink for hundreds of years. Hop was introduced to the United States from England in 1629. The initial viable hop yard in the United States was founded in New York in 1808. Farming of the crop quickly increased south and west. Wisconsin turned out to be the biggest grower of hop for a short period late in the nineteenth century; however, New York continued to be the leader until the crop was almost wiped out in both states by downy mildew in the 1920s (Field and Nickerson, 1996)."
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