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No Child Left Behind Act, 2007.
An analysis of the growing opposition to the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2002.
1,838 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the criticism against the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2002, which aims to close the achievement gap by holding school districts and states accountable, encouraging the use of flexible educational approaches and supporting parents' rights to school choice. It details the lawsuit filed by the state of Connecticut against the federal government claiming that the overall differences in levels of funding and costs to the state, due to NCLB, were preventing the state from more effectively using its resources. The paper goes on to describe the growing opposition to the Act.
From the Paper
"Following Connecticut's lawsuit, other states, such as Colorado, Utah, Hawaii, Maine, New Mexico, and Virginia have passed similar resolutions critical of the law (Conrad 2005). Moreover, there is a growing number of teachers at the grass-root level that do not support the No Child Left Behind legislation, such as the San Francisco's Teachers for Social Justice, which tackle many issues affecting marginalized students and colleagues (Conrad 2005). While educators are organizing at the grass roots, teachers' unions and parents are publicly opposing the No Child Left Behind Act (Conrad 2005). In fact, this "one-size-fits-all" mentality is now being questioned by a growing number of state legislators, school administrators, and teachers who believe that the NCLB Act is actually hurting teacher preparation programs and places far too much emphasis on testing and reporting provisions, without adequate funding (Odland 2006). A 2004 study, has calculated that NCLB, over time, will result in the failure of all schools, based on mathematical flaws in the formulas for calculating adequate yearly progress (AYP) (Lemberger 2006)."
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Drunk Driving, 2007.
This paper argues that drunk driving must be addressed from a sociological and legal standpoint.
2,217 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the issues of drunk driving as well as the impact law enforcement has had on its reduction. The paper argues that drunk driving is more of a social issue than a legal issue and that education must be combined with law enforcement to make a difference. The paper contends that the legal system has the ability to mandate treatment and perhaps save the drunk driver as well as those he would have encountered on the road.
Outline:
Introduction
Field Sobriety Tests
Problems
Solutions
International
Conclusion
From the Paper
"John's law is one of many examples when societal responsibility meets legislation and works together to reduce the incidence of driving while impaired. If America is ever going to reduce the fatalities and injuries caused by drunk driving it will have to realize that it is a social as well as a legal issue and combine educational programs with punitive actions to stop drivers from drinking and driving(Mejeur, 2003)."
"New Jersey as well as eight other states have enacted laws that allow them to hold drunk drivers until their blood alcohol levels are below the state's legal limit. While this helps prevent an immediate accident from occurring the root of the problem is still there and should be handled from a societal standpoint."
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Affordable Housing, 2007.
This paper explores the issue of affordable housing and the use of exclusionary and inclusionary zoning.
5,150 words (approx. 20.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 128.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the lack of affordable housing in the United States is a severe and growing crisis with no solution in sight. The paper determines the legal bounds of the zoning power given to governments and municipalities and provides an explanation of the law behind exclusionary and inclusionary practices. The paper examines the legal issues raised by these zoning ordinances. The paper also discusses the state of the current law as it applies to affordable housing and concludes with a discussion regarding the social and economic impacts raised by exclusionary and inclusionary zoning.
Outline:
Introduction
History of "Affordable Housing"
Background of Zoning Laws and Zoning Power
Exclusionary Housing
Inclusionary Housing
Legal Issues Raised by Zoning
Economic and Social Implications of Exclusionary and Inclusionary Housing
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the past few decades, the lack of affordable housing in the United States has emerged as a crisis effecting low-income residents, government agencies and municipalities, and real estate developers alike. The lack of available affordable housing has increased in the past few years, as a result of zoning ordinances and governmental zoning powers that are supported and upheld by the courts. While there are no immediate solutions to this problem, a number of legal scholars have examined the relevant cases and have written extensively on the subject."
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Mediation, 2006.
A look at the function of mediation.
2,146 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses mediation. According to the paper, mediation is the process in which a third-party neutral, called the mediator, acts as a facilitator to assist in resolving a dispute between two or more parties. The paper discusses the types of mediation, the situations in which mediation is a suitable option, and outlines the advantages and disadvantages and this function.
Outline:
Types of Mediation
Areas in Which Mediation can be Applied
Advantages of Mediation
Disadvantages
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The mediation process can be applied to resolve almost any type of dispute of a collective or individual nature. The process of mediation has for long been recognized in international law and is used for resolving political, economic, or trade related disputes among different countries. The Charter of the United Nations, for example, requires all members to submit disputes to mediation on recommendation of the Security Council. Even before the establishment of the UN, there had been a number of notable mediation efforts internationally. The United States served as mediator between Bolivia and Chile (1882) and the US President Theodore Roosevelt successfully mediated in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 by brokering a peace agreement between the two countries. The World Trade Organization (WTO) also has important powers to mediate in trade disputes between its member countries."
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Refusal to Hire Ex-Offenders, 2006.
A discussion regarding the issue of businesses refusing to hire ex-offenders.
1,673 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the issue of refusing to hire based on criminal background checks. The paper examines various related issues, such as what types of positions usually cannot be held by someone with a criminal background and state and federal laws regarding hiring or refusal to hire based on criminal background checks. The paper focuses primarily on Maryland.
Outline:
Introduction
What About The Ex-Offenders Rights?
Maryland
For Instance
Federal Law
Overall
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Other states have attempted to strike a balance between the employer concerns and the ex offenders rights to live a free and productive life once they have paid their debt to society. In some states, including New York employers are required by law to consider various elements such as age, time passed and the circumstances of the offense in deciding whether or not to hire an ex offender."
"In a recent research report the conclusion was that Maryland employers consistently deny employment across the board to anyone with any criminal background including arrests that did not garner convictions. The report recommends that Maryland legislators adopt laws that will prohibit such broad brushed discrimination."
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Exclusionary Rule, 2007.
Description of exclusionary laws in the US Constitution which forbid certain types of evidence to be presented in court.
3,329 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 21 sources, APA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the role of the exclusionary rule in the US legal system. The writer first defines exclusionary rules as a set of guidelines which dictate that evidence and or admissions of guilt obtained illegally will be excluded from being heard in criminal trials. Next, historical controversies involving this set of rules are discussed. Also examined is the manner in which law enforcement is affected by the exclusionary rule. The author also considers the need to seek a balance between collecting evidence yet protecting the individual's Constitutional rights. Finally, the author proposes changes for the exclusionary rule, which may include compensation when rights are violated.
Outline
Introduction
Controversy and History of the Exclusionary Rule
Law Enforcement Effects
Protecting Good Faith Exemptions
Is it Time for Change?
References
From the Paper
"The exclusionary law or laws, more appropriately, then go on to provide a set of rules that dictate that evidence and or admissions of guilt obtained illegally will be excluded from being heard in criminal trials. What this quite often amounts to is that criminals who are guilty can go free, if the evidence needed to convict them is tainted in some manner, having been acquired illegally, with certain exceptions, though many argue the exceptions and rules are unclear and are in constant need of redress by the courts. (Chun 2000:799) (Holland 2000:1107)"
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James Madison and Civil Liberties, 2007.
This paper discusses James Madison's role in trying to balance civil liberties with government power through the drafting of the Bill of Rights.
7,762 words (approx. 31.0 pages), 30 sources, APA, $ 168.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer provides a review of the relevant literature to show that Madison played a critical role in drafting the Bill of Rights due to his concern for balancing civil liberties and central government power. A summary of the research and important findings are provided in the conclusion. The writer points out that the research clearly shows that Madison was absolutely convinced of the correctness of his thinking at any given point in time concerning the need for ratification of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. The writer notes that it also shows that he was able to learn from mistakes, entertain the opinions of others without necessarily accepting them and contribute to the American nation through a life of public service that spanned 40 years.
Outline:
Perspectives Articulated at the Constitutional Convention
Federalist Perspectives
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The first major confrontation concerning the ratification of the Constitution involving the need for a bill of rights occurred in Pennsylvania several weeks after the close of the Constitutional Convention; at that time, the Seceders from the state Assembly called upon their electorate to consider whether the rights of citizens could be regarded as safe under a constitution that did not contain a bill of rights; also in Pennsylvania, Samuel Bryan argued in 1787 that the absence of a bill of rights made it essential for a second constitutional convention to be held to address the errors and omissions of the first."
"In response to these charges, James Wilson articulated the basis for distinguishing between a government of unlimited powers and one of enumerated and defined powers; in fact, Wilson also significantly contributed to the drafting of the Constitution as a member of the Pennsylvania delegation to the Constitutional Convention and was a prominent legal scholar who would subsequently serve as a Justice on the original U.S. Supreme Court. In this regard, Wilson believed that because the Constitution already delineated the powers available to the national government, there was little need to amendment them for the people's protection because the national government was without power to interfere in these domains."
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Vicarious Liability, 2007.
This paper examines the concept of vicarious liability and its applications in law enforcement.
843 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that vicarious liability is a legal concept which refers to one party being held liable for the injury or damage sustained by another party, in spite of the fact that they had no active involvement in the incident. The paper clarifies that the intent behind vicarious liability is to hold the proper party accountable when harm is committed. The paper relates the history behind this concept and looks at a variety of situations in which a party, including contractors, parents and employers, may be charged with vicarious liability .
From the Paper
"Before there was law enforcement, local communities operated self-help systems to keep the peace and enforce contracts. Before the thirteenth century a common law arose that there existed an involuntary collective responsibility by the whole community for the actions committed by each member of the community. Later this was formalized into law as the Community Responsibility System. It was enforced because community reputation would be lost and retaliation by the injured party would be leveled against the community if compensation was not paid. Costly wars were fought over the acts of one person committing a crime against someone in another community, and this had to be avoided."
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The Dred Scott Case, 2007.
This paper discusses the pro-slavery verdict of the Dred Scott case, 1857.
1,495 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that the Dred Scott case emerged during the fight between Northern and Southern states on the subject of slavery in the 1856 presidential elections. The paper describes the case and shows how in each court, including the Supreme Court, the ruling favored the owners. The paper discusses how unfortunately for Dred Scott, he could never become a free man. But, the paper explains, that his efforts did not go in vain as his case accelerated the debate on slavery and he became a symbol of struggle for freedom for the black people in the U.S.
From the Paper
"Scott was born to slave parents and lived with his owners in St. Louis, Missouri. He was later sold to Dr. John Emerson around 1833 and since Emerson was a military officer, he would travel all over the country frequently. During his time with the new owner, Scott lived for long period of time in various cities such as Fort Armstrong, Illinois, Fort Snelling, Wisconsin Territory, Fort Jessup, Louisiana, and St. Louis. While some states had legalized slavery, Illinois was a free state and if Scott could prove his resident status, he could win his freedom. Scott decided to fight to become a free man and from 1846 till a decade later, his struggle continued and even reached the highest court of law in the United States."
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Legalization of Drugs, 2007.
An analysis of "Four Points about Drug Decriminalization," by Douglas Husak.
1,015 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses "Four Points about Drug Decriminalization," by Douglas Husak. It describes the views that Husak presents that drug users should not be punished and it then presents the writer's opinion that illegal drug production should be controlled rather than prohibited. The paper discusses the pros and cons of the various legal and social approaches to drug use.
From the Paper
"If illegal drugs were decriminalized, not just for users but for producers as well, the same people who use drugs now would probably continue to use them. However, they could live more normal lives, so drug-related crimes would likely be reduced. They could seek medical treatment without fear of prosecution. They could keep their jobs instead of going to jail. People who now reject using drugs would continue to reject using them because the reasons why they do not use drugs have little to do with legal or illegal. They reject drug use because they have other more important things to do with their lives, such as getting ahead in the world, earning a living, and paying a mortgage. Drug use gets in the way of upward mobility and success."
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Public Health Reform in the U.S., 2007.
A review of Alice Hamilton's autobiography, "Exploring the Dangerous Trades: The Autobiography of Alice Hamilton, M.D.", and the outcome of her work.
2,822 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the dangerous trades and public health reforms in the United States. The paper examines Alice Hamilton's contribution to improving workplace environments by looking at her autobiography, "Exploring the Dangerous Trades: The Autobiography of Alice Hamilton, M.D." The paper describes the outcome of her work, such as the establishment of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), which prevents worker abuse and protects American citizens from harmful work environments.
From the Paper
"A rapidly industrializing American economy was a major factor in the poor worker conditions of nineteenth century America (Henig, 1997). Alice Hamilton and her contemporaries were working with industries that had not previously existed and products that had not previously been made. Zierdt-Warshaw, Winkler, & Bernstein (2000) found that Hamilton investigated the hazards of mining, as well as working with paint, dyes, rayon fabric, explosive materials, and rubber, among other things. These products were relatively new and businessmen were eager to exploit them. Also new to America were the thousands of immigrants who came to America in the nineteenth century. These immigrants often came with limited skills and language. As such, they were often asked to do the jobs that no one else would. Like the products they worked with, immigrants were also exploited by businessmen aiming to make a profit (Sellers, 1997)."
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China's One Child Policy, 2007.
An analysis of the social and economic effects of the one-child policy in China.
1,768 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the one-child Policy in China, now named the Law on Population and Family Planning, 2002. It explores the problems faced by the Chinese people due to the implementation of this policy and takes a deep look at its origin. The paper also examines the social and economic outcome of the one-child policy and the issue of infanticide associated with it.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Origin of the One-Child Policy
Enforcement in Urban and Rural Areas
Social Problems
Infanticide
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The One-Child policy has been a successful attempt by China to curb its population. This law has now been renamed the Law on Population and Family Planning, 2002. It is viewed as a women friendly law but ends up compromising their freedom and equality. This law helps to educate people about family planning and helping women improve their status in society as well as ending discrimination of women and abandonment of female infants. These policies proved that the Chinese Authorities have softened their stance on the One-Child Policy but then they have stated that they will be continuing this policy during their 2006-2010 planning period."
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Drug Testing, 2007.
This paper explores the moral issue of drug testing without the consent of pregnant women.
1,615 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how, both from a moral and ethical perspective, the question of drug testing is complex. The paper explains that hospitals must ensure that every patient receives the best treatment possible, including those who have not yet been born. However, in medical cases where a pregnant woman is involved, the mother also enjoys a right to privacy, guaranteed by the Constitution and this is where the moral dilemma presents itself. The paper looks at the original Supreme Court ruling, Ferguson v. City of Charleston, where a city hospital turned over drug test results from a pregnant patient to the police for prosecution when they found evidence of drug use. The paper concludes that drug testing of pregnant women should continue but the results of their tests should remain confidential. The paper asserts that otherwise there will be implications for many other government interventions into Americans' private lives.
From the Paper
"Morally and ethically, this question of drug testing is difficult at best. The original Supreme Court ruling covered the case Ferguson v. City of Charleston, where a city hospital turned over drug test results from a pregnant patient to the police for prosecution when they found evidence of drug use. The patients had no knowledge their results were turned over to police. As a result, 30 women were arrested and ten sued the city. One legal writer notes, "Petitioners were ten women arrested after seeking obstetrical care in a public hospital, some after giving birth. The women were arrested because they had tested positive for cocaine and were therefore suspected of having distributed illegal drags to a minor, namely, their fetuses" (Colb)."
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Patent Law & Genetic Medicine, 2006.
A discussion on how legal issues in patent law shape ethical decisions in human stem cell research.
4,186 words (approx. 16.7 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
This work examines the issue of human stem cell research from the view of the medical profession with an eye on funding, the public perspective and legislation affecting research of the human genome. Specifically this work explores the patenting process, whether patenting the human genome is plausible, and what consequences might exist in these patents. The paper notes the veritable quietness of the legal community at large in relation to this medical research issue.
Outline:
Abstract
Objective
Terms & Definitions of Study
Introduction
I. Implications of Diamond v. Chakrabarty (1980)
II. Implications of Later Cases
III. Free Market System Impacts
IV. What Ways Do Patents Objectify Human Dignity?
V. Is there a 'just' way of thinking about intellectual property law?
VI. Rights - Technological
VII. Ethics of Patenting the Technique for Human Stem Cell Lines
Summary & Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"In review of the patent laws in the United States, the U.S. Patent laws provides that the patent begin on the date that the patent is issued and ends 20 years later on the same date however, in special circumstances that date might be different and patents are considered for extensions as well. In order for issuance of a patent the invention must be a process that is both 'new' and 'useful' and must be a 'process, machine, manufacture or composition of matter' furthermore the invention must bee the standards of 'utility, novelty and non-obviousness' and must be something that is not in use publicly, not in written form or known to others in the same field of study."
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Microsoft Monopoly Trial, 2007.
An examination of issues involved in Microsoft's monopoly trial.
936 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes some of the key issues in Microsoft's monopoly trial from the perspectives of Microsoft and computer users. Several of the terms Microsoft has used to define its marketing and overall corporate objectives are defined, such as "killer application." Microsoft's Internet browser is used as an example of the corporation's most recent "killer app." The issues of the trial are also discussed from the perspective of the user, which is to ultimately find the application that best suits her needs. The author concludes that usability and competition work hand in hand for or against the success of a product.
From the Paper
"A document released by the Microsoft Company reads, "Our industry is always looking for the next 'Killer Application' - for a category of software that, by its utility and intelligent design, becomes indispensable to millions of people ...". "The latest confirmed 'Killer App' is the web browser". When asked what Bill Gates himself meant by defining a web browser as a "Killer Application", he claims to have meant that browsing would be simply "very popular". Upon this response, The Microsoft Computer Dictionary is used to provide two definitions of the term "Killer App": 1) An application of such popularity and widespread standardization that it fuels sales of the hardware platform or operating system for which it was writing (in this case Windows); and 2) An application that supplants its competition. The latter is something that
Microsoft's browser has certainly managed to do."
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