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Women and the Canadian Old-Age Pension System, 2008.
A historical overview of the Canadian old-age pension system with regards to female employees.
1,285 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the history of the entitlement of women in the Canadian old-age pension system. The paper points out that, although at first limited, the scope of Canadian women's enfranchisement in the successive public pensions schemes instituted between 1928 and 1985 did gradually widen, allowing more and more women to receive pensions. The working premise of the paper is that this progress was foremost the fruits of women's own labors, literally as well as figuratively.
Women in effect earned the right to a pension by earning a living in increasing numbers. The paper concludes that, in order to do this, women had to overcome the prevailing social mores, prejudices, institutional resistance and male-dominated cultural stereotypes.
From the Paper
"Data from the 1901 Canadian Census records a total male population of 2,066,000 and a total female population of 1,957,000. Out of this 1,618,000 men but only 215,000 women were gainfully employed; in other words, 78.3 percent of Canadian males earned their living by working whereas only 14.4 percent of Canadian women did. (Series D107) Some thirty years later, on the heels of Canada's first full-fledged public pension, 78.5 percent of Canada's 4,206,000 men and 19.4 percent of its women were gainfully employed. The raw numbers are particularly revealing: 3,296,000 men but only 752,000 women reported having a job. Yet, even if these results are skewered by the Great Depression, there were still over three times as many women working in 1931 than 1901."
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Prostitution in Thailand, 2008.
An analysis of how prostitution influences the social and economic systems within Thai society.
1,550 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the culture of prostitution in Thailand and the failure of the officials there to prosecute or enforce the law with regards to prostitution. The paper aso discusses the economic impact of prostitution on the nation. In addition, the paper looks at the arguments for and against official recognition of prostitution and concludes that, according to this analysis, the problems of prostitution outweigh the benefits.
Table of Contents:
Sexual Mores and Practices, and Thai Prostitution
Economics, Gender Politics, and Prostitution
Devastating Effects on Thai Culture
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Prostitution in Thailand is semi-legal at present, with many people tolerating it and officials not prosecuting or enforcing the law regarding it. There are even some voices within Thailand that have called for an official recognition of prostitution so the sex tourism industry can be carried out in an openly legal manner. However, according to the arguments reviewed here, prostitution causes problems within the society by limiting the choices of women and child. Therefore, the problems of prostitution are believed to outweigh the benefits according to this analysis."
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Serial Killers and Possible Solutions, 2008.
An examination of the sociological and psychological theories behind serial murder and suggestions for possible solutions to the problem.
2,190 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the phenomenon of the serial murderer, considering the definition and the many sociological and psychological theories that have been offered for the fact that such persons kill repeatedly, often in sadistic ways. The paper finds that there are certain common features among serial killers, that is most are male, age 25-35, and have a background that includes trauma and abuse. The paper also finds that there are many exceptions to this rule. In conclusion, the paper recommends continuing coordinated studies to try to track down such persons.
Outline:
Upbringing
Psychological Contributions
Serial Murder and the Social Control Theory
The Neutralization Theory and the Desire to Kill
The Labeling Theory: A Social Cause
From the Paper
"The neutralization theory examines the ways in which people such as serial murderers rationalize their behavior. In order for murderers to rationalize their violent actions, they apply various techniques to mitigate their own guilt. These include denial, denying both the injury and the legitimacy of the victim, condemnation of those who condemn them, and an appeal to higher loyalties. This amounts to dehumanization, common among serial offenders. This theory has been essentially beyond verification because it would require a showing that the murderer neutralized a set of moral beliefs before killing. However, the available data suggest that serial offenders who rationalize their behavior generally do this after the fact, after they have already killed their victims. (Hickey 1991)"
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Knowledge and Expertise in the Court System, 2008.
An analysis of whether expert knowledge, that is presented in court, is in fact true and accurate knowledge and whether it is reliable in court proceedings.
1,763 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the truth of knowledge and expertise within the court system and looks at whether this form of information could represent inaccurate knowledge. More specifically, the paper analyzes whether data such as scientific opinion and expertise, social science evidence and eyewitness testimony are reliable in court proceedings and whether they do, in fact, represent "knowledge."
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Knowledge and Expertise in Court
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The findings of the abovementioned researchers indicate some interesting trends in our conception of "truth", "knowledge" and "expertise" in the modern court system. Though science is honored in modern society as an almost God-like certainty, in the court system (as Bertin & Henifin point out) it holds much less weight. The combined findings indicate that court rulings are based rather on a number of forms of evidence, all of which have been called into question by the researchers. Like Bertin and Henifin, Redding and Reppucci explored a form of court evidence often scrutinized for accuracy - social science evidence. However, unlike Bertin and Henifin, Redding and Reppucci seem to lament the fact that their investigated form of evidence is often overlooked or misconstrued in the field of law, particularly by judges - the ultimate decision-makers. Lastly, like Redding and Reppucci, Kebbell and Giles explored the concept of bias in court in eliciting tainted evidence. Kebbell and Giles demonstrated that the questioning techniques of lawyers can have an impact on the accuracy of eyewitness recollection. The combined findings of these researchers indicate that knowledge and expertise in the court system under current provisions is far from conclusive."
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"Regulating Girls and Women", 2008.
A review of the strengths and weaknesses of Joan Sangster's book, "Regulating Girls and Women - Sexuality, Family and the Law in Ontario, 1920-1960."
1,680 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews Joan Sangster's book, "Regulating Girls and Women - Sexuality, Family and the Law in Ontario, 1920-1960", and describes the strengths and weaknesses of the book. The paper argues that there is room to ask whether or not legal and social realities have changed much with regard to girls and women entering a reformed criminal justice system.
From the Paper
"Institutionally, all appears to have worked to protect women in Canadian family law that made men responsible for wives and children should they desert them. There were assault laws that seemed to direct high standards in the home and with the interval of 1920 to 1960 seeing the appearance of Toronto's Juvenile and Family Court as seemed to promise that family issues were taken seriously, just as the Children's Aid Society attended to child welfare. The ideal was one of producing 'social' hearings or trials that would reflect social investigation and clinical expertise as promised better family law. (p. 55) However, Sangster is able to show that law was really carried over from before, was not always enforced in ways that protected women, in effect, and that very old-fashioned thinking governed society's ideals for female citizens. The same interval produced the Mercer Reformatory for Women which aimed to make 'honest' or respectable women according to a certain mold from women thought to be immoral, as in convicted prostitutes, or in need of correction through labor."
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Sex Workers in Canada, 2008.
An examination of how the sex trade in Canada was viewed in the first half of the 20th century.
1,655 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This essay takes a look at the issue of prostitution in Canada at the beginning of the 20th century. The paper points out that, in more recent years, theorists have increasingly begun to frame prostitution as a social issue, and as an occupation forced on marginalized, poverty-stricken people. However, in earlier times, it was more common to frame prostitution as a moral issue, or as a law enforcement issue. The paper ultimately attempts to show how the failure to suppress prostitution was directly linked to the failure to understand it, which in turn was based on a sexist inability to conceptualize women as subjects making choices, due to extenuating socioeconomic circumstances.
From the Paper
"Nilsen notes that in the period 1906 to 1917, most local residents of Vancouver perceived prostitutes as nothing but blight on the city, and a negative influence on property values. Unlike national reformers, they failed to see prostitutes as women for whom they should feel pity. They failed to perceive them as victims of pimps, or as victims of socioeconomic circumstances. Their response to prostitution was to draw up petitions to have it removed by stringent law enforcement. On the other hand, the National Council of Women, which in other respects was a philanthropic organization, saw the solution to prostitution as being moral education and tougher laws (Nilsen, 1980). It is suggested that, as the members of that esteemed council were all middle class women, they had never been in the situation of having to feed themselves or their children on nothing but "moral education." What is interesting to note is that although both residents and the National Council of Women were coming at the matter from different perspectives, both had a touching faith that laws could remove the problem."
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Sexual Harassment in the Workplace, 2008.
An analysis of the possible solutions to sexual harassment in the Canadian workforce, according to Michael Kaufman's article, "Effective Ways to Protect Against Sexual Harassment."
1,168 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses sexual harassment in the Canadian workplace and possible solutions to the problem. More specifically, the paper discusses an article written by Michael Kaufman in the 27 March 2006 edition of the "Toronto Star," entitled "Effective Ways to Protect Against Sexual Harassment" and examines how Kaufman sets forth a series of practical suggestions in regards to how best to address the problem of sexual harassment in the workplace. The paper also discusses the legal case, "Curling v. Torimiro" and how it relates to this issue.
From the Paper
"The summary notes that in the final decision of the Board, released 22 December 1999, defendant Alexander Torimiro was found to be responsible for conduct qualifying as sexual harassment against the complainant, Ms. Curling. Such conduct was found to be discriminatory on the basis of the complainant's gender, and it was also found that Mr. Torimiro engaged in retaliatory response against the complainant when the initial suggestions were rebuffed. The summary also notes that the Board of Inquiry found that Mr. Torimiro, in his commencement of legal action against the complainant, had in addition violated Ms. Curling's statutory right to claim Code protection without fear of threat of retaliation."
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Punishment, 2008.
A discussion of the current criminal justice system, based mainly on retribution as opposed to restoration and reform.
1,445 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at how many criminologists have expressed doubt or downright condemnation regarding the current criminal justice system, which is one based on retribution. The paper claims that a new framework for criminal redress is necessary. It points out that proponents of change for the criminal justice system typically point to restorative approaches for future framework. It questions whether this means a complete rejection of punishment as a means for redress. It also examines the views of those who believe that "punishment" is subjective and should be part of restorative criminal approaches in some shape or form. To conclude, the paper postures that justice may work best when it utilizes aspects of both restorative and retributive approaches.
From the Paper
"As remorse is the only means through criminals can express regret over their actions and refrain from repeating them, it is these objects which many theorists have in mind in their ideal of criminal justice. However, as Pepinsky notes, emotions such as remorse may be fabricated (ibid, p. 279). Obedience to punishment does not make one "responsible and empathic" because one must "have to have confidence in the value and legitimacy of (one's own) feelings and needs" (ibid, p. 283). Restorative justice proponents such as Pepinsky recommend a course of empathy, communication and round-table style conversation in addressing criminality, much in the way of more traditional societies such as the Navajo people (ibid, p. 287). Here the airing of grievances settles and restores all involved members, including the community, whereas Western society's modern attitude of obedience is a case of "choosing whose voices get to be heard as against others" (ibid, p. 291)."
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The Bhopal Gas Tragedy, 2008.
A critical discussion of the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy, its aftermath, and how the four "I's" - issues, interests, institutions, and information - manifest themselves in any discussion of this calamity. The paper maintains that the chemical industry is more intent upon fixing its image than fixing the problem. It adds that this marked unwillingness to put safety ahead of profit is a major reason why the Bhopal plant became so susceptible to the melt-down.The paper concludes that the tragedy could have been avoided, and turns responsibility over to NGOs, concerned government officials, and to the international community to see to it the chemical industry does not get away with such a crime again.
From the Paper
"The ramifications of the tragedy do not begin and end simply with the human toll or with the lethargic pace of the clean-up - though both of those things are hugely important. Rather, one must also bear in mind the astonishing inability of Indian (and international) authorities to hold accountable those responsible for the disaster. For one thing, Union Carbide's Chief Executive Office at the time, Warren Anderson, was charged by local government officials with manslaughter in 1991. Instead of facing his accusers, Mr. Anderson successfully fled an international arrest warrant and a summons to appear before a US court. Even when he was finally unearthed in August of 2002 by Greenpeace - apparently living a life of quiet luxury in the Hamptons - neither the US government nor the Indian government expressed much interest in seeing him extradited to India to face trial. Drawing upon information provided by the official website of the Bhopal Medical Appeal & Sambhavna Trust foundation, it appears as though Mr. Anderson to this very day remains a free man (para.15)."
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Memorandum of Law Re: Paula Tall, 2008.
This paper is a formal memorandum of law about the potential criminal, tort and contract claims by client Paula Tall, who was said to be raped by a famous athlete and then fired by him and the resort.
6,875 words (approx. 27.5 pages), 74 sources, MLA, $ 155.95
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Abstract
This paper is written by the author as the associate reporting his or her legal research to the senior partners about the client Paula Tall, a licensed physical therapist at physical rehabilitation resort, who was assigned to do therapeutic work with a famous athlete. The author reports that, after two days of therapy, the athlete offered Ms. Tall a contract for a job as his personal therapist, which she accepted. The paper continues to relate the facts of an inconsistent report of rape and her subsequent firings. The author presents questions and answers to (1) what crimes, if any, might the famous athlete be charged with and the prospects for conviction, (2) what actions in tort might be brought against him and the prospects for recovery and (3) whether the "contract" which he gave to Ms. Tall is enforceable and to what extent. The paper includes an extensive discussion of cases relating to the author's research.
Table of Contents:
Facts
Questions Presented
Answer
Discussion
Criminal Charges
Civil Torts
Contract
From the Paper
"There is no requirement that the victim of a sexual assault resist. The Texas statute defining criminal sexual assault focuses the fact that the victim is compelled, not her resistance. Hernandez v. State, 804 S.W.2d 168 (Tex. App. 1991). Further, consent must be given freely. If consent was produced by a threat against the victim, consent is negated, and the resulting act remains a criminal sexual assault. Cavazos v. State, 668 S.W.2d 435 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984). Further, in evaluating the validity of consent, the relative strength of the parties can be considered."
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School Programs in Bibb County, 2008.
This paper discusses the implementation of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) and the Individuals with Disabilities Improvement (IDEIA) programs in Bibb County schools.
800 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that in an effort to address failures in the educational system across the country, Congress passed the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) and the Individuals with Disabilities Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEIA 2004). The writer points out that the effectiveness of these laws has been challenged in many states and in local jurisdictions. The writer then discusses that Bibb County is one of the areas that has put these laws into force and that has monitored their progress to see how effective they may be, with mixed results. The writer looks at this issue on the basis of the three criteria of efficiency, adequacy, and equity and notes that the system was found to be wanting in all three areas. The writer concludes that efforts have been made to streamline the system and to assure equity, and this process is ongoing throughout the system.
From the Paper
"In Bibb County, Georgia the School Board works with the Georgia Department of Education to implement provisions of the law, and the board reports that since the law has been in place, system test scores have been rising. According to the Board, using Georgia's Criterion Referenced Competency Tests, third graders able to meet or exceed the standards on the Reading portion have increased by eight percent, while fifth graders meeting or exceeding standards on the Mathematics portion have increased 20 percent. If a school achieves Adequate Yearly Progress under the NCLB, based on several factors including test scores, for three or more years in a row, that school earns the distinction of being cited as a Distinguished School."
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The Proper Balance of Power in Democracies, 2008.
This paper discusses the balance of power as it relates to the judiciary in Canada.
2,414 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
Some political observers argue that the balance of power between the legislature and the judiciary resides with the judiciary in Canada - a troubling assertion for those who feel unelected officials should not hold that kind of sway over the political process. In the view of this writer, such an argument is undoubtedly correct. With that uppermost in mind, this article looks at why it may be said that Canadian judges wield sweeping powers. From there, the paper turns to examine the arguments raised by at least one prominent Canadian academic who feels strongly that judges should use the considerable powers of their position to promote the creation of a Canada more in keeping with the notions of equality and inclusiveness that Canada allegedly stands for. The writer concludes by looking at how justices now see themselves in Canada, how the Charter entrenchment of certain rights has expanded their legislative role and what implications their prominent place in the democratic process offers for interest groups and citizens' groups. The writer maintains that the proper balance of power in a democracy should be one in which judges interpret the law rather than make it via prescriptive measures, but laments whether this will ever happen in Canada.
From the Paper
"Other academics, while appearing to share Dr. Greene's view that justices should play a key role in the shaping and formulation of Canadian law, nonetheless bristle at any suggestion that Canada's judiciary has been assertive in resisting the non-democratic or authoritarian impulses of Parliament - at least in some notable cases that have sweeping implications for all Canadians. For instance, L.E. Weinrib writes in 1994 that Canada's Supreme Court justices caved in to the legislature (and possibly to public pressure, as well) when they decided to reject Sue Rodriguez's request that she be allowed to die via assisted suicide. Of especial importance - at least to Ms. Weinrib - the majority of the Supreme Court read Section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms as enshrining the sanctity of human life and not as an expression of an individual's right to be an autonomous decision-maker in a free society."
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Kudler Fine Foods, 2008.
This paper explores the legal aspects that affect Kudler Fine Foods and its operations.
1,668 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Kudler's proposed expansion during which time some departments will not be operational. The paper explores some of the legal obligations Kudler has to take into consideration before it decides to close the relevant departments. The paper explores facets of contract law, product liability implications and employment law. The paper advises that the legal environment not be merely implied or be ad-hoc in nature, especially for a company like Kudler that has many activities that require a legal framework to be implemented within the organization.
Outline:
Introduction
Short-term Work Disruption: Kudler's Obligation to Workers
Contracting: Local Organic Growers and Kudler Fine Foods
Product Liability and Regulatory Implications for Kudler Fine Foods: Organic Produce Sales
Employment Law and Kudler Fine Foods: Issues to Consider When Hiring New Employees
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Kudler currently does not have a policy or system that utilizes contracts with suppliers. Kathy and her assistant tailor generic forms to specify agreements with current suppliers. Organic producers want to implement contracts, so that they can have some certainty regarding where their produce is sold. Kudler should consider the fact that a contract is a legally binding agreement between themselves and the local growers of organic growers; and should not be treated lightly (Barnes et al, 2003, p 222)."
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Habeas Corpus - Civil Liberty or Civil Right, 2008.
An analysis of civil liberties and civil rights and which of them applies to habeas corpus.
3,137 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the origins and history of habeas corpus, from its roots that predate the Magna Carta through to the present day, where it is being employed to the benefit of hundreds that wrongly languish in prison. The paper also explains the distinction between civil right and civil liberty and discusses which applies to habeas corpus. Lastly, the paper looks at the historic ups and downs of habeas corpus and discusses its unique place in the Constitution, separate from provisions contained in the Bill of Rights.
From the Paper
"Rights and liberties need to be at their strongest when public support is at its weakest. Civil rights are decreed by law, civil liberties are God given, and the actions of legislatures are inevitably governed by the politics of the time. Habeas corpus is a civil liberty included among the "self evident truths" of the Declaration of Independence, and alone one of the civil liberties that can be suspended by acts of the government during times of crisis. The president judged by history as one of the best, sought to suspend these liberties in time of extreme crisis in the nation's young history. It was circumvented to increase support during a world war, to intern "dangerous" citizens during another, and to grant due process rights to perpetrators of the war for the new millennium. It is now freeing hundred of wrongly convicted people of a crime. The future of habeas corpus is uncertain in the short term, but solid in the future as all inalienable rights bestowed upon the common man by his creator."
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The Effect of Labor Policies on Productivity, 2008.
A discussion on how US labor market polices have had a negative effect on employee productivity.
1,720 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, for over 20 years, workers have been faced with the dilemma of lack of job security, which has led to decreased productivity. Another major change that has affected productivity is American corporations' shift of focus away from making employees feel secure and appreciated, or providing them with ample pension and health care benefits plus wage increases to outpace inflation. The paper points out that, instead, the new focus of American corporations emphasizes the fiduciary responsibility to the stockholder and maximizing profits. The paper also adds that advanced technology, requiring less people but more skilled workers, and government labor policies, which removed trade barriers making it easier for American companies to outsource labor and relocate to countries with low labor costs, have had an adverse effect on American worker productivity and the American middle class. The paper concludes that the corporate/business paradigm shift from employee to stockholder is the most significant factor leading to reduced employee productivity and the erosion of the American middle class.
Outline:
Introduction
Hypothesis
Background Research
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Lack of job security is not a problem new to 2007, or even 2000, but one that has been on the rise since 1972. American companies have downsized dramatically since the late 1970s.
"In the first downsizing wave, 12% of the out placed workers left the workforce completely, 17% remained unemployed after two years. Of those finding new employment, 31% took a wage reduction of 25% or more and 32% of worker's wages were reduced by one to twenty-five percent while only 37% found no wage loss. These figures translate to 63% of people finding replacement jobs that are inferior to what they held prior to being downsized."
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