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United States Policy on Prisoner Rights, 2008.
A review of the current laws on prisoner rights under the Bush administration.
1,797 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the current policies under the administration of George W. Bush with regards to countless incidences of prisoner mistreatment, torture and the denial of legal rights. The paper presents examples of suit after suit thrown out of the courts that would directly challenge the Bush administration's policies regarding prisoners and their treatment.
From the Paper
"So, what then? If the government takes the position that no rights to challenge the detainment are present, then there is no hope for the prisoner? What exists and what the point of the challenge is and should be, is an examination of the method by which these men were determined to be enemy combatants and whether or not their actions warranted such a determination. The basic legal framework has to be that just because a man is standing on a corner where a shooting occurs does not make him a participant in the shooting. None of the men in Boumediene v Bush or Al Odah v. United States claims to have been engaged in any military action against the United States. Given that none of them have been identified by any nation as belonging to a state sponsored military organization, they have been classified as unlawful enemy combatants. But that classification does not bring with it evidence of the justice of that label. It is my opinion that as there is no proof of connection to a military wing of any government by these men, that the very labeling of them as enemy combatants is inaccurate at best. Therefore, if any of these men arrive before a non-biased judge (such as the supreme court), they will all have the potential for gaining their freedom."
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Community Policing, 2008.
A discussion of community policing and criminal justice.
882 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the topic of criminal justice and community policing. The paper also discusses the concept of community policing and how it can benefit communities. The paper explains that community policing is a policy developed in the 1980s, where the rapid response of traditional policing is replaced with community-oriented policing, that partners police with the community, creating safer neighborhoods and more involvement by the citizens in their own communities. The paper also points out that this type of policing can be extremely successful and helpful, and many communities have discovered that it even helps many police officers deal with the great diversity now so ever-present in so many of America's communities. The paper looks at how building trust in the neighborhood is one of the goals of community policing, and this can be accomplished in many different ways. The paper concludes that community policing makes sense, which is why so many police departments are utilizing it today.
From the Paper
"Today's police officer is more than a representative of the law and the legal system, as this community-oriented system clearly indicates. Today's officer provides a vital service to the community, as these writers note, "The police officer performs a service for the greater good much as doctors sustain public health, lawyers defend individual rights, and military personnel protect their citizenry" (Glenn et al. 6). When the public views an officer in their neighborhood on a regular basis, they feel a little bit safer, and often, this presence also helps them become more observant and responsible themselves, watching for criminal activity more effectively. In areas where community policing has not reached effectiveness, or is not in place, that can be very different."
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Transsexual Rights, 2007.
A discussion of the issue of the tolerance of transsexuals in society.
1,275 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines society's increasing tolerance of transsexual individuals. It discusses the implementation of policies enforcing fair treatment of transsexuals in the workplace. The paper points out that, in addition to the workplace, there is a push for greater tolerance for transsexuals regarding other issues as well, such as when buying a house, renting an apartment, going to a movie or a restaurant. The paper discusses transsexuality as a new class of gender identity. The paper concludes by pondering over the plight of transsexuals in the Middle East.
From the Paper
"Lately there have been some high-profile cases involving the discrimination of transgender people, which have aided in the public understanding of the bias that is to be seen in some workplaces in America. In particular there is the story of the city manager in Largo, Florida, who was fired when she came out and announced plans to have a sex change operation. Her name is Susan Stanton, and she was Largo City Manager; in March, 2007, Stanton let it be known she was switching genders. Quite a bit of fuss was stirred up because of that decision. In fact, Stanton was fired."
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Flavored Tobacco, 2008.
This paper discusses the strengthening of legal provisions regarding the prohibition of the sale of candy and fruit flavored cigarettes.
2,576 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the tobacco industry is considered to be one of the most profitable businesses worldwide and yet there is an increasing number of anti tobacco campaigns intended to draw the attention of smokers to the imminent dangers of cigarette consumption. The writer points out that flavored tobacco is one of the most important elements which draw teenagers and even children to take on smoking due to the fact that it represents a combination between a grown up idea and a mixed aromatic pleasure. The writer discusses that despite constant denials from the tobacco companies, marketing strategies and the products offered are without a doubt a major incentive for the younger generation to take on smoking. The writer maintains that from this point of view, the bill prohibiting the sale of candy and fruit flavored cigarettes in West Virginia is indeed a step forward in the fight against smoking; however, there are many aspects which must further be regulated in order for this phenomenon to be reduced.
From the Paper
"These initiatives notwithstanding, the public opinion as well as the US legislative bodies has considered it essential for a strengthening of the legal provisions limiting the means though which children and young adults can come in contact with tobacco products. In this sense, the West Virginia legislature took an important step towards a tougher control on the conditions in which tobacco companies can make available different types of cigarettes as well as the conditions in which such products can be sold to the public. The Bill prohibiting the sale of candy and fruit flavored cigarettes is in this sense an essential legal initiative for the amendment of the Code of West Virginia from 1931.
"The aim of the bill refers to the prohibition of candy and fruit flavored cigarettes selling on the territory of the state. The amendment made to the Tobacco Bill comes as a corollary for what was considered to be a shortcoming of the legislative. "
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Labor Unions, 2008.
An analysis of the development of labor unions and their successes in the United States from the 1920s.
2,451 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history and development of labor unions in the United States from the 1920s until the present day. It describes the changes in public opinion regarding the labor unions over this period of time and then discusses ways to increases the chances of labor union success. Finally, the paper discusses the Employee Free Choice Act and corruption within the labor unions.
Table of Contents:
History of Labor Unions
From the 20s to the Present
Wavering Public Opinion on Labor Unions
How Successful or Unsuccessful: How to Improve Chances of Success
Influence on the Decline
The Employee Free Choice Act to Perk Up Union Growth
Corruption Among Labor Unions
From the Paper
"Leaders of the Big Labor were not too happy about the new disclosure rules from the Department of Labor (D'Agostino 2003). The rules could expose the unions' finances. The revised Form LM-2 must be filed by labor unions earning $250,000 or more annually. The Office of Labor-Management Standards said that convictions for the past five years for union corruption had an average of 11 per month. Critics and other observers had long complained about the laxity of the government in union disclosure rules. The Department also said that Form LM-2's reporting requirements would be far less intrusive and difficult than corporation files. It would not require independent supervision of union financial reporting. Before this new Form, public corporations and non-profit organizations had to submit their books for review by independent auditors. Now, unions must itemize expenses below $5,000. In contrast, federal political campaigns must itemize costs above $200. The Labor Department said that the rules could be implemented without need for congressional action (D'Agostino)."
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Prison Work Programs, 2008.
An overview of a proposed research to be carried out on work programs for prisoners.
907 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper describes and explains the controversy in the US over the prison labor system that has existed since the development of Federal prisons in 1891. The author then provides material from various studies that have been carried out in the past as well as a research proposal to show that prison work programs help inmates to have fewer incidents of in-prison behavior issues, higher opinions of work, and lower recidivism rates.
From the Paper
"Since the development of Federal prisons in 1891, there has been controversy over the prison labor system. In its inception, inmates engaged in the building of the original three Federal prisons, those in Atlanta, Leavenworth, and McNeil Island. Following their construction, the inmates housed in such prisons worked as janitors, farmers to produce food for prison use, tailors, launderers, clerics, and houseboys for wardens or other staff members. By 1919, the Federal prison in Atlanta had opened a textile mill, and by 1924, Leavenworth operated an inmate run shoe factory. However, the U.S. Bureau of Efficiency still reported several thousands of inmates without daily work activities. In light of the Special Committee's note that prison industrial programs could not only be self-sustaining, but also helpful in the reduction of recidivism, a response was clearly required (UNICOR, "Federal Inmate Work Programs...")."
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Law Enforcement, 2008.
This paper discusses the importance of a well-defined classification system within the field of law enforcement.
986 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that classifications serve many purposes for different agencies and organizations and fields, including law enforcement. Classification is a tool that, when used correctly, can help agencies devote time to critical matters efficiently. Classification provides agencies the ability to assign cases or problems to specific classes and people that provide expert advice and direction within those fields. The writer points out that this is an important consideration, especially with regard to the fields of law and law enforcement. The writer maintains that without a well-defined classification system within the field of law enforcement, too many cases might be overlooked or lumped into inappropriate categories, resulting in improper investigation or lack of follow up. The writer concludes that because there is so much potential for proper and efficient law enforcement when categories and sub-categories are specialized, it is critical that law enforcement agencies consider and review their classification system regularly.
Outline:
Classification Overview
Classification in Law Enforcement
Purposes of Classes & Sub-Classes in Law Enforcement
Reasons for Classification in Law Enforcement
Classification by System
From the Paper
"The role of the researcher in a law enforcement sub-category of social services may serve as a lecturer, offering information to organizations or companies about fields of interest in social work. The role of the head of the department may include supervising the work of field experts and monitoring progress, as well as assigning cases to specific experts in the social work sub-category of the classification of Social Work under law enforcement. Professional staff may also serve in the social work classification field under direction of one of the researchers or the head of the law enforcement agency; the role of this staff member may be administrative. This suggests an administrative officer working under the social work classification in law enforcement will help the department manage family law cases, including reports of abuse or recommendations regarding incarceration of related family or other information."
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Mens Rea as a Requirement for Criminal Intent, 2008.
An argument for restoring mens rea as a necessary requirement for criminal intent in the criminal justice system.
840 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper describes mens rea as an example of an objective principle that is logically relevant in many criminal issues. It describes why mens rea is a necessary requirement for criminal intent in the criminal justice system. It also presents the argument for eliminating mens rea from criminal justice. The paper concludes that the preferable solution would be to restore mens rea to certain types of criminal conduct, as a relevant issue in some cases, but not a universally necessary component of criminal culpability in all cases.
From the Paper
"One need only consider the misapplication of the distinction between ordinary negligence and criminal negligence to illustrate the potential for inequity where fundamental logical principles like Mens Rea are ignored in all situations, by inflexible rule. A few times every year, the news media broadcast tragic results of negligence: absent-minded but loving parents back the family SUV over a toddler or a caretaker accidentally leaves a baby in a locked car, or even pulls out of a supermarket parking lot with an infant strapped to a car seat on the roof. Under certain circumstances, the tragedy, although undoubtedly caused by negligence, does not constitute criminal behavior; in other circumstances, the same overt act crosses the line from mere negligence to criminality. Imagine eliminating the distinction between ordinary negligence and criminal negligence without regard to circumstances: parents prosecuted for criminally negligent homicide or manslaughter in every case where mistake or momentary inattention took the life of a child; or parents never being held criminally responsible, even after the identical loss of a second or third child because it was accidental. All three times."
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Employment Law Case Study Title VII, 2008.
An overview of a study carried out at Case University to assess if a violation of Title VII occurred.
1,531 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to assess whether a violation of employment law under Title VII has occurred using a study conducted at Case University, where 90 percent of the students are African American. The researcher argues that in both cases violations of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act occurred. Specifically, evidence of disparate impact and favoritism and nepotism are demonstrated in the two cases. Court decisions including those of the Supreme Court are noted supporting this argument.
Outline:
Background and Analysis
Case 1
Case 2
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Case University, which opened in 1870, claims its early mission included providing newly freed slaves the opportunity to receive a proper education. The University's purpose also includes training African Americans in various professions to promote career advancement. The researcher asserts that the university violated Title VII when it failed to hire candidate Smith as the professor of biology. While there are circumstances when an entity can exclude a candidate for a job, they must be based on sound logic and backed by standards established by the law. For example, when hiring an attendant for a restroom to sit in the restroom and provide customers with hand towels, acceptable practice does allow the business entity to hire women only to manage the female restrooms and males only for oversight of male restrooms."
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Issues on Criminal Record Disclosures, 2008.
A review of the ethical issues and requirements with respect to criminal record disclosures.
1,666 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the ethical issues and requirements when dealing with criminal record disclosures. The paper offers recommendations for professionals that may come across situations where there are no clear cut steps to take, and concludes with a summary of the relevant issues.
Outline:
Introduction
Criminal Record Disclosure Requirements
Examples of Ethical Conflicts in Disclosure Requirements
Recommendations to Solve Ethical Issues
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This raises ethical concerns since sensitive client/patient information is shared, that includes medical and background records. Affiliates are also given access to these records, so there must be some kind of security mechanism in place to protect the confidential information. In the case of open disclosure to officials in the criminal justice system, such criminal justice employees are only focused on their portion that is related to client's case, which may be at reaching a charge or guilty verdict. There is the question of how much disclosure is necessary; this may account for a gap in the relevant ethical code that the professional must decide on their own. In other words, a choice must be made between two courses of action. This is difficult because in most cases there are significant consequences for taking either course of action. Each of the two courses of action can be supported by one or more ethical principle, and the ethical principles supporting the unchosen course of action will be compromised disclosure requests can adequately perform their jobs."
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International Intervention into Kosovo, 2008.
An analysis of the legitimacy of the international intervention into the Kosovo crisis.
2,181 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the question of whether or not international intervention into the Kosovo crisis was necessary. It specifically discusses how the prevailing philosophy of international law is applied to the case. The paper begins by describing the background of the situation in Kosovo. It then focuses on the United Nations' and NATO's charters. Finally, the paper analyzes the situation in Kosovo through the applicable international law in order to reach a conclusion as to whether or not the international intervention was legitimate.
Table of Contents:
The Kosovo Quagmire
The Philosophy of International Law
International Law and Kosovo Intervention
From the Paper
"Today, the United Nation backed talks have made some progress on technical matters, although ultimate resolution remains a distant hope. Both parties continue to be opposed to the question of Kosovo's status itself. Even this year, an international draft resolution for independence for Kosovo has been rewritten at least four times. The main reason for this is that Russia, a member of the United Nations Security Council, has raised the issue that creating a sovereign Kosovo goes against international law principles of state sovereignty. On the other hand, the United Nations Security Council fears that if Kosovo Albanian's demand for independence is not granted, escalated violence will occur and thus international peace and security will be threatened. In other words, the ongoing question of international law and legitimacy continues to work its way out."
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Conscientious Objection, 2008.
This paper provides a moral analysis of conscientious objection.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that, in general, conscientious objection is not, in and of itself, a violation of honesty, integrity, or ethics. Even in the case of an enlisted serviceman, conscientious objection is a valid ethical basis for refusing continued service that requires conduct to which the individual objects in principle. The writer then points out that, on the other hand, conscientious objector status is unethical, and therefore, unjustified as a basis for shirking one's responsibilities under specific circumstances, particularly where it is asserted from self-interest instead of moral conviction. The writer discusses that the intention of the United States Armed Forces is to permit genuine objections that truly reflect the individual's heart-felt personal convictions without allowing conscientious objection to function as an unjustified means of dereliction of duties. The writer concludes that toward that end, the purpose of hearings on conscientious objection is to determine whether or not the conscientious objection falls within the relatively narrow parameters recognized by law as valid criteria, as well as to distinguish truthful positions from those merely of convenience or cowardice.
Outline:
Introduction
National Guard and Reservists
Changed Beliefs
Selective Service Registration
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The first requirement of valid conscientious objection is that it be genuinely truthful rather than a technique of convenience or cowardice with respect to one's assigned duties or assignment. Operation Iraqi Freedom brought the realities of wartime deployment and hostile engagement home to thousands of National Guard and Reserve troops, many of whom had enlisted primarily for the educational benefits and without a realistic expectation of overseas wartime deployment. Availability for deployment is the primary purpose for which reservists are rewarded and compensated throughout their period of enlistment."
"Conscientious objector status is not intended as an escape mechanism for situations where unexpected service is merely inconvenient, or where actual service is required, despite its apparent improbability at the time of enlistment. The enlistment agreement is bilateral in nature, with the respective benefits and potential costs known in advance to both parties to the agreement: the enlistee hopes to benefit without ever being required to fulfill the entire range of obligations encompassed by the agreement; the armed services hope to benefit by maintaining a troop reserve available when necessary, at a known cost of fulfilling its payment and benefits packages throughout the entire term of enlistment, even if active duty is never actually required during that time period."
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Impact of White Collar Crime, 2008.
This paper defines and discusses the impact of white-collar crime on business and society.
3,616 words (approx. 14.5 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 100.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer provides a clear overview of the different manifestations of white-collar crime, as well as provides insight into the historical development of the term. The study also focuses on the insidious nature of white-collar crime in terms of issues such as trust and the apparent respectability associated with the crime, as well as other pertinent aspects. The paper explores the way that this form of crime operates and the legal aspects that surround and prevent it and that have been implemented to curtail this expensive and growing category of crime. While the focus of the paper is on the way white-collar crime affects modern business, especially online business, the paper also focuses on the numerous ways that it negatively impacts on and affects society in general.
Outline:
Introduction
Definitions and Overview
History of the Term
Types of White-Collar Crimes
The Extent and Impact of White-Collar Crime
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In sociological and criminological terms, this was a radical deviation for the accepted perception of the criminal in society."
"It should also be noted that this was not the very first time that affluent businesspersons and the 'upper-class' had been identified as criminals. The difference was that the popularization and acceptance of the term white-collar criminal indicated an important a shift in theory and in the formal perception of this criminal type. This was to have a dramatic effect on policies and the theories about modern criminal behavior."
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Racial Discrimination, 2008.
A review of the subject of racial discrimination.
1,690 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper states that, under Title VII laws in the US, it is illegal to discriminate against individuals based on color or race. The paper then explains that discrimination often falls under two categories, including disparate treatment or "disparate acts" and then goes on to discuss the difference between these two categories. Next, the paper discusses a case involving disparate treatment and explains why the employer in the case should be held liable for discrimination. The paper cites several case studies supporting this conclusion.
From the Paper
"The more easily defined of the two is "disparate treatment" (Greenberg, 2002) because it involves outright discrimination against the employee, such as not hiring someone because they are of a particular race. "Disparate impact" is less easily distinguished, but typically involves a policy whether written or unwritten in a company whereby someone may be excluded from certain positions or availabilities, even though the policy may not have been intentionally designed to accomplish this (Greenberg, 2002; Harris, Henderson & William, 2005). The case described for this paper involves the question of "disparate treatment", with Doe arguing the company manager Bigot treated him harshly and in a discriminatory manner. When he reported his discomfort to the appropriate entities within the corporation, they did not respond to his complaints, but rather suggested it was just "the way" Bigot acted with new employees. Even if this were true, it is likely a court would rule in favor of Doe, the employee, because the statements made by his manager were related to his race or orientation, and because they affected Doe in a negative manner. The company should be held liable because no one took action to correct or investigation the employee's complaint."
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Money Laundering, 2008.
A discussion on money laundering and its implications on the financial stability of a country.
1,275 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the seriousness of money laundering. It confirms that global based financial markets make money laundering easy for financiers, and countries that enact account secrecy laws, are connected to countries with account reporting mandates, making it possible for a person to deposit "dirty" money anonymously in one country and have it transferred to another country. The paper, reports that money laundering is a commonly committed crime that wreaks havoc on the financial stability of a nation.
From the Paper
"The International Monetary Fund states that money laundering, which drug traffickers use to bring proceeds gained through distribution or sale of controlled substances back into legitimate markets, or to hide support of terrorist organizations, amounts to between 2% and 5% of the world's Gross Domestic Product, (over $600 billion annually). Money laundering hides the true basis of funds gained through selling and distributing drugs and converts them into solid assets with apparently legitimate sources. However, laundering large amounts of small-denomination bills is conspicuous enough that it makes traffickers visible and liable to laws against such practices. "Tracking and intercepting this illegal flow of drug money is an important tool used to identify and dismantle international drug trafficking organizations."
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