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Sustainable Development in the Philippines, 2008.
This paper discusses good governance for sustainable development in the uplands of the Philippines at the Western Mindanao State University (WMSU) Experimental Forest.
4,440 words (approx. 17.8 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 116.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that deliberate efforts on the part of the government or civil society to strengthen links between good governance initiatives and sustainable development objectives provide a viable framework for action that is founded on participatory mechanisms to mitigate effects of poverty, inequality and lack of access to basic services. The author points out that such mechanisms are essential in establishing a mutually accepted and respected strategic plan of action for a more sustainable utilization of the community's scarce resources. The paper relates that the primary objective of the Forest Land Use Plan is to allocate the one thousand two hundred twenty seven hectares of the Western Mindanao State University Experimental Forest to its most rational use in order to address prevailing issues concerning the sustainability of the forest.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Governance and Sustainability
Development in the Upland
Community-Based Resource Management at WMSU Experimental Forest
The Forest Land Use Plan
Good Governance and Sustainable Development in the Upland
Conclusion
Schematic Framework of Forest Land Use Planning (FLUP)Proposed Forest Land Use Map of the WMSU-EF
From the Paper
"With the delineation of the production and protection areas, existing land use map was superimposed to analyze propriety of the existing land uses with vis-a-vis land qualities or land characteristics. Based on this, various conflicting issues were noted as improper land use such as kaingin farming and related practices. Other areas of issues such as degraded lands, encroachment, illegal occupancy, protection of forest resources and socio-demographic problems due to increasing population in the area were also identified. From these, various options were developed by the TWG to address the different issues and conflicts."
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Genetically Modified Crops, 2007.
This paper discusses the risks vs. the benefits of genetically modified foods.
1,371 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the world-wide debate about genetically modified (GM) crops and explains the advantages and disadvantages of these products. The paper looks at the regulation of genetically modified foods in the United States and Europe and how GM food growth is drawing a political backlash. The paper discusses the powerful opposition of Greenpeace to genetic engineering. The paper concludes that as long as environmental organizations generate fear and doubt among politicians, retailers and the public, it will be almost impossible for the technology to break through, despite its benefits.
Outline:
Introduction
The Science of Genetic Engineering
Genetically Modified Foods and Hunger
Genetically Modified Foods and Biodiversity
Research for the Common Good
Growth of Genetic Engineering
Greenpeace
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The world wide debate about genetically modified crops has been a heated one, pitting biological progress against environmental conservation. The genetically modified foods issue involves complex factors including politics, international trade, and social and cultural norms. Advocates of GM foods say that the increased yields and decreased price of using genetically modified seeds can help to alleviate world hunger. However, progress is being hampered by over cautious environmentalists and consumers, mostly in Europe and Japan. These wealthy areas of the world can afford to take precautions that the starving people of the world cannot, but the preference of consumers in wealthy countries of whole, natural, organic foods is influencing impoverished countries."
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Agricultural Produce in Inter-war Russia, India and Japan, 2007.
This paper looks at trends and changes relating to agricultural produce in Russia, India and Japan during the inter-war period.
1,452 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer outlines the main trends in agricultural produce in the three economies of Russia, India and Japan in the inter-war period. The writer discusses how far changes in output and prices affected the standard of living of the agricultural population and notes that, during the inter-war period (1914-39), Russia, Japan and India experienced similar but at times varied fluctuations in how much produce they cultivated agriculturally. Generally-speaking, Japan and India maintained outwardly stable, but far from spectacular levels of production, while Russia and later the Soviet Union witnessed greater disparities in what she produced for the commercial market. The writer concludes that what is clear from all three cases is the extent to which change in agricultural output and prices invariably failed to benefit the rural population - and, in the case of the Soviet Union, change in fact proved to be catastrophic.
From the Paper
"When one takes the example of rice production - the main staple - as the chief indicator of agricultural output, with reference to Japan and India, and that of wheat production for Russia, one can observe the following. By 1914, Japan quickly reached production levels of 8.5 millions tonnes, levels that remained pretty much constant during subsequent years. Some twenty years later, in 1933, she reached a peak of 10.6 million tonnes, ending with a modest 10.3 million tonnes of rice in 1939. During the post-war era, India similarly witnessed marked increases in production. By 1914 she saw 42 million tonnes of rice harvested nationwide. But production proved erratic thereafter. During six of the following fifteen years output did exceed the 50 million tonne threshold; but the trend nevertheless was downwards, so that, by 1932, production dipped below the 40 million mark, only struggling to transcend this figure in two of the remaining seven years. What heavily contrasts with the case of India and Japan is that of Russia which witnessed not a levelling-off but a massive reduction in her wheat production following the First World War. By contrast to 28 million tonnes, which was recorded in 1913, the amount for 1921 plummeted to a mere 5.6 million tonnes. By 1925, however, production kicked back quickly to normal levels, with the Soviet Union reporting that 20.8 million tonnes of wheat had been harvested."
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Agricultural Bioengineering in India, 2008.
An analysis of the benefits of and objections to agricultural bioengineering in India.
1,314 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the development of food-resource advancements in India, due to its large population and high level of poverty. It discusses both the objections and the known benefits of genetic engineering of food. The paper then looks at the precedent for bioengineering in India and the benefits that are specific to that country. The paper contains an annotated bibliography.
From the Paper
"But the above referenced conference draws an important point in addressing not just the benefits of employing bioengineering methods to achieving agricultural robustness but in implementing such methods in order to improve our own understanding of their potential. The benefits of such technological advances in our ability to effectively reap sustenance from the earth are not only likely to outweigh the drawbacks but are also likely to contribute to an eventually diminishing of the drawbacks. Efforts which are now centered on opposing the graduation of our ability to defend against vermin, drought and other famine inducing natural disasters should instead be directed toward refining our effectiveness and education in reaching such ends. India provides an excellent example, in relationships such as that defined by Monsanto India, of the ways in which international support of bioengineering can both improve its effectiveness and advance our capacity to use it safely and optimally. The New Delhi conference provides evidence that such efforts are already underway, with America playing an integral role in the assimilation of bioengineering into the broader landscape of India's hunger and poverty fighting strategy."
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Free Trade Agreements in America, 2008.
An examination of free trade agreements in the U.S. and how they are affecting small farmers and labor unions.
2,424 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the free trade agreements in America affect the labor unions, and the small farmers; mostly middle class to lower class persons. It explains that the people who stand to gain the most are those with high positions in corporations, who, thanks to Free trade agreements, can wipe out small competition, and are able to make their own shipping agreements for less money with farmers and manufacturers in less industrialized countries. The paper discusses how the new agreements, which make tariffs on the imported goods low to keep them cost effective, will ultimately crush the small farmer between the giant agribusinesses and the new Central American imports. The paper also looks at instances where labor unions and farmers protested in the hopes of gaining political support, but their attempts to influence policy have been largely ineffective.
From the Paper
"Free trade agreements have become more common in the U.S. during the last half century, leading to disputes on whether or not those agreements are actually beneficial to our country. Free trade allows countries to trade unique products that cannot be produced in or found in their own countries. Free trade also allows them to be sold at reasonable prices to the consumers. The disadvantages of free trade are that there are also many products that can be produced in multiple countries. Some countries can produce these products cheaper. This can cause huge economic issues/problems for the people who were originally making this product."
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Campaign Targeting Kraft Foods, 2007.
An examination of the campaign against the Kraft Foods Company.
1,659 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the ongoing campaign targeting the Kraft Food Company and explains that the campaign is led by the Genetically Engineered Food Alert (GEFA). The paper discusses how the majority of Kraft products contain genetically altered ingredients and then looks at the steps taken by GEFA to convince Kraft to to discontinue the use of genetically engineered ingredients in all products unless adequate testing, labeling, and liability are established. The writer believes that the campaign has turned out to be somewhat and concludes that, although the scientific evidence against genetically engineered food was there, Kraft may have never felt the pressure to change their ways without this campaign.
From the Paper
"The campaign against the Kraft Foods Company has been in action since 2000, when it was discovered that Kraft was using genetically engineered ingredients in their food products. The campaign is led by the Genetically Engineered Food Alert, a coalition of health, consumer and environmental groups. It is generally accepted that genetically altered foods are safe to consume, however, there is mounting scientific evidence that these foods may be harmful to consumers' health, as well as to the environment."
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Forest Inventory Methods, 2007.
This paper is a case study of forest inventory methods in New Jersey.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explain that New Jersey is a unique forestry case study because the rapid urbanization of the state resulted in not as much comprehensive information about inventories and methodology being done as in larger states with more forests. The author points out that the state uses interpretation of aerial photos of the entire state to estimate the number, size and species of trees and compare re-photographed and re-measured plots periodically. The paper relates that a major component of New Jersey's forests is the urban forest, one of the most neglected fields in terms of resource management due to budget austerity, poor planning and non-efficient management.
From the Paper
"A piece of knowledge that is useful about the Pine Barrens of New Jersey is the need to calculate fuel load in order to understand fire and how much it can affect the forest. This requires the extensive use of machinery. A Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) device was utilized in conjunction with FIA and other types of data to quantify the fuel lodes of the forest. The LIDAR was recorded at 400 Hz over three areas of 1 square kilometer with transects spaced at 200 meters and along 64 transects also spaced 1 square kilometer apart."
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"Guns, Germs and Steel", 2005.
An analysis of Jared Diamond's book "Guns, Germs and Steel".
2,179 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on Diamond's book "Guns, Germs and Steel" and his explanations of how and why the modern world has developed the way it has. It looks at how it discusses the history of domestication in both plants and animals, world trade and disease, technology and advanced weaponry, and climates and specific ecosystems.
From the Paper
" Diamond lists and explains the 'major five' and the 'minor nine' large domesticated herbivorous mammals, along with their ancestors and where they originated. The major five include sheep, goat, cow, pig, and horse. Sheep and goat originated in West Asia, cow and pig in Eurasia and North Africa, and the horse from southern Russia. The minor nine include Arabian and Bactrian camel, llama, donkey, reindeer, water buffalo, yak, Bali cattle, and mithan. One may ask why so many animals were domesticated in so few places, and the answer is partially knowledge of domestication, and the other is availability of animals. Some places like Australia were only left with one or a few candidates for domestication after the great extinction of the mega fauna."
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Factory Farming, 2007.
This paper argues that factory farming is immoral and should not be continued in the United States.
1,325 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that "factory farming" is a commonly used term in the agricultural business, which is associated with the mass production of goods such as meat, eggs, milk and other related products. The author points out that this new assembly line style of farming may produce exceptional revenue and profit for farmers but it comes at a great cost to the animals, the environment and most of all to the consumers. The paper relates that factory farming creates conditions that spread diseases, which can transfer to humans such as pfiesteria from fish. The paper includes several quotations.
From the Paper
"Secondly, factory farms are producing meat so that we won't grow hungry, although the quality of the meat and the production process is slowly killing us and the environment. Producing and cramming massive numbers of animals into these small factory farm warehouses causes' disease and pollution. "Alberta's Feedlot Alley, which produces untreated waste from 1.3 million animals that is the sewage equivalent for a population of eight million people [...]" This sewage is damaging fertile soil used for planting and the condition of water that sustains life."
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Sugar Cultivation in Cuban History, 2005.
Examines the importance of sugar cultivation to the Cubans between the 18th and 19th centuries.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the importance of sugar cultivation for Cuba during the mid eighteenth century and late nineteenth century. This paper covers the rise and fall of the sugar industry in Cuba and how that affected Cuba's economy, the people of Cuba and Cuba's global relationships.
From the Paper
"Finally by the mid 1880's, Cuba received "new credit and investment capital, largely from the United States," that helped them raise sugar production by updating their milling technology in the remaining mills. (Perez, L., 1983, p. 132). Increasing sugar production increased the demand on supporting production capabilities like fuel and transportation. Because of this, the railroads expanded having the sugar industry provide "81 per cent of the total rail revenues," and providing jobs for 39.6 percent of the Cuban population. "
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The Potato, 2003.
A discussion on the relevance of the potato to today's world.
2,047 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
Potatoes are the world's most widely grown vegetable. However, this status is being challenged by other carbohydrate staples around the world due to changing diets and quality perceptions. This paper examines the basic biology of the potato, agriculture and cultivation and market access.
From the Paper
"In order to achieve maximum yield potential with acceptable quality, it is important to select the most appropriate combinations of potato genotypes, environmental conditions and management practices. Maximum yield is not necessarily a desirable goal - the impact of achieving maximum yield on the tuber quality and marketability of the crop must be considered. Sometimes the factors influencing the quality of the tubers, conflict with those involved in maximising the yield. Conditions required to ensure a high yield include: a frost free growing season, warm days (>18oC) and cool nights, periods of low humidity to facilitate control of leaf disease and well drained soils. The canopy of the potato plant above the soil needs to be kept alive and functional for approximately 95 days after the start of tuber initiation. ie: growth needs to be maintained for 95 days so that young, photosynthetically active tissue is maintained."
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Rice, 2003.
An overview of rice and its importance to the world as part of the staple diet.
3,227 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how rice is a grain cereal plant of the grass family and how in terms of total production it is the world's second leading food crop. In particular, it looks at how rice will continue to play a major role in feeding billions of people in the world especially in Asia and how the goals and ambitions of researchers today must be to develop rice cultivars and methods of cultivation which enhance the crop yield and are resistant to disease and adverse weather conditions.
Outline
Abstract
Biology of the Rice Plant
Regions of Rice Cultivation and Factors Affecting Yield
Preparation for Planting
Soil Type
Whole Farm Planning
Calendar of Events
Propagation of Rice
Recent Developments
Irrigation
Pests and Diseases
Harvesting
Post Harvest Issues
Processing
Environmental Effects of Rice Cultivation
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"The rice plant is usually classified as the genus Oryza in the grass family (Graminae). The rice plant has a number of jointed stems, called culms, which measure between 38cm to 244cm. The culms are composed of hollow internodes that join at solid nodes and arise from the shallow fibrous root system. A few of the nodes become elongated as the plant matures. The upper internode supports the panicle, which is the head of the rice plant. The flat grass-like leaves of the rice plant have a basal sheath which surrounds the culm. The blade of the leaf is set at an angle to the sheath. The panicle can range from open to compact and from erect to droopy. In most varieties it is dense and droopy."
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Sustainable Cities, 2006.
A review of the scope of urban sustainability.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews an issue within the scope of urban sustainability. The issue deals with urban agriculture placing special emphasis on community gardening. The assignment looks at the environmental, economic and social benefits of urban agriculture and community gardens.
From the Paper
"Urban sustainability has become an increasingly common issue in recent years. One area in which urban areas are not sustainable is in terms of food. The best way of increasing food security within urban areas is through urban agriculture. Community gardens in particular are an important way of increasing food security in urban areas while also providing a number of other social and environmental benefits. These benefits will go a long way towards increasing urban sustainability. Sustainable Development, Urban sustainability and Food Insecurity The idea of sustainable development has become very popular in recent years."
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The Agricultural Industry in British Columbia, 2006.
A discussion of how climate and soil affect the agricultural industry in three British Columbian regions.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 0 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
Perhaps no other industry is as dependent upon variables over which it has no control as the agricultural industry is. This paper produces a cross sectional comparison and contrast of three regions in British Columbia: Cariboo region, Peace River, and Kootenay. The paper highlights how climatic factors and soil composition factors impact upon the respective agricultural sectors of the aforementioned areas. In addition to illuminating how areas that are fairly close to one another geographically can still produce astonishing climatic and geological diversity the paper also reveals how primary industries like agriculture take on new shapes in different regions because of the physical feature of the land.
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The Agricultural Industry in Canada, 2006.
An essay discussing the importance of the Canadian agricultural industry to Canada's global economic position.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 2 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
While the Canadian agriculture industry may not have the prominence of other sectors of the Canadian economy, such as the automotive or aerospace industries, it remains a significant element of both the Canadian domestic and export sectors. This essay demonstrates that this industry is a not only a major employer, but its health and expansion are critical elements in Canada's global economic position.
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