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The Teton Dam Failure, 2004.
An analysis of the tragedy of the Teton Dam failure.
1,217 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a brief background to issues surrounding dam construction. The paper examines the failure of the Teton Dam, citing the reasons for the disaster. The paper highlights the events of the fateful day of the failure of the dam. The lessons learned from this tragedy are outlined in the paper.
Outline
Introduction
Physical Aspects
Political, Social and Economic Factors
Responses and Impact
Future Implications
From the Paper
"There are countless dams in the United States and throughout the world. They range from massive hydroelectric complexes, to smaller earthen or cement structures largely used for flood control and irrigation purposes. Although most dams are useful, safe structures, the principles of dam construction-especially on medium to large scales-are difficult and precise. When omissions or errors in engineering or implementation of engineering principles are accidentally made, overlooked, or outright ignored serious and sometimes catastrophic failures can result."
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Deforestation, 2004.
An analysis of the negative effects of deforestation.
1,268 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the disastrous effects of deforestation. The paper explains that deforestation is detrimental to all of the plant and animal species of the world, including humans. The paper associates deforestation with a host of negative consequences and states that it stands poised to threaten the future of life on earth. The paper discusses habitat destruction and loss of biodiversity as a result of deforestation. The moral objections to deforestation are presented in the paper.
From the Paper
"Deforestation can also have more immediate affects. Clear cutting of forests has been connected to regional increases in mercury levels in lakes and drinking water (Box, 2003). The natural biologic cycles within forests commonly retain the mercury that is released into the atmosphere from coal power plants and incinerators. When the forests are destroyed this mercury is left behind to seep into the ground. This poses an immediate and glaring problem for any members of nearby communities. This remains a significant problem, especially in industrialized nations, who have been forced to adopt more expensive water treatment practices as a result."
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The Organic Food Industry, 2005.
This paper discusses the organic food industry especially grown in China for export.
1,540 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that organic agriculture is defined as the agricultural process, which leads to an ecological management system that uses minimal farm inputs from outside the farm environment and management practices that aim at recreating, maintaining and elevating the ecological balance. The author points out that, using very good marketing sense, China is becoming a growing power in the global export organic food industry with products meeting the standard requirements of countries like the United States of America, Japan and the countries in Europe. The paper relates that the largest market for organic foods and beverages in the world is the United States of America, which can not grow its own demand; therefore, China with its high quality standards intends to tap this business opportunity.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Globalization of the Organic Food Industry
China in the Global Organic Food Industry
Increased Availability of Organic Fertilizer
Scope for Increased Exports to Europe
Scope for Increased Exports to the United States of America
From the Paper
"China also has succeeded in becoming the most important non-European Union supplier of organic beans and seeds to the Western Europe markets. The domination of Chinese exporting companies are clearly visible in the supply of organic pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, kidney beans and black beans. They have also made inroads into the supply of organic soya bean. Chinese companies have established themselves in the organic soya bean market in such a manner that they supply almost one third of all the organic soya bean requirement of the market. The Chinese government also has come out in support of the organic food industry by pledging additional support for the organic food industry thus raising expectations of increased production of organic food products."
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Aquaculture in the Midwest, 2005.
A historical account of the process of aquaculture.
2,202 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the age old process of raising shellfish and finned fish on inland farms, known as "aquaculture". The paper takes a look at the ancient history of aquaculture as well as its more recent history in the Midwest/great plains region of the United States. The paper also includes information on the current status of aquaculture and concludes that it is a process that is both well-established and a boon to farmers and consumers alike.
Introduction
History of Aquaculture
History of Midwest Aquaculture
Current Status of Midwestern Aquaculture
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Except for bucolic scenes of fishing on rivers meandering across the Midwest and Great Plains, most people don't equate fish with that region, at least not huge catches of commercial fish. However, as long ago as 1996, "traders in the 'futures pit' of the Minneapolis Grain Exchange were shouting and signaling bids and offers for spring wheat, white wheat, white shrimp and black tiger shrimp" (Weber 1996). Moreover, the shrimp being traded in Minneapolis was of interest to the local trading office of the Thai government (Weber 1996); Thai food depends heavily on shrimp, so finding it at commodity prices is important to the Thai people."
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Deforestation in Panama, 2005.
This paper is a research study to identify deforestation practices in Panama and the approaches to alleviate this practice.
10,600 words (approx. 42.4 pages), 26 sources, APA, $ 211.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, because the forests of central America's western Pacific plains were cleared long ago for export crops and subsistence agriculture, the deforestation which has taken place in the last 50 years has been most severe in the lowland tropical moist forests of the Atlantic, or the Caribbean side of central America. The author points out that Panama has a wide range of environmental protection policies in place which are designed to address the impact of human habitation and land-use techniques and to emphasize environmental education and extension programs. The paper concludes that, because of the competition from multi-national businesses, which are not concerned about the environment, "green" businesses must develop effective business models to survive the rigors of the marketplace as well as the extremes of nature, which effect commercial forestation businesses. Many tables and charts. Annotated bibliography.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Deforestation and Agricultural Expansion
Background and Overview
Distribution of Panama's Forest Lands and Rates of Deforestation
Land Use Changes
Causes of Deforestation
Consequences of Deforestation
Impact on Agriculture and Supply
Climate Changes
Human Health
Forest Management in Panama
Signs of Progress
The Economic Value of Forest Benefits and Services
Deforestation and Property Rights
Findings and Discussion
Panama's Environment and the Components of its Eco-System
Economical and Social Consequences of Deforestation in Panama
The Climate Affected by the Loss of Forests
Forest Policies and the Existing Instruments to Conserve the Forest Areas
Ecological Viability of a Business in the Production Process, Beneficiary and Commercialization
Business Contribution
From the Paper
"As a result of the enactment of a land tenure system in 1962, some small farmers in Panama have managed to acquire some land; nevertheless, by late in the 20th century fewer than one-third of all farms were owned by the people working them. The most common agricultural products include sugarcane, bananas, rice, plantains, corn (maize), and oranges, and the commercial cultivation of these and other crops increased considerably during the 20th century. Livestock raising (cattle, pigs, and poultry) is an important and long-established economic activity, and beef and hides are exported. The country's largest cattle-raising farms are in the southwestern savannas-in Chiriqui, Los Santos, and Veraguas provinces. The provinces of Panama, Los Santos, Chiriqui, and Veraguas raise the most pigs, whereas Panama, Cocle, and Colon are the largest centres for poultry and egg production."
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Genetically Modified Foods, 2005.
This paper discusses the scientific and political aspects of genetically modified foods.
6,830 words (approx. 27.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 154.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the countries most affected by the debate surrounding genetically modified (GM) foods are Middle Eastern and Third World countries, which stand to reap the benefits of solving widespread starvation, and countries such as the United States, that are robust suppliers of GM foods. The author points out that, like all new technologies, GM pose some risks, both known and unknown; controversies surrounding GM foods and crops commonly focus on human and environmental safety, labeling and consumer choice, intellectual property rights, ethics, food security, poverty reduction and environmental conservation. The paper stresses that the likelihood that poorer countries will not be able to produce GM foods is very high because of their lack of money, resources and technology to produce them.
From the Paper
"Therefore, in addition to conserving water by improving leaf characteristics, plant roots may be genetically modified to improve water uptake from the soil. Some plants such as mesquite trees prosper in extreme deserts because their roots grow to great depths to reach underground water supplies. Water channels--that is, proteins that transport water across cell membranes--are likely key players and thus good targets for genetic modification. Drought problems cause hardship to farmers worldwide. Genetic improvement of drought tolerance of crop plants through traditional breeding or gene engineering has shown encouraging signs that plants can be genetically modified to better cope with drought."
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Hydraulic Conductivity, 2005.
A research paper that analyzes hydraulic conductivity.
1,389 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of hydraulic conductivity, how it is measured, and why it is important for transient storage. A review of current issues in hydraulic conductivity is followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
From the Paper
" In 2003, Thomas, Valetta, Webster and Mulholland (2003), reported they had developed the Regression Partitioning Method (RPM) for estimating the proportion of reactive solute uptake occurring within transient storage zones of streams. "The RPM is a technique for analyzing solute addition data in which whole stream uptake (mg m−2 d−1) is determined from the longitudinal pattern in plateau tracer concentrations. At one location, a time series of samples are collected that define the 'rising limb' of the solute breakthrough curve" (Thomas et al. 965). These researcher estimated the y-intercept by regressing a measure of reactive tracer availability (e.g., NO3-15N:Cl ratio) as well as the percentage of tracer that has resided within, and returned from, the transient storage zone (i.e. hyporheic zone), which was then used to predict channel-specific NO3 uptake rates. The uptake within the transient storage zone of stream-derived material was calculated by difference."
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Impacts of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Flux, 2005.
An analysis of the impacts of nitrogen and phosphorus glux from sediments in a small pond.
4,062 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 109.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a research proposal that will confirm that sediments of the small pond discussed in the paper, like larger bodies of water, will contain significant amounts of P and N, and that these sediments will be one of the sources responsible for the increasing incidence of eutrophic or hypereutrophic in the nation's systems of ponds, rivers, lakes and streams.
From the Paper
"Over the millennia, water has provided humankind with numerous products and services, including transportation, food, drinking water, irrigation, recreation, and protection. Unfortunately, the world's lakes, rivers, and oceans have also been used as a dumping ground for by-products of industrial development and residential refuge. Until recently, however, there was very little attention was paid to water quality (Faeth & Greenhalgh, 2001). Today, the contamination of natural waters such as ponds, lakes, and rivers by anthropogenic organic chemicals has assumed major importance for environmental protectionists. A number of studies over the years have documented how many synthetic organic compounds, although applied or introduced to confined locations, tend to become widely dispersed even to the "ends of the earth" (Schwarzenbach, Haderlein, Muller & Ulrich, 1998). Today, the diffuse loss of phosphorus (P) from agricultural land is generally regarded as a major contributor to eutrophication of fresh water, and there has been a significant increase in research into this issue recently (Fertilizer Applications Influence Phosphorus Runoff, 2004)."
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Agricultural Economics, 2004.
An analysis of the issues concerning agricultural economists for the future.
867 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
There are several areas of concern for agricultural economists, when they look towards the future. Some of these areas of interest are nutrition & health, the possibility of using food products for other uses than consumption and genetic adaptation of crops. However, three major interests of agricultural economists are the supply of food available, farm productivity and profits and agriculture production that will be friendly to the environment. This paper discusses these issues.
From the Paper
"The first consideration in food security is the rising temperatures of the world. According to Lester Brown, the "16 warmest years since record-keeping began in 1880 have occurred since 1980. With the three warmest years on record-1998, 2001 and 2003-coming in the last five years, crops are facing unprecedented heat stress" (Brown 1). The heat stress on plants globally impacts evaporation and impedes fertilization, leading to production of fewer crops. Fewer crops will lead to increased prices in food, particularly for countries that import much of their food, principally grain."
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Bio-Engineered Crops, 2004.
An examination of the developing field of genetically modified crops.
1,005 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses genetic modification (GM) farming and analyzes the problems associated with the use of genetically modified food crops by a study of some recent scientific articles, which espouse this viewpoint. The paper contends that the rapid advancements in genomic science have created new possibilities in the fields of agriculture and in the treatment and management of diseases. The biotech revolution characterized by genetically engineered food products is regarded as a boon to the human society, a life-saving solution to manage the food crisis of our globe.
From the Paper
"Altering specific sequences of DNA allows plants to develop resistance to pesticides, resulting in increased yield. Using genetic engineering methods such as electroporation, gene gun, gene silencing and vector mediated transfer, scientists are now able to insert a new gene or control the expression of an already present gene in a plant. [UCS] In a special report from the 'New scientist' the author discusses some of the possibilities of applying genomic science into farming practices. Using these biotech processes scientists have created disease and herbicide resistant crops promising huge increase in productivity. The result of this biotech revolution was amazing. Vitamin boosted rice, Onions without tears, potatoes enriched with proteins, Soya built resistant to pesticides, and even caffeine free coffee became a reality and bio-engineered products offered endless possibilities."
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Malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2004.
An analysis of malaria in Sub-Saharan African countries and the methods used to control the spread of the disease.
8,901 words (approx. 35.6 pages), 27 sources, MLA, $ 186.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the occurrence of malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa. The paper reviews the first program to control the spread of malaria in Sub-Saharan African countries that started in the 1920's with larval restraint. The governments in Sub-Saharan Africa have encouraged policies that target the destruction of the mosquitoes that cause this disease, since reliable means to contain this disease are out of their reach. These policies have paved way for excessive utilization of man-made insect-killers, mainly dichlorodiphenyl trichioroethane (DDT). This man-made insect-killer is said to possess extreme side affects to both the environment and the human life. The paper examines the reasons that have triggered the developed world to ban the use of DDT and explores the attempts to influence Third World countries to also take the initiative to ban the use of DDT. The paper demonstrates that malaria entails exceedingly important economic expenditures on Sub-Saharan African countries.
Outline
Executive Summary
Background of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Significance of the Study
Research Questions
Review of the Literature
Malaria Incidence in Sub-Saharan Africa
Age and Gender Analysis of Malaria Cases
Financial Expenses of Malaria Treatment
Malaria Prevention and Control in Sub-Saharan Africa
Pertinent Foundation
DDT is Necessary to Control Malaria
Abolishing the Use of DDT
Function of the World Health Organization
Influence of International Policies
Methodology
Collection of Data
Data Analysis and Search Tactics
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It is common knowledge that malaria is the world's most lethal bloodsucking infection. Malaria takes life from more people than any other infectious virus, apart from tuberculosis (TB). Despite the fact that the geological region influenced by malaria has reduced drastically in size in the preceding five decades, restraining Malaria has turned out to be extremely difficult, in fact impossible, and the efforts and improvements by the respective governments have been wasted.
The infection is passed on by Anopheline mosquitoes, the figure and kind of which establish the degree of flow in a specified region. Augmented threat of the infection is related with transformations in the utilization of land concerning actions like highway construction, mining, logging, as well as, farming and irrigation ventures, predominantly in border regions like the Sub-Sahara Africa. One of the cures for this ailment that has been extremely useful is the utilization of DDT."
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Genetically Modified Foods, 2005.
A look at the pros and cons of using genetically modified foods.
1,026 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how one of the ways scientists have discovered how to increase food supply for a growing planet is by using genetic modification techniques to produce heartier, healthier, and more abundant crops. It analyzes whether they are safe for human consumption and the environment. The writer shows how there are differing opinions on both of these questions.
From the Paper
"Crops can also be modified to deliver medicines and vaccines. Pharmaceuticals are often costly to produce and require special storage conditions. Third world countries could benefit greatly from edible vaccines in plants such as tomatoes or potatoes. These medicinal vegetables would be "easier to ship, store and administer than traditional injectable vaccines" (Whitman, 2000). "In trials, crops have been genetically engineered to manufacture proteins for healing wounds and treating conditions such as cystic fibrosis, cirrhosis of the liver and anemia; antibodies to fight cancer and vaccines against rabies, cholera and foot-and-mouth disease" (Pearce, 2004). Scientists have even made it possible for livestock, such as cattle, to contain omega-3 oils, known to prevent heart attacks, without the use of expensive fishmeal feed (Coghlan, 2004)."
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Concentrated Animal Feeding, 2004.
This paper discusses concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) for swine and the environmental and human health hazards typically associated with such practices.
845 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that recent changes in swine-management practices, concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs), have resulted in a growing controversy surrounding the environmental and public health effects of modern swine production. The author points out two problems in swine-management practices, including an increase in health hazards because of the confined spaces, and public relations problems for the industry, particularly in the communities immediately situated near such facilities. The paper relates that the industry deal with these issues by using sound environmental health practices in the workplace and by providing anaerobic lagoons to help remediate the large amount of biological wastes that are inevitably generated at such CAFOs.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Environmental and Health Hazards Associated with CAFOs for Swine
Current and Future Trends
Conclusion
From the Paper
"During the last half of the 20th century, agricultural growth and development in the United States has become more closely linked to a wide range of social and environmental problems. Partially because of the industrialization of farming and food production, soil and water resources have been degraded, wildlife habitats have been destroyed, and rural communities have been dissolved and uprooted.The scale, mechanization, specialization, capital-intensity, and chemical-intensity of agricultural production have dramatically increased, with the result that large agribusinesses and individual farm operators have come under greater environmental scrutiny associated with the broader "greening" of public opinion since 1970."
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The Coffee Industry, 2005.
A detailed report on the economic, political, geographical aspects of the coffee industry.
5,003 words (approx. 20.0 pages), 26 sources, MLA, $ 126.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a brief look at the history and varieties of coffee and then takes a deeper look at how important coffee is to the economies of the countries in which it is grown. The paper lists the main countries where coffee is grown and then looks at the coffee industry in each of those countries from an economic perspective. The paper also describes the types of processing and supply chain management typically used in the coffee industry, as well as how coffee is marketed in both domestic and international markets.
Introduction
Importance of Coffee
Brazil
The Ecuadorian/Amazon Region
Other Countries
Process/Supply Chain
Marketing and World Trade
From the Paper
"According to legend the origins of the coffee industry began when an Arabian goatherd named Kaldi found that his goats reacted strangely around a certain green-leafed bush with red cherries. He ascertained that the excitement exhibited by the goats was due to the effects from eating these cherries. He also consumed some of the fruit and felt "invigorated"; later monks were said to have benefited from the plants qualities to help them stay awake during their long hours of prayer. Whether this story has any basis in fact is unknown but what has been determined is that Coffea Arabica originates from Ethiopia. The plant was cultivated by the Oromom people in the Kafa Province of the country. Arab traders are said to have transported seeds and grew plantations in about 1000 A.D. (Coffee, FAO)"
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Green Tea vs. Black Tea, 2004.
An analysis of green and black teas and their potential health benefits.
2,660 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses this differences between green and black tea and explores the positive effects these teas can have on various diseases. The paper examines the composition of the various teas, explaining the different chemical compositions. The paper analyzes several studies performed in an attempt to establish a connection between tea consumption and the occurrence of cancer.
From the Paper
"Despite the success of such business concerns as Starbucks, it is tea and not coffee that ranks as the world's most popular drink next to water. This much-loved beverage is produced from the bright green, oval leaves of the plant Camellia sinensis L. Today, about 75 percent of the tea produced worldwide is black; about 23 percent is green; and approximately 2 percent is oolong. Green tea is obtained from fresh leaves that are steamed and dried and therefore retain a composition more similar to the fresh leaf. The leaves contain several polyphenolic compounds that give tea its specific taste and color. The most significant polyphenols present in tea are flavanol tannins (flavonoids), commonly known as catechins, which are very beneficial antioxidants. Antioxidant is a classification of several organic substances, including vitamins C and E, vitamin A--converted from beta-carotene-the mineral selenium and carotenoids or pigment that adds color to many fruits and vegetables. At the molecular and cellular levels, antioxidants deactivate particles called free radicals (in the form of oxygen). These can damage cell walls in addition to some cell structures and the genetic material within them."
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