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The Plea Bargaining System, 2007.
An analysis of the pros and cons of the plea bargaining system in the United States.
1,213 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of the plea bargaining system in the United States. The writer explores the history of the system and discusses when it may be used. It then discusses the benefits and the negative elements involved in using the plea bargaining system. The paper concludes that while there are pros and cons to the system, the benefits far outweigh the negative elements because of the time and money that the system saves.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
What Is It?
History
Benefits
Negative Elements
The Comparison
From the Paper
"There are numerous benefits to using the plea bargain system. The first and most important benefit from the standpoint of a prosecutor is the fact that it provides an automatic conviction. The prosecution does not have to worry about whether the evidence will hold up under the scrutiny of the system. They have to wonder if their witnesses will be believable during a traditional trial. In addition the prosecution is always at the mercy of the jury members. Jury members are human and subject to human emotion and error. A prosecutor faced with a trial will always be concerned that the jury will feel sorry for the defendant and even if convinced that the defendant committed the crime will acquit or provide a not guilty verdict."
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Ethics and Online Gambling, 2007.
A discussion on ethics and its role in information systems, particularly the ethicality of online or cyberspace gambling.
1,266 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the important ethical issues that surround online gambling and their repercussions on American society. It discusses the legislation currently surrounding online gambling. The paper then discusses the changes occuring in the legal and financial procedures through which online gambling activities are conducted or transacted, now that the prevalence of online gambling is increasing.
From the Paper
"However, the question of the legality of these online gambling sites is being put into scrutiny. US legislation has decided to deregulate online gambling through the 1961 Wire Act, with an updated version through the proposed bill Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act. The Wire Act is perhaps the only legislation that exists that is relevant to online gambling activity, wherein the law "prohibits the transfer of betting information across state lines using wire communication, such as the telephone" (Chesler: 2006:24). This legislation was, of course, conceptualized at a period wherein online gambling, or the Internet for that matter, has not yet been developed and prevalently used by American society. On the new proposed bill, the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act, online gambling owners and users are prohibited from engaging in online financial transactions that requires the use of credit cards and fund transfers (25). These measures are set in order to protect the user mainly, and the online gambling sites as investments, secondarily."
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No Child Left Behind, 2007.
This paper addresses unresolved problems in the educational reform known as "No Child Left Behind Act."
2,171 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper examines problems in the No Child Left Behind Act, which was considered to be one of the most significant attempts at educational reform in recent history. The author considers how the Act affects students, teachers, and communities. Additionally, the author takes the position that No Child Left Behind Behind (NCLB) has had an overall negative effect on the educational movement in America and that there is need for a change in NCLB strategies. The author illustrates these points with several reviews of several publications.
From the Paper
"Meanwhile, the American Federation of Teachers asserts that "flaws in the law are undercutting its original promise" (www.aft.org), and federal guidance for states "has been unclear, untimely and unhelpful." Moreover, the AFT statement on their Web site indicates serious concerns about the "pervasive problem" of under funding; the cornerstone for NCLB is Title 1, and the authorization for Title 1 in 2006 was scheduled to be $22.75 billion (according to the legislation). But President George W. Bush has only put $13.3 billion in his budget request. "This continues a pattern of underfunding for NCLB," AFT explains, adding that the $9 billion left out of Bush's request is "crucial" to more than 1,700 secondary schools."
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Student Search and Seizure Case, 2007.
A case study of a hypothetical situation in which a student was searched and arrested at school for possession of cocaine and a comparison with real life cases of the same nature.
1,074 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This three page paper analyzes the constitutionality of searches and seizures in schools. The writer explores a hypothetical case in which a student was searched and arrested when a cocaine pipe was found in her coat pocket. It then applies real life cases to the argument that the search of the hypothetical student at school, was illegal.
From the Paper
"In the TLO case the court ruled that the authorities had no reasonable suspicion that there were cigarettes in the student's purse. In our case, the officer had no reasonable suspicion that the student's coat pocket would contain drugs therefore he had no right to perform the search of her person."
"The weakest argument we have is the argument that the school did not have the right to search because it has no claim as the parent substitute. Several courts have upheld school searches with the ruling that the school operates as the parent during school hours, therefore the student has no right to privacy from school authorities.
However in the case of New Jersey v. T.L.O. the courts found that schools do not in fact act as parents."
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Pennell v. State of Delaware, 2006.
This paper examines the case of Pennell v. State of Delaware in which the court addressed issues surrounding an expert's testimony about serial killers.
1,702 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the distinctive elements, which help an expert develop a profile on a criminal and are referred to as a criminal signature, are elements of a crime that appear somewhat unique and allow the crime to stand out from similar crimes. The author points out that, in the Pennel v. State of Delaware case, the court made the correct decision to allow the expert to testify regarding the signature elements of the murders because these elements were crucial in linking the defendant to two of the murders. The paper relates that the fact that the defendant was found not guilty of one of the murders demonstrates that juries use signature elements as tools for decision making but do substitute the presence of certain criminal signatures for a lack of reasonable doubt.
From the Paper
"Because of their frequent use in television, books, and movies, the general public may believe that criminal profilers are involved in all aspects of crime detection and prosecution. This perception is inaccurate, but criminal profiling does play an important role in the investigation of serial criminals. While the Pennell court did not allow the expert to testify regarding the criminal profile used to narrow down the range of suspects, it did permit the expert to testify regarding those elements of the crime that helped the expert develop his signature."
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Pennell v. State of Delaware, 2007.
This paper examines the case of Pennell v. State of Delaware in which the court addressed issues surrounding an expert's testimony about serial killers.
1,695 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the distinctive elements, which help an expert develop a profile on a criminal and are referred to as a criminal signature, are elements of a crime that appear somewhat unique and allow the crime to stand out from similar crimes. The author points out that, in the Pennel v. State of Delaware case, the court made the correct decision to allow the expert to testify regarding the signature elements of the murders because these elements were crucial in linking the defendant to two of the murders. The paper relates that the fact that the defendant was found not guilty of one of the murders demonstrates that juries use signature elements as tools for decision making but do substitute the presence of certain criminal signatures for a lack of reasonable doubt.
From the Paper
"Because of their frequent use in television, books, and movies, the general public may believe that criminal profilers are involved in all aspects of crime detection and prosecution. This perception is inaccurate, but criminal profiling does play an important role in the investigation of serial criminals. While the Pennell court did not allow the expert to testify regarding the criminal profile used to narrow down the range of suspects, it did permit the expert to testify regarding those elements of the crime that helped the expert develop his signature."
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temporarily unavailable
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Multicultural Issues in Policing, 2007.
This paper discusses cultural issues related to policing and law enforcement.
2,819 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that for the past 40 years, law enforcement in the United States has been accused of being ethnocentric and unable to accommodate cultures other than Caucasian white. The writer maintains that in a country founded by ethnic groups and immigrants, it is difficult to conceive of a practice that is so insensitive to the needs of other cultures. Further, the writer argues that in order to be an effective law enforcement officer one must understand other cultures in a personal way that goes beyond language barriers. This research examines cultural issues related to law enforcement as well as issues that may affect the ability to deliver fair and just law enforcement for all cultures.
Outline:
Understanding Cultural Differences
Law Enforcement and Community Relations
The Roots of Racial Profiling
Racial Profiling and the Muslim Community
Is This Still Necessary, or Just an Excuse?
Works Cited
From the Paper
"The formal definition of culture refers to a shared system of beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and the means that a group of people use to adjust to their world and others around them. Cultures are typically defined by their traits that make them different from other groups. All cultures have similarities and differences. Culture refers to the uniqueness of each and every group. It may include the way they dress, the foods that they eat, family structure, and moral values. Often other cultures are judged only by those things that are easily observable, such as the way they dress, their language, or the foods that they eat. However, cultural differences may not be as apparent on the outside and the necessity of cultural understanding may be missed by an officer. The ability to recognize what constitutes a multicultural experience and to recognize the diversity that exists is the first step to understanding differences."
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Medical Marijuana, 2006.
A review of a case in the Canadian Supreme Court regarding the use of marijuana for medical purposes.
1,559 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the debate surrounding medical use of marijuana in Canada. The paper explores a case brought before the Supreme Court regarding the right to carry marijuana and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms to determine whether laws are broken when people carry it for their use.
Outline:
Introduction
History
Bump in the Road
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It allows for the fact that a person meeting the medical exemption guidelines may for a variety of reasons not be able to grow their own marijuana supply nor be able to locate a representative who is willing to grow only that amount, for free without any benefit for themselves. The person in question has already been deemed to have a condition that qualifies them to use the drug however, with the obstacles they face in cultivating and possessing the drug they may find themselves buying it through other means, which is against the law. In this case the judges agreed that the person's personal rights and freedoms are being violated in a manner. "
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Reporters Revealing Sources, 2007.
An analysis of the protection afforded journalists from revealing sources.
1,359 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an examination of the rules and ethics governing journalists revealing sources. The paper explores cases in which journalists were ordered to reveal sources and refused. It also examines the protections that journalists have from revealing sources and argues that it is those protections that provide the ability to bring the public the news.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Federal Shield Time
From the Paper
"Part of the problem involves the legality of a government official leaking information to the press that should have fallen under their confidentiality agreement. The leaks are at times criminal offenses on the part of the official who provided the information and the demand to have the journalist reveal that name is so that person can be charged. If the journalist doesn't reveal the source there is no way of knowing it if was in fact a government official or other person who had a confidentiality agreement. It is ironic that journalists are jailed for not helping someone jail an official who helps bring corruption to public light."
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Wal-Mart Loses Legal Suit about Work Breaks, 2007.
This paper discusses how Wal-Mart lost a law suit in Pennsylvania regarding work breaks.
874 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses Wal-Mart's legal loss in a suit in Pennsylvania regarding work breaks and off the clock labor. The writer explores the legal issue and examines the law that applies. Further, the writer presents an analysis of the case. The writer concludes that the weakness of Wal-Mart's case, despite its insistence it will appeal, is further underlined by the fact that it could not deny that some employees were not compensated for their breaks. The writer also notes that Wal-Mart maintains that there should be less of a financial settlement given to the wronged employees than was ultimately awarded.
From the Paper
"For example, according to the federal Fair Labor Standards Act as well as Pennsylvania law, overtime pay should equate to one and a half times an employee's regular rate of pay for all hours worked over forty hours during a regular workweek. However, because many Wal-Mart employees were forced to work more than the regular workweek, but because they were not officially on the clock, their extra labor was disregarded in violation of the Fair Labor Standards Act. It should be noted that a state could have more stringent or additional labor standards regarding the fair treatment of workers, but not less stringent standards than the federal government. The workers sued under Pennsylvania rather than federal law, but regardless of the venue, Wal-Mart's practices regarding overtime were in violation of both federal and state standards regarding overtime."
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The Scopes Trial, 2007.
An analysis of the relationship between the Scopes Trial in the 1920s and the new way of thinking today called "intelligent design."
889 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the famous Scopes Trial that took place almost 80 years ago, which debated whether the theory of evolution should be taught in the classroom. The paper discusses how the verdict of the trial was considered a big victory for science and reasoning and how it later got interpreted as the victory of free speech against oppression. The paper relates this trial to the current way of thinking called 'intelligent design'.
From the Paper
"The trial did create an impression for a while but disbelief in Darwinism did not disappear completely and time and again it started showing its face in public sphere in different modes. Let's not forget the Edward J. Larson's Pulitzer Prize-winning book 'Summer of Gods' in which he made his anti-Darwinism ideas loud and clear. Also Church kept on raising its voice in different ways against Darwin and his evolution theory. A large number of American people kept on subscribing to literal interpretation of Bible while being skeptical of the beliefs of Darwin. The movement that was curbed temporarily by the trial kept on gaining force with the passage of time and now the religious conservatism can be seen on the rise again. In the decade of 70s the emergence of Reagan in the presidential office got the agenda of religious beliefs and conservatism back on the forefront."
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The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, 2007.
An analysis of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which targets white-collar business fraud.
1,841 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which states that all business corporations need to better supervise and control their employees, documents and information and sets severe measures for those who destroy documents or hide them from the public or the government's institutions. The paper looks at the criticism and dissatisfaction of businesses with this legislation but also examines the positive effects of the bill on white-collar crime and corporate behavior. The paper evaluates the economic impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
Outline:
Abstract
Case Information
The SOX case of Richards vs Lexmark International Inc.
Literature on the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
Conclusions
From the Paper
"During the past few decades, the number of white-collar business fraud cases seemed to increase dramatically. Due to an immense interest and press investigations, these crimes were brought to the publics' attention, causing them to lose their confidence in the fairness of business actions. In July 2002, Senator Paul Sarbanes and Representative Michael G. Oxley presented the American Senate with the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act of 2002."
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James Madison's Role, 2006.
A discussion regarding James Madison's role in trying to balance civil liberties with government power through the drafting of the Bill of Rights.
8,150 words (approx. 32.6 pages), 26 sources, APA, $ 174.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at how the US Founding Fathers were faced with a number of important issues as they debated the form and content of the Constitution, not the least of which was ensuring that their own individual interests would be addressed in the new country. According to the paper, although it represented the work of many minds, the primary author of the first ten amendments to the Constitution was James Madison, but his reasons for advocating these civil liberties was substantially different than many modern observers might believe.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Perspectives Articulated at the Constitutional Convention
The Changing Views of James Madison
Analysis and Discussion
Implications of the Ratification of the Constitution without a Bill of Rights
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Moreover, in spite of significant across-the-board gains for many formerly disenfranchised citizens during the latter half of the 20th century, the Bill of Rights continues to experience the ebb and flow of political thought in the nation today. Indeed, the civil liberties contained in the Bill of Rights have been subject to the arbitrary vicissitudes of executive whim and fancy more than once in the nation's history, and the U.S.A. PATRIOT Act is just a recent example of how these rights can be adversely affected even with the constitutional guarantees therein contained. In the final analysis, then, it is reasonable to say that James Madison did a better job of executing his responsibilities at the Constitutional Convention and thereafter than many of his peers could have done, and the implications of his failure to do so have also been the subject of much scholarly debate over the years and these issues are discussed further below."
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Criminal Corrections, 2006.
A discussion regarding retribution, deterrence, incapacitation and rehabilitation as methods of criminal correction.
1,052 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines four of the most common methods used today for criminal corrections, also known as the goals of criminal law. These are retribution, deterrence, incapacitation and rehabilitation. The paper concludes by selecting one of these methods as a representative of the best way to fight criminal behavior, one that will yield the highest benefits for society as a whole.
From the Paper
"However, this report also declares that "to discuss imprisonment while excluding incapacitation as one of its purposes would be absurd" ("Incapacitation and Deterrence," Internet). Incapacitation is similar in some ways to retribution, for when a criminal is placed in jail or prison, they are incapacitated in the respect that they cannot leave to commit other crimes. Yet when a prison sentence is over, the criminal/felon is allowed to leave his/her confinement which opens the door to more criminal activity, unless of course the prisoner is radically incapacitated by having legs removed or being blinded."
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