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Privacy and Surveillance, 2008.
This paper looks at the issue of privacy and surveillance and discusses where and how we should draw the line between them.
2,505 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer argues that privacy is very important in a liberal, democratic state and that it should be extended to the fullest practicable extent. At the same time, the writer also maintains that privacy concerns have to be balanced against the understandable need to protect others in society - this is especially true in a day and age of global terrorism. As a result of all this, the writer proposes that one should draw the line on surveillance in the following way: In the public space one should permit video surveillance, visual surveillance, and intermittent "checks" on employees just as long as the surveillance adheres to the standard of reasonableness articulated by the United States Supreme Court in "O'Connor v. Ortega". Turning to the private sphere, the writer holds that the much tougher standard of probable cause should be employed when it comes to watching and/or searching a citizen's private dwelling. A significant component of this paper is also set aside to looking at different types of surveillance approaches or activities and when and where each one is defensible - and when and where each one is not. The writer concludes that society does itself a grave injury by not ensuring that the prying eyes of the government cannot intrude into the inner sanctum of our lives.
From the Paper
"For one thing, the more traditional Fourth Amendment warrant and probable-cause requirements - requirements that permitted law enforcement searches of the personal possessions of private citizens - should really only apply in instances where a private dwelling is being searched or a personal vehicle is being searched; in cases where it is a desk or file or locker at a place of business, "reasonableness" alone is sufficient because the smooth operation of the workplace demands that investigations be launched periodically when an employee's performance or conduct is damaging to the organization. Additionally, when people enter someone else's private dwelling, they usually do so because they have been invited into that dwelling; to simply invite oneself in is, of course, tantamount to criminal trespass. Conversely, when people enter a public space to work, they are not doing so of their own volition but because they have a contractual obligation to do so; in other words, if they decline to appear (enter into that public space) for work without a legitimate reason (such as illness) or without proper notification, they run the risk of being ejected from their position. Because other people have to be present, a safety issue inevitably comes into play in public spaces - one that demands reasonable precautions be undertaken by management to protect others from possible harm."
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Drug Offender Treatment Programs, 2008.
An overview of treatment programs for drug offenders.
2,164 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper shows how the role of drug offender treatment programs and the criminal justice field are associated. It includes a literature analysis that highlights the associated cost/benefits from these programs and how or if they can be integrated within criminal justice policy to provide a suitable alternative to other forms of punishment for certain offenders.
Outline:
Introduction
Understanding Drug Offender Treatment Programs: Literature & Scope of Study
The Role of Drug Offender Treatment Programs
Drug Treatment Programs Versus Prison: Analyzing the Fiscal and Social Implications
From the Paper
"The literature is divided on this issue, since there is one argument that these programs lessen the number of individuals in prison and is more effective, since treatment in a prison environment is less efficient and has a higher probability of resulting in failure. However, there is another set of theorists who argue that these programs are not effective, since they literally force individuals into treatment, which is not the way to treat diseases related to addiction (Marlatt and Donovan, 2005, p. 239). "
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International Business Law, 2008.
This paper focuses on the "Libyan Arab Foreign Bank v. Bankers Trust Company" case of 1988.
924 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper offers a summary of the "Libyan Arab Foreign Bank v. Bankers Trust Company" case of 1988. The paper then looks at current events of international corporations doing business in the U.S. and their submission to U.S. law. The paper also discusses the role of e-commerce and the legal precedents of the Libyan Bank case.
From the Paper
"The oil industry is continuing to become largely an international venture, with consolidations of domestic United States operations creating attractive assets for foreign purchase. The recent attempt by the Chinese national oil company to purchase UNOCAL corporation and the Dubai World ports purchase of the company the operated many U.S. ports brought to light a half century old congressional act protecting vital domestic infrastructure. The Defense Production Act of 1950 empowered the President to block the purchase of U.S. companies by foreign corporations if national security is threatened (James & Wall, 2007, n.p.)."
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Canadian Retirement Pensions, 2008.
This paper looks at the Canada Pension Plan and Old Age Security pension that are relevant for Canadian workers.
829 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at why the Canada Pension Plan (CPP) and Old Age Security pension were brought into existence and explores additional, pertinent acts at the provincial level. The paper then discusses how retirees can ensure they receive CPP/employee benefits and concludes by looking at how the federal acts impact other, provincial acts. The paper highlights the importance of understanding the pension process in Canada and its dynamics.
From the Paper
"To begin with, the Canada Pension Plan and the Old Age Security Pension were both established because it was evident by the early war years that something needed to be done to assist the elderly in their declining years; in particular, these men and women simply did not have enough money to ensure themselves a comfortable, or even adequate, standard of living after retirement. With that in mind, 1951 saw section 94A added to the British North American Act (now the Constitution Act, 1867). The new addition stated that the federal government could enact laws pertaining to old age pensions along as the legislation did not affect laws administered in the provinces. One year later, courtesy the new powers granted under section 94A, the universal Old Age Security Program was put into place, but only for Canadians aged 70 and above."
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The Graying Inmate: An Accelerating Crisis, 2008.
An examination of the aging prison population in America.
3,425 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the troubling phenomenon of an aging prison population in America. The paper looks at the threats posed by chronic ailments common to old age as well as the shortcomings of the current system when it comes to assisting the elderly. The paper further explains that chief among these shortcomings is the lack of a universal, national program or curriculum for meeting the needs of prisoners above the age of 50. The paper also examines some different options available to policy-makers eager to improve the situation. The paper then suggests that far from being mutually exclusive, many of these programs can serve as individual parts of a multi-pronged assault on the problem of the geriatric within the prison system of the United States. In conclusion, the paper shows that strong diagnostic and predictive capabilities, an on-going treatment program that reaches beyond release, recreational activities, and universal standards are all things that, working in tandem with specialized geriatric units, can save lives and make American prisons more humane.
From the Paper
"The American population is growing steadily older - literally year by year. This phenomenon has obvious and very serious implications for the nation's social welfare policies, but it also does not bode well for the United States prison system insofar as a graying prison population means the diversion of more and more scarce resources towards tending to the elderly individuals (or those individuals in late middle age) who happen to be behind bars. What the next several pages intend to show is that, while far from perfect in its response, the United States prison system is belatedly taking steps to assist those over 50 who are being held in our country's incarceration facilities; now what the US penal system needs to do is to work towards a universal geriatric prisoner care policy that will involve all states and hold all states rigidly accountable if they deviate from that policy."
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"Korematsu vs.United States", 2008.
Looks at the Supreme Court case of "Korematsu vs.United States", which upheld the Japanese-American relocation order of WWII.
810 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in September 1944, the United States Supreme Court ruled in the case of "Korematsu v. United States" (1944) by a 6-3 vote, to uphold Korematsu's conviction for violating the order to evacuate the West Coast. The author points out that the majority ruling was written by Hugo Black, Felix Frankfurter wrote a concurring opinion and dissenting opinions were written by Robert Jackson, Owen Roberts, and Frank Murphy. The paper stresses that, in this case, the Court placed a heavy burden on anyone trying to defend racial discrimination even though the Court allowed such discrimination against Fred Korematsu. The author argues that, nonetheless, the Court should have protected Korematsu's constitutional rights.
From the Paper
"Fred Korematsu was an American citizen of Japanese ancestry and lived in the San Francisco Bay area. He had a good job and a steady girlfriend, and he decided not to obey the relocation order. He went so far as to have plastic surgery performed on his face, and he told strangers that he was of Mexican descent, or Spanish-Hawaiian. This was not an effective ploy, though, and Korematsu was arrested in May 1942 for failing to comply with the evacuation order."
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Maternal Filicide and Mental Illness, 2008.
An analysis of the relationship between maternal filicide and mental illness.
1,146 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a case that occurred in New Port Richey, Florida, in which a young mother, Jessica Warren, killed her son. It describes her history of unstable behavior and family history of schizophrenia and then discusses research on the link between maternal filicide (or mothers killing their children) and mental illness. The paper concludes with a brief discussion on the need for continued future research into this area.
Table of Contents:
Filicide and Schizophrenia
Continued Research
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Warren may have believed the voices that she heard were real beings, as displayed by her belief that she was killing demons when she accidentally killed her son. Garrett and Silva (2003) suggest that this belief might be an error in "source monitoring," the process by which a person determines the origination of an event (p. 445). Garrett and Silva studied a population of 41 patients with auditory hallucinations, housed at an inner-city psychiatric service (pp. 447-448). Patients were subject to "semi-structured, recorded, and transcribed" interviews, which were then analyzed using the previously developed Source Monitoring Framework (pp. 446-447). Twelve percent of the patients reported hearing command hallucinations that were so powerful as to suggest a real presence. However, these voices were distinguishable from the voices of real people with whom they interacted (Garrett & Silva, 2003, p. 451)."
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Problems and Practices in Sports, 2008.
This paper discusses grievance procedures related to problems and practices in sports.
1,432 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explores the policies, procedures and grievances that can occur in sports. The personal services contract and its relevance to sports are detailed and the role of the athletes and their contractual relationship with an individual promoter or team owners are discussed. The paper also reviews the history of player unions and sports league relationships and explains the governing bodies that control this relationship. In addition, the collective bargaining process, arbitration and mediation process are explained as they relate to professional sports.
Outline:
Abstract
References
From the Paper
"In the case where an athlete refuses to compete in an individual event, a boxing match for example, the promoters, the people whom engaged the athlete for their unique abilities, can sue the athlete for monetary compensation. The amount of damages due to the promoters is easily calculated in the form of lost profits from the revenue derived from the exhibition of the sporting event. In the case of an athlete that is a member of a sports team, and is a similar hypothetical where the athlete refuses to participate in a particular game, it is much harder to determine the extent of the lost profits for a single player not participating causes. Most likely there is another athlete on the team that can fulfill the responsibilities of the wayward athlete, and there can be no discernable effect on the event."
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Reconstruction as a National Phenomenon, 2008.
An examination of the ways that important aspects of US Reconstruction legislation were national in their implications.
1,108 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the politics of Reconstruction did have a nationwide impact which has changed the nature of our government up till the present day. In particular, the paper looks at the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments and the Civil Rights Act of 1875 and their national implications.
From the Paper
"By the late 1870s, the varied patchwork of legislation, armed force, and partisan compromises that was Reconstruction had petered out, and Southern whites began to reassert their dominance, bringing an ambiguous end to this phase of history. While unquestionably impacting the lives of Southerners tremendously, the politics of Reconstruction did have a nationwide impact which has changed the nature of our government up till the present day. By the power of Constitutional amendments such as the 14th and 15th, and precedent-setting legislation such as the first Civil Rights Act, the Federal government vastly extended its reach and influence, asserting its power to override state laws and even to replace state governments seen to be failing to follow Constitutional requirements. The ongoing tension between states' rights and the Federal government continues to generate strong political controversies even today."
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The Supreme Court of Canada, 2008.
This paper examines the judicial selection process for the Supreme Court of Canada.
2,702 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
The paper argues that judges are appointed by elitist institutions that result in decisions that are out of touch with the political and social realities of Canadian society. The paper looks at several court cases and shows how the court essentially makes decisions that are biased towards upper class individuals. The paper concludes that the Supreme Court appointment process needs to be reformed.
From the Paper
"The fact that social and class biases can shape judicial decisions has been proven in a number of studies. For example, in "Constituting class and crime in Upper Canada" it is argued, "Law often is constituted in ways that make its everyday enforcement a reflection of class and class-related conditions". What this means is that class is a major determinant of law enforcement. Therefore, the class composition of the Supreme Court of Canada will have a major impact on the types of decisions that are made. This means that the appointment process will have a major impact on the decisions made by the Supreme Court of Canada.
"Even when the Supreme Court of Canada makes decisions that are in line with Canadian society as a whole it can be argued that they are influenced by political patronage. This can be seen in the recent decisions about same sex marriage. In "Canada" Priya Verma et al explain how parliament voted 158-133 in favour of same sex marriage."
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Racism and the Judicial Process, 2008.
This paper argues that the judicial process does not result in racial discrimination.
1,033 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the argument that the judicial process is to blame for the large percentage of African-American prison inmates in the USA. The writer argues against the idea that the large number of African Americans in jail is due to racism in the judicial system. The writer maintains that it is not the judicial process that is to blame. The writer concludes that it seems likely that more African Americans are arrested and later put in prison simply because more African Americans commit serious crimes.
From the Paper
"It supports the argument that more African-Americans are arrested and put in jail simply because they commit more serious crimes. It cannot be because of bias at the arrest stage, because the data shows that African-Americans are less likely to be arrested. It is of course possible that African-Americans are discriminated against later in the judicial process - for example, at the sentencing stage. However, we can conclude that their race does not make them more likely to be arrested in the first place, at least in the three crimes of rape, robbery and assault. D'Alessio and Stolzenberg sum it up as follows .. "
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Ian Greene's "The Courts", 2008.
This paper is a critical review of Ian Greene's "The Courts", which examines the relationship between courts and democracy in Canada.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in "The Courts", Ian Greene uses the major criteria of participation, inclusiveness and responsiveness to evaluate the Canadian courts and their relations to democracy. The author points out that the objective of Greene's book was to provide a rather objective picture of the state of the courts in Canada without providing a personal option; nonetheless, his personal opinions are very generalized conclusions. The paper relates a number of weaknesses to Greene's arguments and only gives this book a mild recommendation because, suggesting that, beyond presenting a general examination of the court system in Canada, the book is almost useless. The paper recommends that the book would be made more effective by Greene making changes, such as a clear statement on the democratic or undemocratic nature of the Canadian courts.
From the Paper
"There are technically three key aspects of Green's organization scheme. The first is a general strategy of focusing on the systematic nature of the courts as an institution instead of the actions of individual actors. This makes a great deal of sense considering that individual courts will vary incredibly. Therefore, the operations of one court are more then likely to differ from operations of another court. But by examining a wide range of judges, lawyers, court officers, academics, policy makers and litigants it is possible to create a better picture of the over all operations of the courts as an institution in Canadian society."
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The Living-Wage Debate, 2008.
An analysis and evaluation of two opposing viewpoints on the living-wage laws debate.
1,891 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
The paper examines M. Hurd's support for living-wage legislation and R. Berman's arguments against living-wage laws in "Do Living-wage Laws Help Poor Workers?". The paper analyzes both viewpoints and concludes that Berman is more convincing in his arguments against living-wage laws. The paper explains that Berman uses facts to reinforce his claims while Hurd relies mainly on anecdotal accounts. The paper therefore takes the position that the well-intentioned efforts to increase the income of a few poor workers has an overall negative effect upon this class of low-skilled employees.
Outline:
Analysis
Evaluation
Rebuttal
Polemic
From the Paper
"The adoption of living-wage laws by nearly one hundred cities and counties is a benefit to the local economies, thus is the conclusion of Maude Hurd, President of Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN), when she states, "When workers earn enough to support themselves, taxpayers spend less on food stamps, housing assistance, Earned Income Tax Credits, on other handouts" (Hurd, "Do Living-wage Laws Help Poor Workers?".). Beyond the economic benefits, there is a general community wide enhancement when, as Hurd claims, "Communities benefit from less crime, more homeownership and increased time to parents to spend with their kids" (Hurd, n.p.). The direct and indirect benefits of living wage regulation are realized by the local economy, local and federal governments, employers and families, these are the conclusions made by Hurd in urging additional jurisdictions to embrace this concept and enact legislation mandating the payment of a living wage to all low income workers."
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The American Jury, 2008.
This paper explores J. Abramson and N. Finkel's ideas about the proper function of the jury in modern American society.
2,594 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the works of J. Abramson in "We the Jury" and N. Finkel in "Commonsense Justice" who consider the role of the jury today. The paper explains these authors' concerns about jury selection and function in the criminal justice system in modern society. The paper also points out that neither Abramson nor Finkel determine concrete solutions that will alter the jury system appropriately. The paper is of the opinion, however, that the works are significant in that they provide evidence for society to consider regarding the future of the jury system.
From the Paper
"What is the proper function of the jury in modern American society? Two recent books, Abramson, We the Jury (2000), and Finkel, Commonsense Justice (1998) , consider this question and various subordinate issues that arise from the role and the control of juries in the modern setting. Jeffrey Abramson is a professor of politics at Brandeis University. In We the Jury, he undertakes a comprehensive study of the institution of trial by jury in America. In this study, he ranges from the role of the jury in the colonial period to issues of the impact of racial bias in modern capital cases. He explores the complex process of modern jury selection with all of its controversies, and makes a strong case for the importance of requiring unanimous verdicts in criminal cases. He also offers an extensive and cogent discussion of the current "fully informed juror" question, better known as jury nullification."
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Prison Reform Sanctions, 2008.
This paper discusses whether intermediate sanctions are a better alternative than traditional incarceration.
1,578 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer notes that in the United States, there are two types of prisons: public, paid for by taxpayers, and private in which business and industry run prisons for capital gain. The writer maintains that although public prisons are far from perfect, they appear to be a better alternative than private sector prisons. Since both have major flaws, alternative sanctions must be explored when examining the issue of prison reforms. The writer then discusses that there are many valid alternatives to public and private prison incarceration, which may be as effective in reforming the offender. The writer concludes that alternative sanctions appear to be effective options to long prison terms and may reduce recidivism rates, while saving American taxpayer money.
Outline:
What is the Current Condition of Prisons in the United States?
What Alternative Sanctions are Available?
From the Paper
"Although safety may be a factor in private prisons, the efficiency level at which these facilities are run appears to be above that of public prisons. One study actually found that the incarceration length of an average inmate in a private prison is less than half that served by an inmate in the public sector.
"As stated, private prison systems are very cost effective, often 5 to 15 percent below public prison costs of operation. However, the failure to rehabilitate prisoners in a productive manner may cost society a bigger price in the end."
"Overall, although private sector facilities house less dangerous inmates, these prisons appear to be a more dangerous environment due to the lack of staff on duty. Although public prisons are far from perfect, they appear to be a better alternative than a private sector prison."
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