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Deaf Students, 2006.
This paper discusses the historical and socio-cultural effects of the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) and the subsequent least restrictive environment (LRE) provision on deaf students.
2,965 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper first explains the historical and legal background of the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) and the least restrictive environment (LRE) provision, as they apply to the general population. The author stresses the problems created when, by mandate, deaf students are put into mainstream classes, which most often results in more socio-cultural damage than good to the deaf community because it separates the deaf individuals from each other through language. The paper states that, if IDEA is properly implemented, deaf students and all special needs students could afford the opportunity to be placed in special education situations based on the fact that the conventional classroom cannot adequately meet their needs. The paper includes examples of court cases and personal experiences of students.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Historical Framework of Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
Early Court Interpretations of the LRE Mandate
Recent Court Interpretations of the LRE Mandate
Socio-cultural Framework of LRE
Are Deaf Students Suffering in Silence?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Cost arguments against specialized education for deaf students in favor of LRE also fail to make a valid point. Ostensibly, proponents of LRE claim that the provision of special education is cost prohibitive in an era of restrictive school budgets and an aging population that generates lower tax revenues which are needed to finance public education. However, when the cost of special education is weighed against the cost of institutionalizing, imprisoning, hospitalizing or keeping a special needs individual on the rolls of the welfare system because they cannot support themselves after high school, the investment in special education is a far better value from a multitude of points of view."
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Meaning of Justice, 2007.
This paper examines the meaning and the connotations of justice.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses what exactly justice means and how it applies to a criminal justice professional. The writer explains that justice, as such, refers to a sense of fairness and impartiality, an even-handedness, righteousness, and also objectivity and independence in making up one's opinions. Further, the writer notes that justice is the concept which must predominate when laws are being made, and for a layman, justice would mean that he would be safe and secure in the knowledge that he would be protected adequately by the law, and by the sense of justice that the law must uphold, no matter what. The writer concludes that although justice may have several different connotations, the bottom line is that the criminal has to be punished, and the victim awarded respite and retribution for the crime that he has suffered.
From the Paper
"When one wished to search for the true meaning to justice, one must first decide the method that he wished to use to search for it, because this would provide a rational answer to the problem. The meaning of justice can perhaps be taken therefore, from its use in legal theory, and thereafter, combining it with a concept of ethics. For a criminal justice professional, he would study social control, penal law, criminal procedures, social law, evidence, criminology, victimology, and various other components of the justice system. Each area of study is equally important, and unless all the areas are given equal justice, the professional would not be able to practice law in all fairness. He must be able to implement as many types of justice as are humanly possible in this world, and concentrate on being fair and just in all his judgments of criminal and social behavior."
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Punishing the Mentally Ill, 2007.
This paper discusses the punishment of crimes committed by the mentally ill.
2,040 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses criminal law and insanity. The writer notes that criminal law regulates behavior in society by punishing those who violate the penal code by committing a crime or offense. The writer points out that the legal test of insanity has changed through the past hundred years from social influences rather than scientific advances and insanity pleas have rarely succeeded. This indicates the general community standpoint that mental disease may motivate, but does not excuse, a crime, that the offender may simply fake being mad and that the mentally ill are a threat to the community. The writer concludes that the establishment of widespread systems should effectively address the required needs, such as assertive community programs, which would reduce criminalization in the country both by improving these services in the community and by providing appropriate treatment and support in the criminal justice systems.
From the Paper
"Of the more than 1,000 men and women put to death in the US by the end of December 2005, dozens had histories of serious mental illness before they were sentenced or by the time of their execution. Some were mentally retarded or suffered from mental illness or both. Their mental illness was mainly due to extreme childhood abuse, violence in prison, inherited or developed or made worse by their stay on death row. In many cases, a defendant's competence to stand trial has been seriously doubted as to whether he or she genuinely understands the nature and severity of the proceedings set against him or her or the capability to assist and cooperate in his or her defense. He or she may not possess the required competence to plead guilty or waive trial counsel. Some defendants are also said to have committed the crime in order to get a death sentence. Inadequate representation may evade the existence or the extent of mental impairment in the defendant. In other cases, defense lawyers do not have sufficient resources against the prosecution, the defendant's failure to cooperate may appear to the jury as a lack of remorse, or the defendant may refuse to reveal vital information on account of a suspicion of conspiracy against him or her."
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Capital Punishment, 2007.
This paper discusses the issue of capital punishment, which is presently one of the hottest and most controversial topics in the United States.
1,981 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer suggests that due to the growth and interest in the value of the individual, the philosophical and moral, social and economical implications of capital punishment become clear. The writer maintains that as the arguments based on morality and human rights lead to circular discussions with both sides having equally valid points, a decision on whether to support or fight the death penalty should logically be based on the argument that it is not an effective deterrent to violent crime and is ultimately more of a financial burden on taxpayers than lifetime incarceration. The writer claims that the arguments provide a strong, sound foundation to support the opinion that the death penalty should be abolished. The writer argues that the logic behind retaining a legal policy and carrying out a punishment that clearly does not have the effect it is supposed to have on the general population seems preposterous.
From the Paper
"The two opposing forces in this issue are essentially supporters of human rights versus supporters of punishment for crimes done. Unfortunately there is little common ground for these groups considering they often support exact opposites of each argument. Human rights advocates are interested in the dignity of the individual, the integrity of the justice system, and the moral implications that ending another human being's life entail. Supporters of capital punishment are only interested in the individual in as far as they are justly punished for the pain and trauma they have inflicted on the victims and their loved ones. They focus on the bigger picture of safety of the public in general."
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Sexually Harassing Conversations, 2007.
This paper describes sexual harassment in the workplace, with an emphasis on sexually harassing conversations.
2,002 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper examines what constitutes sexual harassment, especially sexually harassing conversations. The focus of the paper is sexual harassment in the workplace, although other situations are also described. The writer describes the motivation behind the inappropriate conversations, and how victims can bring charges against the perpetrators. Several law suits involving sexual harassment are presented.
From the Paper
"The restaurant industry in particular has seen its share of sexual harassment claims. It has been estimated that hundreds of thousands of dollars were spent by the foodservice industry in one year alone on sexual harassment claims. The State of California reported that there are anywhere from 1,163 and 1,275 reported cases of sexual harassment for restaurant employees alone (Allen, et.al, 2005). Pizza of Florida, a company who does business throughout the state under the name ABC Pizza was required to pay $225,000 for two sisters who had been subjected to the unwanted conversation of an adult manager. His conversation. The lawsuit was brought against the company by the EEOC and was particularly heinous since the victims were 16 and 17 years old at the time and placed with the company on a high school on-the-job training program. It was not noted whether the company instituted any training program or review of potentially hostile working environments within other stores. It would appear that this would be a especially important if this company hosts' minor in their stores as part of a work training program. While the young women received monetary compensation for their discomfort, it was also not noted whether the manager was terminated. "
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No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001, 2006.
This paper argues that the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001 has a negative impact on teachers, students and parents.
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that there are many positive goals associated with the NCLB Act; however, the Act ultimately takes the control of classrooms away from the schools, teachers, parents, and communities who are directly accountable to the children. The author points out that the national standards are forcing schools to move away from creative, individualized and caring programs, where teachers learn about each child's learning style, towards a generic program for all students. The paper states that schools are forced to eliminate excellent programs, which work under the challenging conditions of poverty and disease, and instead implement programs, which are effective simply because the groups being served are not as challenging.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Results of the Act
Impact on Assessment
Impact on Equity
Impact on Teachers, Parents and Schools
Conclusion
From the Paper
"According to Robert Linn, the criterion of equity needs to be applied to any assessment. It is a mistake to assume that shifting from standardized tests to performance-based assessments will eliminate concerns about biases against racial/ethnic minorities or that such a shift will necessarily lead to equality of performance. Although many at-risk students come to school deficient in prior knowledge that is important to school achievement, teachers and schools can make a substantial difference through the construction of assessments that take into account the vast diversity of today's student populations."
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Supreme Court, 2007.
A discussion on two articles regarding the Supreme Court: "What Have They Done For us Lately?", by Linda Villarosa and "Assisted Suicide Gets a Boost", by Linda Greenhouse.
1,907 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the article "What Have They Done For us Lately?", written by Linda Villarosa, which addresses the issues of affirmative action, discrimination and the role of the Supreme Court in the United States in promoting equality. The paper then goes on to discuss another article entitled "Assisted Suicide Gets a Boost", written by Linda Greenhouse, which reports on the Supreme Court decision to remove John Ashcroft's block against the Oregon Death with Dignity Act. The paper presents the writer's opinion on the validity of the arguments presented in the articles.
Table of Contents:
Summary
Analysis
Summary
Analysis
From the Paper
"I both agree and disagree with the author. I agree in terms of affirmative action being a very important tool in the evolution of equality in the United States. Without it, the workplace today would still be dominated by a single sector of society. Because of affirmative action, as the author states, the workplace now benefits from the diversity of talent within the country. This provides an increase in quality and tolerance throughout the country. Obviously, the court cases she mentions are hard to disagree with. The decisions made by the court in the first two cited cases are discriminatory and unfair. Furthermore, it makes little sense that the law, including affirmative action as one of its aspects, does not provide protection to the very people it seeks to uplift."
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Autonomy of the Law, 2007.
This paper highlights the independence of the judiciary as an important pillar of the US government.
1,894 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the autonomy of the judiciary branch of the US government. The author presents a brief history as to how this independence was established and further discusses the importance of its autonomy. Several different perspectives of the judiciary system are considered.
Outline:
Introduction
Roosevelt's' New Deal Plan & Courts
The Internalist Approach
The Externalist Approach
Courts Handling of Commerce Power Issues
United States v. Lopez
Heart of Atlanta (Motel) v. the United States
Discussions and Conclusions
From the Paper
"The executive, legislature and judiciary are the three branches of the national government in United States. Speaking on the occasion of 2003 Law-Day, President Bush highlighted the independence of the judiciary as an important pillar of the administrative system. He said, "Our constitutional system of separation of powers places careful limits on the powers of judges and separates the responsibilities of making laws and interpreting laws between the Legislative and Judicial branches. Independent Federal judges have the autonomy to make decisions and interpret the law unfettered by outside influences. In this way, we are assured that our laws will be interpreted justly and applied with uniformity". "
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International Relations, 2007.
An analysis of the position of international law regarding local human rights issues.
838 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses governmental attempts to alter the fate of minorities and how this often results in cries of interference in internal affairs or sovereignty. It explores whether this fact is an insoluble problem and whether human rights can be accommodated within the realm of international law. The paper argues that human rights can be accommodated within the realm of law with joint effort by multiple nations.
From the Paper
"Certainly Cerna is not alone in arguing for international instruments and systems to measure when states violate their obligations to protect human rights. Uribe (1997) and others also suggest that decisions to intervene in a state's sovereignty should not rest on singular nations alone, like the United States, but rather on the collective opinion of international human rights consulates whose goals should include protecting the rights of citizens in troubled states. The fact exists however that often time's protection that might be afforded by consular representatives is sometimes ignored, in part due to ignorance of international law and the responsibilities of international officials (Uribe, 1997). This suggests that combined with instruments and systems of measurement international authorities whose goals include protecting human rights must education affected nation states about their roles and responsibilities, as well as those of governing officials in the states impacted by interventions."
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Employee Safety, Health and Welfare Law, 2007.
This paper discusses employee safety, health and welfare in the US, focusing on the Occupational Safety and Health Act.
1,080 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer provides a history and overview of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHA). The writer points out that this Act covers all American employers and their employees in occupations spanning the range from agriculture to manufacturing. Further, the writer explains that depending on the nature of the industry, OSHA standards may require that employers adopt a variety of practices, means, methods or processes that are deemed reasonably necessary and appropriate to protect workers on the job. The writer concludes that concerns about the new chemicals used in manufacturing, as well as the burgeoning arms manufacturing industry made safety legislation for American workers a pressing national concern.
From the Paper
"For example, compliance with safety standards may include ensuring that employees have been provided with, have been effectively trained on, and use personal protective equipment when required for safety or health. Whenever an employee must wear fire-retardant clothing or secure long hair when working over a kitchen grill, the employer is ensuring that he or she is compliant with OSHA. It is not only employees who are bound by OSHA - employees must also comply with all rules and regulations that apply to their own actions and conduct to ensure their own safety. An employee that refuses to secure his or her hair when working on a machine press is violating the law just as much as an employer that requires his or her employees to wear potentially dangerous clothing."
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Alfred Dreyfus, 2007.
An analysis of the facts of the Dreyfus Affair and the eventual release of Alfred Dreyfus from prison.
1,104 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the false accusations of treason against the French army captain, Alfred Dreyfus, and what later became known as the Dreyfus Affair. The paper describes the accusations made against Dreyfus in 1894 and discusses the "evidence" that was presented against him. The paper then goes on to describe the efforts of those who worked to secure his freedom and how the case was finally resolved in 1905.
From the Paper
"Emile Zola, the prolific French writer, who had been working for justice wrote a letter in Clemenceau's newspaper L'Aurore, accusing the senior army officials of wrongly convicting an innocent person. This letter and several other such attempts to prove army's guilt led to violent divisions in French social and political circles. There were those who opposed Dreyfus' release and saw the whole thing "as a German-backed Jewish and Socialist conspiracy to humiliate France" while his supporters "maintained that the Republic was threatened by conservative military aristocrats." (Cavendish, 1999)
Emile Zola and Oscar Wilde had both been instrumental in this fight for justice along with some other prominent figures. "Within two years of Oscar Wilde's death in November 1900, he was hailed in the English periodical To-Day as "one of the direct instruments in freeing Alfred Dreyfus." Readers were reminded that "now that poor Wilde is dead, one may easily forget the little side of his character, and rejoice that such a brilliant star, even after its fall, lighted the way towards a great act of justice"" (Maguire)"
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Cases Reflecting Disparate Impact, 2007.
This paper describes disparate impact, which occurs when an employer uses employment practices that have a negative impact on a protected class.
1,063 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper presents several cases that demonstrate disparate impact and treatment in the workplace. The paper defines disparate impact and treatment as when an employer uses employment practices that have a negative impact on a protected class. Such practices can include tests, academic requirements, and physical necessities. The specific cases are highlighted for their importance to this issue and their verdicts are clearly presented.
Outline:
Disparate Impact
Disparate Treatment
Case Overview: Patricia Hill V. Forum Health
The Final Rule: Patricia Hill V. Forum Health
Implications in Today's Business Environment: Patricia Hill V. Forum Health
From the Paper
"The first case in history to examine disparate impact, Griggs V. Duke Power Co. made its way to the Supreme Court of the land. First heard in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, African American employees of the Duke Power Company brought a class action suit against their employer (Griggs, 1971). At the time, the power company required employees to hold a high school diploma and satisfactory scores on an intelligence test (Griggs, 1971). During times of heated racial debate, these requirements were put in place for positions previously held only by Caucasian employees (Griggs, 1971). While the District Court dismissed their case, Griggs V. Duke Power went on to an appellate court, where the decision was reversed, but the diploma and test requirement practices were upheld (Griggs, 1971). "
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State and Federal Employment Systems, 2006.
A comparison between federal employment laws and New Hampshire state laws of employment.
1,235 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of employment law. Specifically the paper discusses how the federal and New Hampshire state systems of government may or may not differ in their application of employment laws. Federal employment laws set the standard for most state laws.
From the Paper
"New Hampshire also has a statute regarding "displaced homemakers" that covers older women who may have been absent from the workforce for many years, and are suddenly displaced due to death, divorce, or other occurrences. The state offers assistance to these women, training for new jobs, and employment assistance. This is also a statute that is not represented in the federal employment laws. It is clear this must be a problem in New Hampshire because lawmakers felt it needed to be addressed. This statue originally took effect in 1979, so it seems New Hampshire is more forward thinking than many other states who do not yet address this issue."
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How a Bill Becomes Law, 2007.
This describes how a bill becomes a law in the United States.
1,089 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of U.S. government and political science. Specifically, it describes the process of how a bill becomes a law in the United States. It further discusses the complicated process, in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, of creating and passing legislation. The writer also presents variables which affect bills becoming laws, such as elections.
From the Paper
"Any member of the Senate or House can introduce legislation. In the House, the bill first goes to the Clerk of the House, and if the Clerk is not there, the bill goes into the "hopper," a box on the Clerk's desk specifically to hold new legislation. In the Senate, the Senator must wait until the "morning hour," a 90-minute session on Mondays and Tuesdays reserved for member speeches and bill introduction. If another Senator objects, the bill introduction must wait until the next day. Once the bill is introduced, it is called the "First Reading" of the bill. In the House and the Senate, more than one representative can sponsor a bill. After the bill is introduced, it is assigned a number and identifier (in the House HR is used, in the Senate it is simply S). The bill also gets the sponsor's name. It then travels to the Government Printing Office, where they make copies of the bill."
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Abortion in the United States, 2006.
A review of the history of abortion in the USA.
2,830 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how abortion has evoked considerable debate and controversy throughout history. In the United States, it has been a subject of heated debate through most of its history. The paper reports that in recent times "pro-choice" and "pro-life" movements have taken diametrically opposite positions on the ethical, legal and medical aspects of the issue. The paper presents an overview of abortion's history in the US and discusses the legal decisions of the Supreme Court on the issue from Roe onwards.
Outline:
Early History of Abortion in the United States
Following the Common Law
Lenient Attitude
Upsurge in Abortions
Physicians Lead Anti-Abortion Campaign
Turning of the Tide
Roe v. Wade (1973) and Subsequent U.S. Laws on Abortion
Pro-Choice v Pro-Life Arguments
Does Life Begin at Conception?
Right of Woman Over Her Body
Fetus as a Parasite
Scientific Argument
The Religious Belief
The Feminist View on Abortion
Public Opinion
The Pros and Cons of Pro-Life & Pro-Choice Arguments
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Over the next decade and more, the US Supreme Court struck down several attempts by the state to restrict abortion. For example, in 1983 the Court found it unconstitutional to require a woman seeking abortion to be given information about risks or consequences of the procedure and to wait 24 hours after receiving information before having the abortion. Similarly, in 1986 the court struck down a Pennsylvania law requiring that state-developed materials about abortion be offered to women undergoing the procedure. (McGee and Merz, 2004) However, since 1989, the Court has permitted several state-imposed restrictions to stand. In its decision in Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989), the court upheld a Missouri law that prohibited the use of public facilities or public employees for abortion and required a physician to determine the viability of a fetus older than 20 weeks before performing an abortion. In Rust v. Sullivan (1991), the court upheld a federal policy that prevented health care providers who received federal funding from engaging in any activities that encouraged or promoted abortion as a method of family planning (Ibid.)"
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