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Government Regulation of Business, 2008.
This paper argues positions for and against government regulation of business.
1,960 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that government regulation of commerce in the United States traces back to the first draft of the Constitution, which gives the federal government power to regulate interstate commerce. The author points out that the power of regulations of businesses allows the federal government to act on behalf of the public and provide protections for individuals who cannot manage on their own without collective support. The paper stresses that, far from being evil and ineffective, appropriate government regulations can have many positive effects such as reducing corporate excess and increasing accountability in the business world. The author underscores that, unfortunately, the presence of a regulatory agency or legislation is no guarantee of the successful achievement of that goal. The paper also argues that any regulation leveled at the business community is ultimately borne by the consumers who patronize those businesses and negatively impact innovation in products by raising costs for businesses.
Table of Contents:
Consumers and Businesses Benefit from Government Regulation
Government Regulation Harms Businesses
From the Paper
"The reality is that the government is, by and large, an obstacle to increased prosperity and economic growth in industrialized nations. The traditional view of regulations is that it is the primary weapon or tool that the government has in its efforts to rein in the excesses of the business community. This attitude posits that business and commerce is somehow opposed to the interests of the public and that the government can act as a kind of "white knight" to protect the public and champion their interests in the face of corporations and businesses intent only on improving their bottom line and increasing profits."
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At Will Employment, 2008.
A review of the arguments of Richard Epstein in his article, "In Defense of the Contract at Will."
1,568 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Richard Epstein's article, "In Defense of the Contract at Will," in which he describes at will employment as an inherent right awarded to all employers. The paper presents his arguments and reviews their validity. It discusses the strategy of his arguments and describes why they are successful in their presentation.
From the Paper
"What these authors recognize in at-will's implicit contract is that it is simply not a contract at all and all of the demands are made by the employer with little recourse for the employee other than to quit and suffer the greater economic harm and consequences. Hence, the at-will contract is essentially a mandate rather than a contract and it is a mandate that states that employees will abide by the predetermined agreements of the employer or be removed from employment at any time and for any reason."
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Cross Burning and the American Justice System, 2008.
This paper argues that blanket prohibitions on the issue of cross burning are unconstitutional in the American justice system.
1,545 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the current debate about the legitimacy of cross burning under state law has been a conflicting issue with the primary constitutional provisions, which protect a person's right to freedom of speech under the First Amendment. The author points out that the critical issue of racial intimidation by the Klu Klux Klan (KKK) in the case of "Virginia v. Black" provides a foundation for various leniencies by the Supreme Court to allow racial intimidation as a precursor for validating Virginia's laws, although they correctly struck down the statute of cross burning as a blanket prohibition against the cultural milieu of Christianity in the state. The paper concludes that the premise of racial intimidation portrays a contextual denial of the right to burn a cross at a KKK rally, but the religious nature of Virginia's law violated the Fist Amendment of the Constitution.
From the Paper
"This perspective has brought great controversy over the use of derogatory language as a basis for intimidation, but since the Virginia law did not provide any type of deeper semantics to the issue of the "breach of peace" the Supreme Court deemed it unconstitutional to prevent cross burning. The premise of religious freedom took a precedence in this ruling, since the very language of the Constitution does not deny any type of freedom of religious expression, but only if it does not physically harm another person. Perhaps, the ruling of "Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire" goes against this form of intimidation as an exception."
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Women and the Canadian Old-Age Pension System, 2008.
A historical overview of the Canadian old-age pension system with regards to female employees.
1,285 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the history of the entitlement of women in the Canadian old-age pension system. The paper points out that, although at first limited, the scope of Canadian women's enfranchisement in the successive public pensions schemes instituted between 1928 and 1985 did gradually widen, allowing more and more women to receive pensions. The working premise of the paper is that this progress was foremost the fruits of women's own labors, literally as well as figuratively.
Women in effect earned the right to a pension by earning a living in increasing numbers. The paper concludes that, in order to do this, women had to overcome the prevailing social mores, prejudices, institutional resistance and male-dominated cultural stereotypes.
From the Paper
"Data from the 1901 Canadian Census records a total male population of 2,066,000 and a total female population of 1,957,000. Out of this 1,618,000 men but only 215,000 women were gainfully employed; in other words, 78.3 percent of Canadian males earned their living by working whereas only 14.4 percent of Canadian women did. (Series D107) Some thirty years later, on the heels of Canada's first full-fledged public pension, 78.5 percent of Canada's 4,206,000 men and 19.4 percent of its women were gainfully employed. The raw numbers are particularly revealing: 3,296,000 men but only 752,000 women reported having a job. Yet, even if these results are skewered by the Great Depression, there were still over three times as many women working in 1931 than 1901."
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Prostitution in Thailand, 2008.
An analysis of how prostitution influences the social and economic systems within Thai society.
1,550 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the culture of prostitution in Thailand and the failure of the officials there to prosecute or enforce the law with regards to prostitution. The paper aso discusses the economic impact of prostitution on the nation. In addition, the paper looks at the arguments for and against official recognition of prostitution and concludes that, according to this analysis, the problems of prostitution outweigh the benefits.
Table of Contents:
Sexual Mores and Practices, and Thai Prostitution
Economics, Gender Politics, and Prostitution
Devastating Effects on Thai Culture
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Prostitution in Thailand is semi-legal at present, with many people tolerating it and officials not prosecuting or enforcing the law regarding it. There are even some voices within Thailand that have called for an official recognition of prostitution so the sex tourism industry can be carried out in an openly legal manner. However, according to the arguments reviewed here, prostitution causes problems within the society by limiting the choices of women and child. Therefore, the problems of prostitution are believed to outweigh the benefits according to this analysis."
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Serial Killers and Possible Solutions, 2008.
An examination of the sociological and psychological theories behind serial murder and suggestions for possible solutions to the problem.
2,190 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the phenomenon of the serial murderer, considering the definition and the many sociological and psychological theories that have been offered for the fact that such persons kill repeatedly, often in sadistic ways. The paper finds that there are certain common features among serial killers, that is most are male, age 25-35, and have a background that includes trauma and abuse. The paper also finds that there are many exceptions to this rule. In conclusion, the paper recommends continuing coordinated studies to try to track down such persons.
Outline:
Upbringing
Psychological Contributions
Serial Murder and the Social Control Theory
The Neutralization Theory and the Desire to Kill
The Labeling Theory: A Social Cause
From the Paper
"The neutralization theory examines the ways in which people such as serial murderers rationalize their behavior. In order for murderers to rationalize their violent actions, they apply various techniques to mitigate their own guilt. These include denial, denying both the injury and the legitimacy of the victim, condemnation of those who condemn them, and an appeal to higher loyalties. This amounts to dehumanization, common among serial offenders. This theory has been essentially beyond verification because it would require a showing that the murderer neutralized a set of moral beliefs before killing. However, the available data suggest that serial offenders who rationalize their behavior generally do this after the fact, after they have already killed their victims. (Hickey 1991)"
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Knowledge and Expertise in the Court System, 2008.
An analysis of whether expert knowledge, that is presented in court, is in fact true and accurate knowledge and whether it is reliable in court proceedings.
1,763 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the truth of knowledge and expertise within the court system and looks at whether this form of information could represent inaccurate knowledge. More specifically, the paper analyzes whether data such as scientific opinion and expertise, social science evidence and eyewitness testimony are reliable in court proceedings and whether they do, in fact, represent "knowledge."
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Knowledge and Expertise in Court
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The findings of the abovementioned researchers indicate some interesting trends in our conception of "truth", "knowledge" and "expertise" in the modern court system. Though science is honored in modern society as an almost God-like certainty, in the court system (as Bertin & Henifin point out) it holds much less weight. The combined findings indicate that court rulings are based rather on a number of forms of evidence, all of which have been called into question by the researchers. Like Bertin and Henifin, Redding and Reppucci explored a form of court evidence often scrutinized for accuracy - social science evidence. However, unlike Bertin and Henifin, Redding and Reppucci seem to lament the fact that their investigated form of evidence is often overlooked or misconstrued in the field of law, particularly by judges - the ultimate decision-makers. Lastly, like Redding and Reppucci, Kebbell and Giles explored the concept of bias in court in eliciting tainted evidence. Kebbell and Giles demonstrated that the questioning techniques of lawyers can have an impact on the accuracy of eyewitness recollection. The combined findings of these researchers indicate that knowledge and expertise in the court system under current provisions is far from conclusive."
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The Rights of the Accused, 2008.
A review of the rights of the accused including case law examples, Federal Rules of Evidence and the exclusionary rule.
2,798 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the root of the criminally accused from the Declaration of Independence through the Federal Rules of Evidence. The paper also reviews case law concerning the specific questions of application of the constitutionally protected rights, including the exclusionary rule and other remedies for governmental violation of the rights of the accused. Finally, it reviews the Federal Rules of Evidence in the context of the relevance and reliability of the evidence presented in court, including hearsay and its exceptions.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
The Sword of the Law
From the Paper
"The rights of the accused are natural rights that are created at the birth, as proclaimed in the Declaration of Independence. There are several of these privileges that cannot be surrendered in the interest of creating a government, and these are outlined specifically in the Bill of Rights, and became enforceable against the individual States by virtue of the 14th Amendment. The specific applications of these protected rights are interpreted by the Courts, and at all times the rights of the citizen against improper conviction are kept paramount, sometimes at the expense of the victims. The Congress enacted rules of evidence to control what is presented in court to ensure that it is relevant and reliable. The 3rd President of the United States, Thomas Jefferson phrased it best, "the sword of the law should never fall but on those whose guilt is so apparent as to be pronounce by their friends as well as foes" (Kelly-Gangi, 2004, p.61)."
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Police Performance Research Article Review, 2008.
A review of M.H. Moore and A.A. Braga's article "Police Performance Measurement: A Normative Framework".
810 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses an article regarding law enforcement management and direction, related to performance metrics. The paper explains that the purpose of the article is to form new insight into the performance metrics of law-enforcement activity in a manner that is more closely aligned with the actual duties that most sworn law enforcement personnel perform on a daily basis. The paper briefly discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the article and concludes that the article was effective in pointing to the direction where further practical research should be conducted regarding law enforcement performance measurements.
From the Paper
"For example, the typical parking enforcement office is primarily an administrative function requiring little in the line of active police or law enforcement activity. The primary activity is by far the processing of citations for payment or non-payment and this activity consumes the attention of most parking enforcement staff (Moore & Braga, 2004). The survey results tend to support these observations in that, even in situations where police departments retain full control over all types of law enforcement activities, the ones most successful at operating them are the departments that have dedicated personnel outside of sworn law enforcement officers working in each department."
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Crime Increases in Canada, 2008.
An analysis of increases in youth crime in Canada and the implementation of the Young Offenders Act (YOA).
3,091 words (approx. 12.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the implementation of the Young Offenders Act (YOA), that was enacted in order to attempt to reduce youth crime in Canada. The paper analyzes research that discusses the reasons why youth crime fell each year from 1991 until 1996 and the fact that apprehension and charging rates over time tended to be due to legislative changes rather than actual changes in criminal behavior.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Crime in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s: The Young Offenders Act
Youth Crime in Canada Under the Youth Criminal Justice Act
Comparison with "Other" Crime: Workplace Violence
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Overall, the findings indicate that in terms of youth crime in Canada, changes in apprehension and charging rates over time tend to be due to legislative changes rather than actual changes in criminal behavior. Recent results indicate that in the last few years, increases in chargeable youth rates were probably owing to technical reporting factors rather than changed police charging practices. Regarding another form of crime, workplace violence has decreased in Canada over the years in every sector apart from the health care, welfare and community service industries, which experienced marked increases. Reasons behind these changes are probably social and political in nature. Heightened scores in some provinces were found to be probably related to the fact that there are a greater proportion of residents in these areas working in high risk sectors for workplace violence."
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"Regulating Girls and Women", 2008.
A review of the strengths and weaknesses of Joan Sangster's book, "Regulating Girls and Women - Sexuality, Family and the Law in Ontario, 1920-1960."
1,680 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews Joan Sangster's book, "Regulating Girls and Women - Sexuality, Family and the Law in Ontario, 1920-1960", and describes the strengths and weaknesses of the book. The paper argues that there is room to ask whether or not legal and social realities have changed much with regard to girls and women entering a reformed criminal justice system.
From the Paper
"Institutionally, all appears to have worked to protect women in Canadian family law that made men responsible for wives and children should they desert them. There were assault laws that seemed to direct high standards in the home and with the interval of 1920 to 1960 seeing the appearance of Toronto's Juvenile and Family Court as seemed to promise that family issues were taken seriously, just as the Children's Aid Society attended to child welfare. The ideal was one of producing 'social' hearings or trials that would reflect social investigation and clinical expertise as promised better family law. (p. 55) However, Sangster is able to show that law was really carried over from before, was not always enforced in ways that protected women, in effect, and that very old-fashioned thinking governed society's ideals for female citizens. The same interval produced the Mercer Reformatory for Women which aimed to make 'honest' or respectable women according to a certain mold from women thought to be immoral, as in convicted prostitutes, or in need of correction through labor."
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NAFTA and Its Weaknesses, 2008.
A discussion of the weaknesses of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
1,685 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the positive and negative effects the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has had in Canada, the United States and Mexico. The paper asserts that NAFTA has taken on somewhat mythical proportions in the minds of its proponents and detractors alike. It holds that NAFTA has primarily struck a dissonant tone with the U.S. and Mexico, while Canada largely accepted its utility. To its detractors NAFTA offered a convenient scapegoat for all of the economic woes since its inception in January 1994, and to its proponents it has been responsible for most of the economic growth periods of the last 10 years. Yet, beyond all the hype, rhetoric, and ideology superficially imposed on it, NAFTA was a dynamic process that required monumental negotiation commitment on the part of the signatories and certainly on the part of Canada as the smallest market.
The paper concludes that, although NAFTA comes with its negative attributes, it has largely proven a boon to the Canadian economy and the country would be ill-advised to withdraw from the treaty.
Outline:
History & Description
NAFTA Weaknesses & Failure
Benefits & Cost Outcomes
Conclusion
From the Paper
"While NAFTA has been somewhat contentious since before its inception, the economic results of the agreement have proven largely inline with the positive projections associated with NAFTA by its designers and supporters. In fact, the increasing reliance on free-trade agreements which essentially become a 5th column in a country's foreign policy mechanism, NAFTA has become not just an economic success but a political template for further free-trade agreements across the globe. Some researchers have pointed out that NAFTA was ground-breaking both for its visionary approach to expanded trade relationships and for its unique integration into the signatory countries' sovereignty."
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Sex Workers in Canada, 2008.
An examination of how the sex trade in Canada was viewed in the first half of the 20th century.
1,655 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This essay takes a look at the issue of prostitution in Canada at the beginning of the 20th century. The paper points out that, in more recent years, theorists have increasingly begun to frame prostitution as a social issue, and as an occupation forced on marginalized, poverty-stricken people. However, in earlier times, it was more common to frame prostitution as a moral issue, or as a law enforcement issue. The paper ultimately attempts to show how the failure to suppress prostitution was directly linked to the failure to understand it, which in turn was based on a sexist inability to conceptualize women as subjects making choices, due to extenuating socioeconomic circumstances.
From the Paper
"Nilsen notes that in the period 1906 to 1917, most local residents of Vancouver perceived prostitutes as nothing but blight on the city, and a negative influence on property values. Unlike national reformers, they failed to see prostitutes as women for whom they should feel pity. They failed to perceive them as victims of pimps, or as victims of socioeconomic circumstances. Their response to prostitution was to draw up petitions to have it removed by stringent law enforcement. On the other hand, the National Council of Women, which in other respects was a philanthropic organization, saw the solution to prostitution as being moral education and tougher laws (Nilsen, 1980). It is suggested that, as the members of that esteemed council were all middle class women, they had never been in the situation of having to feed themselves or their children on nothing but "moral education." What is interesting to note is that although both residents and the National Council of Women were coming at the matter from different perspectives, both had a touching faith that laws could remove the problem."
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Sexual Harassment in the Workplace, 2008.
An analysis of the possible solutions to sexual harassment in the Canadian workforce, according to Michael Kaufman's article, "Effective Ways to Protect Against Sexual Harassment."
1,168 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses sexual harassment in the Canadian workplace and possible solutions to the problem. More specifically, the paper discusses an article written by Michael Kaufman in the 27 March 2006 edition of the "Toronto Star," entitled "Effective Ways to Protect Against Sexual Harassment" and examines how Kaufman sets forth a series of practical suggestions in regards to how best to address the problem of sexual harassment in the workplace. The paper also discusses the legal case, "Curling v. Torimiro" and how it relates to this issue.
From the Paper
"The summary notes that in the final decision of the Board, released 22 December 1999, defendant Alexander Torimiro was found to be responsible for conduct qualifying as sexual harassment against the complainant, Ms. Curling. Such conduct was found to be discriminatory on the basis of the complainant's gender, and it was also found that Mr. Torimiro engaged in retaliatory response against the complainant when the initial suggestions were rebuffed. The summary also notes that the Board of Inquiry found that Mr. Torimiro, in his commencement of legal action against the complainant, had in addition violated Ms. Curling's statutory right to claim Code protection without fear of threat of retaliation."
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Punishment, 2008.
A discussion of the current criminal justice system, based mainly on retribution as opposed to restoration and reform.
1,445 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at how many criminologists have expressed doubt or downright condemnation regarding the current criminal justice system, which is one based on retribution. The paper claims that a new framework for criminal redress is necessary. It points out that proponents of change for the criminal justice system typically point to restorative approaches for future framework. It questions whether this means a complete rejection of punishment as a means for redress. It also examines the views of those who believe that "punishment" is subjective and should be part of restorative criminal approaches in some shape or form. To conclude, the paper postures that justice may work best when it utilizes aspects of both restorative and retributive approaches.
From the Paper
"As remorse is the only means through criminals can express regret over their actions and refrain from repeating them, it is these objects which many theorists have in mind in their ideal of criminal justice. However, as Pepinsky notes, emotions such as remorse may be fabricated (ibid, p. 279). Obedience to punishment does not make one "responsible and empathic" because one must "have to have confidence in the value and legitimacy of (one's own) feelings and needs" (ibid, p. 283). Restorative justice proponents such as Pepinsky recommend a course of empathy, communication and round-table style conversation in addressing criminality, much in the way of more traditional societies such as the Navajo people (ibid, p. 287). Here the airing of grievances settles and restores all involved members, including the community, whereas Western society's modern attitude of obedience is a case of "choosing whose voices get to be heard as against others" (ibid, p. 291)."
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