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John Peter Zenger, 2008.
An examination of the impact of the case against John Peter Zenger on freedom of the press in America and the U.S. Constitution.
1,395 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the case of John Peter Zenger in 1734. It briefly describes the background of Zenger and of the case that was brought against him. The paper looks at whether the jury decision produced an across-the-board new American policy of freedom of the press such as did not exist before Zenger's arrest. The paper also looks at whether the case had a meaningful effect on the U.S. Constitution.
From the Paper
"At that time in American history, there had been political satires printed often, but they were published by "imperial officials themselves," and not by writers and political opponents. But between the time of the Zenger trial and the Stamp Act, Olsen continues, several fables, satires, "parodied speeches and proclamations" appeared in pamphlets, advertisements, poets' corners and news items, "virtually all of them in opposition to established governments and imperial officials." Of all of those dozens of printed protests and attacks on the persons in elected positions, there was only one, Olsen explains, who was prosecuted for libel, but in time the charges were also dropped against him."
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Women and the Law, 2008.
This paper discusses current attitudes and policies on gender in France and Cuba.
2,275 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
The paper explores how the French and Cuban governments have worked towards eliminating obstacles to women's opportunities. The paper shows how both nations possess a mindset in which there is no real distinction between the overall group of the nation on the one hand and the citizen on the other and both have tried to remake their societies through revolutionary changes. The paper relates that in France gender equality laws are being slowly introduced, while in Cuba, although Fidel Castro attempted to eliminate every possible trace of discrimination, the overriding emphasis on Marxist economic development has failed to create the prosperity necessary to eliminate many traditional assumptions about gender.
From the Paper
"Centuries of inequality and oppression have made many modern societies and governments acutely aware of the way laws and political and social structures govern the relations between different groups of individuals. One of the group distinctions that has received most attention in is that which is based on gender. Whether in France, or in Cuba, women have a long history of being treated as second-class citizens; denied equal opportunities in education, employment, and public life. Both the French and Cuban governments have worked toward eliminating these obstacles to women's success and happiness. Yet, they have approached the problem in notably different ways."
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The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986, 2008.
Examines the problems created by the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986.
9,020 words (approx. 36.1 pages), 17 sources, APA, $ 187.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986, which created a differentiation of sentencing for powder versus crack cocaine offenses, has had a very negative impact on African-American offenders. The paper points out that the current problem is the perceived 'right' of the judge presiding over crack offense case sentencing to depart from mandatory minimum sentencing for these offenses. The paper also points out that this policy is shockingly perverse under the governing Constitution and its Bill of Rights. The paper then concludes with four policy recommendations to correct this situation.
Table of Contents:
Historical Background of the Policy
Current Problem
Description of Policy
Policy Analysis
Policy Recommendations
Policy Recommendation One
Policy Recommendation Two
Policy Recommendation Three
Policy Recommendation Four
From the Paper
"These are often the same lawmakers who are handsomely rewarded by public sector groups such as correctional officers' unions and other law enforcement groups, who also profit from criminalization and mass imprisonment. Less directly, the privatization of prisons contributes to and buoys the overall "culture" of law enforcement and criminal justice, one that levels our common sense understanding of the causes of our social problems and puts as their solution responses of violence, force and containment."
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Air Cargo Security, 2008.
A discussion to understand gaps in the current screening of air cargo and the problematic regulations that dictate the screening processes.
2,425 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the current regulations for transporting cargo on passenger airlines and notes that transportation of cargo is a multi-billion-dollar business that is critical to the American economy and the health of the airline industry. Specifically, the paper presents an overview of current regulations regarding the industry and considers the possible effects of a mandate to have 100 percent of cargo screened by 2009. A review of existing screening technologies shows that, without efficiency, cost and technology improvements, meeting the mandate could prove impossible without crippling the air cargo industry.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Regulations
Inspection Methods
Effects on Passenger Airlines
Technology, Funding must Provide Solutions
From the Paper
"But what exactly does it mean to "screen" cargo? Screening does not entail thoroughly inspecting every piece of cargo placed on aircraft, which could undermine the logistics of air cargo transport by creating cost and time pressures. In fact, ATSA did not establish a specific requirement or percentage of air cargo that needed to by physically inspected. Importantly, ATSA seemed to recognize that present screening methods would make it impractical for all air cargo to be thoroughly checked, and the legislation called for the acceleration of research development, testing, and evaluation of threat screening technology for cargo loaded onto aircraft. In short, ATSA, as it is currently written, allows for a great deal of unchecked cargo to be loaded onto passenger planes."
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Irrational Patient Rights, 2008.
This paper discusses whether a patient's irrational decision to refuse treatment is binding to a health care professional.
1,664 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses whether a patient's irrational decision to refuse treatment is binding to a health care professional. The paper explores the arguments for and against the rights of irrational patients and brings several case studies to light. The paper reveals that the health care professional is bound to treat irrational patients who cannot be held accountable for their actions. The paper therefore shows that if there is no other family member or responsible party available, the health care professional must make some difficult and demanding choices, for if they do not, they could put themselves and their facility at risk of court action and liability.
Outline:
Introduction
Argument
Counterargument
Response
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Patient's rights are a critical concern in the health care profession today, and few will argue that a competent patient has the right to free will and to choose what happens to their own body. Some patients with religious convictions may choose to refuse certain treatments, such as abortion, and some patients from other cultures may refuse certain types of treatment that do not agree with their cultural beliefs. However, anyone who consciously desires treatment should be treated by the health care professional."
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Eminent Domain, 2008.
This paper provides an overview of eminent domain legislation and due compensation to property owners.
1,973 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper explains the principle of eminent domain that variance, access and public projects for the good of the whole must take precedence over private property rights. The paper examines the US constitutional stand on eminent domain and looks at various national rulings that have taken place over the years. The paper discusses the losses often sustained by property owners and contends that municipalities, states and the federal government need to pay much more close attention to due compensation and be willing to pay a fair property value. The paper concludes with the hope that the public will become more conscious of the need to make more informed decisions about the rights of the individual.
From the Paper
"Eminent domain is one of the most controversial, yet necessary issues that communities and courts face today. Variance, access and public projects for the good of the whole must take precedence over private property rights. Yet such property rights losses as can occur though the demands of eminent domain can literally bankrupt individuals, families and businesses, with regard to loss of property value, property usage or loss of property itself."
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The Protect America Act, 2008.
This paper provides an in-depth review of the Protect America Act of 2007.
4,147 words (approx. 16.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the Protect America Act of 2007, which is the modernized version of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA). The paper looks at how the Act modernizes the FISA and then examines the rationale behind it. The paper explains how this law addresses the missing and significant gaps in the securing of intelligence surveillance information about targets in foreign lands.
Outline:
How the Act Modernizes the FISA
Rationale Behind the Modernization of FISA
Changing the Concept of Electronic Surveillance
Extending the Wiretap Law
Across-the-Board Exemption
Spur of the Moment and Secret Order
President Bush's Urges
Implications of the Act
How It All Happened
"Reasonably Believed"
For National Security and "Other" Purposes
A Lowering of Standards
How the Act Would Work to Close the Dangerous Surveillance Gap
From the Paper
"The Protect America Act of 2007 is the modernized version of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act or FISA (Department of Justice 2007, GovTrack.us 2007). Sponsored by Senator Mitch McConnell on August 1 this year, it was enacted by Congress and signed into law by President George W. Bush. The Act consists of permanent amendments to the FISA in order to keep the United States safe. It is designed to provide the intelligence community with necessary inputs about terrorists, America's enemies."
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INTEL Reform Over the Past 100 years, 2008.
An overview of the intelligence community in the USA.
2,964 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of information gathering and intelligence, and highlights the crucial points in the history of the US intelligence community, having in mind the initial goals of the system, the steps taken to increase its efficiency and new means of dealing with emerging threats. The author also explains how the recent evolution of the legal framework under which the intelligence community conducts its activities can be seen as an important step in identifying and countering the new challenges facing the United States.
From the Paper
"There has been a lot of discussion over the tradition the US has in dealing with intelligence. Unlike other nations, the history of the US Intelligence Community is considered to be of recent date. Some authors see as the early signs of a coherent intelligence apparatus to emerge following 1947. This is largely due to the specificity of the American foreign policy which had conducted a relatively isolationist external behavior. This in turn did not encourage the expansion of a professional and modern structure of data gathering and analysis. Up until then, there were particular services for espionage, especially during the war, which conducted data gathering and interpretation for different sectors of the government, such as the Army or the Navy. However, the end of the Second World War drew the United States in what would be the Cold War. In the conflict against the USSR, information on the communist enemy was deemed essential and vital for the survival and supremacy of the American democracy. In this sense, a new, coherent, and unitary structure was considered essential."
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Leopold and Loeb, 2008.
This paper looks at the part that the media played in the case of Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb.
3,158 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the murder of fourteen year old Bobby Franks and the subsequent arrest and trial of Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb. The writer notes that this issue was heavy on the minds of the public in 1924, as the sensationalism of this extreme case was evident even to those who were closest to it. The rest of the public, in Chicago and elsewhere, could rely heavily on exhaustive journalism to give them the information they sought about the events. The purpose of this work is to assess the similarities and differences between press accounts in Chicago and elsewhere. One would assume they all printed the facts as they knew them, but they also had varied conceptions of the trial that demonstrate regional differences in public opinion. Further, the writer points out that the argument was not over the guilt or innocence of the murderers or the base innocence of the victim, but it was over the controversial new science of psychology or as it was then known psychotherapy. The writer maintains that newspapers all over the nation, through the Leopold and Loeb case, played out the controversies of the science of the mind, while the more conservative set it aside, the urban papers detailed the science as luridly as print would allow.
From the Paper
"The controversy was replayed extensively, in all the major cities. Each journalistic report seeking information that others had not focused on, the most damning of which being the early life of the defendants, as they were described as neglected by privilege and allowed to live as if they had no responsibilities, and rarely had supervision, beyond the supervision of governesses and in Leopold's case the perverse supervision of at least one governess, who introduced lurid sexuality into his mind and life, "She entered Leopold's life when he was just fourteen. The record is rather vague as to her antecedents but clear enough as to the fact that she was a pervert, who initiated Leopold into the practices of and submissions to various types of sexual perversion." Loeb on the other had had strict governesses that created in him the desire to be secretive and deceptive to avoid censure. All of this was fodder for the press, and the urban newspapers in Chicago and New York played upon the early lives of the boys, as the "experts" findings were distributed for publishing."
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The Law-Making Process, 2008.
This paper outlines the law-making process of the United States government.
2,090 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the legislative process of the United States government. The paper explains that it comprises a number of steps, starting with the introduction of a Bill in the House or the Senate, and ending with its signing into law by the President. The paper details the different forms of legislation, how bills are introduced, the role of committees in the law-making process and house floor considerations.
Outline:
Different Forms of Legislation
Introduction of Bills
Role of Committees in the Law-Making Process
House Floor Consideration
From the Paper
"The law making process in the United States government is carried out by the Congress, which consists of the House of Representatives and the Senate. In fact, law-making is the chief function of the Congress, and the legislative powers have been provided to it by Article I, Section 1, of the U.S. Constitution that states: "All Legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives." The legislative process comprises a number of steps, starting with the introduction of a Bill in the House or the Senate, and ending with its signing into law by the President."
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Plea Bargaining, 2008.
A research proposal to explore public opinion and perceptions as they relate to plea bargaining in the criminal justice system.
1,497 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper presents the hypothesis that the public is not supportive of plea bargaining in cases of violent crimes. The paper looks at previous studies, with a focus on Sergio Herzog's study "The Relationship Between Public Perceptions of Crime Seriousness and Support for Plea-Bargaining in Israel: A Factorial-Survey Approach". The paper proposes a study where eight plea bargaining scenarios will be presented to individuals. The paper hopes to show that public opinion has impacted the sentencing decisions of courts regardless of plea bargains.
Outline:
Introduction
Prior Studies
Variables for this Study
Scenarios of Plea Bargaining
Independent Variables
From the Paper
"Plea bargaining is not a legal punishment assigned to criminal behavior, but is a tool that has been utilized by an overburdened legal system, which is poorly equipped to otherwise deal with the enormous numbers of criminal cases that filter through the system. Without plea bargaining, law enforcement, prosecutors, defense attorneys and finders of fact would be required to meet the legal definitions of the rules of evidence, which could involve lengthy processes and costs associated with bringing those cases to trial and through the court system."
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The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, 2008.
Looks at the history, goals and problems of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA).
855 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which was intended to improve access and renewability with respect to employment related group health plans, to health insurance coverage sold in connection with group plans, and to the individual market, by amending the Public Health Service Act. The paper relates that the primary elements in the legislation for most workers are portability and a general improvement in coverage but the Act falls short in addressing these problems. The paper outlines the shortcomings of the Act and provides examples to illustrate them. The paper concludes that, even though main issue in the law is portability, the many other provisions in the Act show how even that one particular change requires a good deal of change in other areas as well.
From the Paper
"Epstein (2002) notes some of the unintended consequences of HIPAA with reference to medical research. He cites the provisions on privacy and finds a conflict "between the concern for privacy on the one hand, and the ability of medical scientists, physicians, and institutions to continue on with their traditional research activities." Under the new rules, it is assumed that everyone needs to obtain consent for the disclosure or use of any particular medical record for any kind of purpose, and when HIPAA does distinguish among purposes, it does so based on the needs of the individual."
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The Whistleblower Protection Act, 2008.
This paper discusses the Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989 and its application in the workplace.
1,146 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The paper defines the Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989 and how it addresses environmental concerns, securities fraud, transportation safety, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations and Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulations. The paper discusses the formal/direct and informal/indirect types of retaliation and punishment that employers are prohibited from engaging as well as how, in certain circumstances, employees have the right to refuse to work until employers correct dangerous working conditions. The paper then outlines the compensation to which whistleblowers are entitled.
Outline:
Introduction
The Application of Whistleblower Protection Law in the Workplace
Formal/Direct Failure to Comply with the Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989
Refusal to Work
Remedies
From the Paper
"The Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989 was designed to protect individuals employed by government agencies from retaliation in any form arising as a consequence of bringing to light circumstances within the employing agencies that violate fundamental rights. It is also intended to protect those individuals from continued exposure to medically harmful and dangerous working conditions by enabling the reporting of those conditions to the appropriate authorities for rectification without the fear of adverse consequences that could otherwise discourage reporting and thereby perpetuate those conditions (USLC, 2007)."
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Scott Louis Panetti, Petitioner, 2008.
An analysis of the issues related to the motion filed by Scott Panetti stating that he was not fit to be executed for his crime due to mental illness.
1,327 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the case of Petitioner Scott Panetti who was convicted of capital murder and sentenced to death by a state court in Texas. It particularly focuses on Panetti's filing of a petition to the state court in which he stated that due to his mental illness, he could not be executed. The paper discusses the facts of the case, the issues and the opinions that affected its outcome.
Table of Contents:
Facts
Issues
Holdings
Rationale
Separate Opinions
Analysis
From the Paper
"The main argument used by Panetti's defence was that a death row and mentally unstable inmate could only be executed provided that he possessed "rational understanding." However, the court felt that such a standard was subjective and manipulative and would create a precedent on which death row inmates could escape the capital punishment. "Moreover, such a requirement - imported from the Court's Fifth and Sixth Amendment jurisprudence concerning defendants' strategic participation at the guilt and sentencing phases - is out of place at the moment of execution. Finally, the retributive and deterrent interests served by the death penalty - focused primarily as they are on society at large rather than the capital murderer - do not demand the "rational understanding" that Panetti urges.""
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Federal Acquisition Regulations, 2008.
An overview of the rules applicable to challenging an agency non-responsibility decision under US Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR).
1,962 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, prior to a government agency making a contracting decision, the contracting officer must ensure that all of the rules and regulations of the Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR)are satisfied. The paper first explains that the purpose of FAR is to safeguard the integrity of the procurement process through both civil and criminal actions. Through the analysis of two applicable case laws the paper then attempts to show that the burden of proof on the challenging party is often steep and difficult to meet.
Outline:
Introduction
Legal Background on Challenges to Responsibility Determinations
Application of the Law
Conclusion
Cases Cited
From the Paper
"With a full understanding of the standard of review and rules that govern a reviewing court's decision making process on a FAR responsibility determination challenge, the next step is to review how these rules are applied to actual challenge scenarios. To accomplish this, two FAR non-responsibility challenge decisions will be reviewed with the purpose of better understanding the above stated rules through their application to actual factual scenarios."
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