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"American Slavery, American Freedom", 2008.
A review of "American Slavery, American Freedom" by Edmund S. Morgan.
1,444 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
The paper describes how Edmund S. Morgan's "American Slavery, American Freedom" examines the political and social impact of slavery in colonial America. The paper explains how Morgan emphasizes the tragic contradiction between freedom and slavery, particularly in the colony of Virginia that produced patriot leaders such as Washington and Jefferson, but also had the most slave owners. The paper further explains Morgan's thesis that this contradiction was caused by prevailing beliefs that racial and gender inequality was a natural condition.
From the Paper
"American Slavery, American Freedom was written by historian Edmund S. Morgan and published in 2003 by W. W. Norton. The author's examination of slavery in America emphasizes the tragic contradiction between freedom and slavery, and focuses on Virginia, which produced leaders of the American Revolution who were dedicated to freedom and equality, but which also had the most slave owners. In his book, Morgan analyzes this paradox as he strives to understand and explain why such a contradiction existed."
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The Civil War: Its Impact on Today's American Society, 2008.
A discussion of the impact of the Civil War on American society.
979 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the Civil War still has a lingering effect on today's American society. The paper explains that this terrible conflict has impacted American politics, culture, economics and social values in many ways, but the political effects of the Union victory over the rebelling Confederacy have been perhaps the most important, for had the South won the Civil War, the existence of two rival countries at the center of the North American continent would have greatly altered future political, economic, cultural, and social developments. The paper looks at how, because of the Civil War, the federal government and federal bureaucracy became much more powerful, and the American president's war powers were significantly expanded. The paper then points out that progress against racial prejudice and discrimination began to be made, but nearly a century passed before racial segregation was ended and racial equality was accepted by most of the American people. The paper also discusses how the Civil War led to loyalty to America instead of loyalty to one's state, great industrial expansion, the creation of a national media, growing world trade, the development of active and powerful labor unions, and the establishment of an economic foundation that made the United States a global economic superpower within a hundred years. In conclusion, the paper shows that in terms of cultural changes, the Civil War led to a growing cultural sophistication across the United States in the form of increased public interest in literature, poetry, the theater, and art.
From the Paper
"Fite (1983) notes that in terms of domestic politics, the expansion of federal authority required to win the Civil War created a huge and powerful central government in Washington D.C. and established a lasting precedent of centralized federal government power. Before the war broke out in 1861, the federal government was relatively weak, and the states retained significant political power. But during the war years, the Lincoln administration and the United States Congress were compelled to expand their powers in order to save the Union, and these powers resulted in an enlarged federal bureaucracy which, once established, was reluctant to give up the broad range of powers it had acquired during the war."
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Integrationism and African-American Nationalism, 2008.
This paper contrasts the political ideas of integrationism and African-American nationalism during the Civil Rights era.
1,160 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, during the black civil rights movement, some leaders favored integrationism, which meant that these activists were willing to work with sympathetic whites to achieve their goal of civil rights. The paper points out that other leaders favored African-American nationalism, which meant the opposite of integrationism. The paper relates that, during the first ten years, the movement was mainly integrationist, as modeled by Martin Luther King Jr. King, who favored using non-violent methods, such as sit-ins, to oppose discrimination. The author continues that, by around 1966, the Black Power movement with activists, such as Malcolm X, who favored black self-determination, was growing. The paper states that the African-American nationalism has been accused of being in favor of black supremacy.
From the Paper
"There is a sad but interesting common factor that is shared by the integrationist movement and African American Nationalism. Although integrationism was much more moderate than African American Nationalism, both were threatening enough to some people in the USA that the most prominent leaders of both movements were assassinated. Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee; while Malcolm X was assassinated in 1965, at the Audubon Ballroom in Harlem."
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Race and Ethnicity Today, 2008.
This paper examines the impact of race and ethnicity on social
and political life in the United States.
1,218 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how race and ethnicity significantly impact social and political life in the Unite States, from discrimination in the workplace to racial profiling in law enforcement. The paper discusses how, due to its its impact at every level of American society, racial discrimination generates political debate and has produced positive government responses such as affirmative action and negative responses such as racial profiling.
From the Paper
"In order to reduce the impact of racial discrimination, affirmative action policies have been created and implemented all across the United States. According to Truesdell (2001) these policies are designed to establish result-oriented programs in which employers and managers can commit their good faith efforts towards pursuing, attaining, and maintaining equal employment opportunities for their fellow managers, their employees, and for all people seeking employment with their company or organization, regardless of race, gender, or religion."
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Racism in Southern USA, 2008.
A description of two episodes in the book "Roll of thunder, Hear My Cry" by Mildred D. Taylor, which depicts the racism in the southern states of the USA at the time.
1,502 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper examines two episodes depicting injustice in Mildred D. Taylor's book "Roll of Thunder, Hear my Cry" focusing on the characters involved. Through the analysis of the two episodes and the reactions of the characters, this paper focuses on the message that the readers absorb from the episodes concerning the toleration of and the need to combat injustice. The paper relates that the episodes show that it is necessary to combat injustice, but that often this involves just preserving the sense of self-identity and pride.
From the Paper
"Roll of Thunder, Hear my Cry is a story of the African American Logan family who live in the very segregated Southern USA during the 1930s. Cassie Logan tells the story, a very bright and proud nine or ten year old. She has a strong moral sense, and self-awareness that she gets from her close-tied family. The Logan family is a hardworking, loving family that has owned land for two generations landowners. They face much hardship and abuse solely on the fact that the color of their skin is black. Like many of their neighbors and friends they have to deal with bullying, often violent whites as well as the system, which is biased against them. However, because they own their land they are in a much better situation then most of their neighbors. There are many examples of injustice inflicted on the Logan family as well as other African Americans in the book. The two episodes chosen for this paper involve Cassie. Focusing on Cassie is important as not only is she the main character, but we also see the events through her eyes as she matures and learns about the full impact of racism. Although she does not quite understand race relations in the segregated south at the beginning of the book, by the end the experiences that she has been through teach her. Yet she remains strong and determined to fight. The first episode is in the beginning of the book, when the reader reads about the two different schools. The second episode is very personal for Cassie and takes place the very fist time she goes into the town of Strawberry."
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Race and Racism Today, 2008.
An analysis of the issues of race and their perception in America.
2,072 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
The paper identifies and analyzes how the concept of race has changed within America over the past fifty years. The paper discusses the American Civil Rights Movement, the introduction of Affirmative Action and the issue of political correctness. The paper shows how the redefinition process has reduced racism between whites and minorities, but racism between these groups still exists in different ways today. The paper predicts that that these conditions will probably persist into the next fifty years as well.
Outline:
Introduction
Race and the Civil Rights Movements
Race and Affirmative Action
Race and Political Correctness
The Modern Understanding of Race
Race in the Next Fifty Years
From the Paper
"Awareness of race and racial issues is not racism, but in the modern era it is extremely difficult to distinguish between these concepts. The perception of race and racial awareness within the United States has transformed dramatically over the past five decades, where resistance to racial integration initially framed racial issues, but integration and diversity awareness resulted in gradual acceptance of persons of diverse races and a purposeful elimination of racism (Healy, 2004). Landmark events such as the Civil Rights movement helped characterize tolerance and equality as the rights of every American citizen, thus promoting awareness of race; barriers between races in terms of social, cultural, and economic status; and the opportunities that could result from a racially diverse nation (Tatum, 1992; Darder & Torres, 2004))."
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African-American Literature, 2008.
A discussion of the literature of black American writers in the 20th and 21st century.
1,484 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the literature of various black American writers and poets. The paper explains that numerous black writers found new ways to express the feelings of their people and created a rich canon of thought and expression leading up to the Civil Rights Movement. The paper looks at how some of these writings show an underlying demand for change. The paper also points out that many of the early literary figures, like W.E.B. DuBois, wrote against slavery. In addition, the paper looks at how, in the latter part of the 20th century black, nationalism was influenced by Darwinian science and by Victorian conceptions of virtue. The paper cites "Coming of Age in Mississippi" by Anne Moody, as an example of the nature of the threat to black Americans.
From the Paper
"DuBois also celebrates aspects of black culture, from the songs of the slaves to and the music they and their descendants make to their religious belief and the special religious observance they developed in the black church in America. He sees the black community then standing at the dawn of freedom, a freedom not yet fully achieved but set out as a potential for all.
"The nature of the threat to black Americans is evident in Coming of Age in Mississippi by Anne Moody. She becomes very aware of why as she grows to adulthood and sees more and more racism all around her."
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Stereotypes in "Uncle Tom's Cabin", 2008.
A look at the recent criticism leveled at Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin", regarding the book's stereotypical portrayal of African-Americans
1,222 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper examines some of the stereotypes found in "Uncle Tom's Cabin", with particular focus on the main character of Uncle Tom. The paper argues that the character of Uncle Tom is represented as a stereotype of an old, suffering and obedient servant, faithful to his white masters no matter what, but that there is also a philosophy of resistance in the passivity that he exudes. Furthermore, this paper argues that it is in the depiction of African-American women that many stereotypes can be found. Finally, this paper attempts to answer the following question: do the negative aspects of this novel outweigh its moral message?
From the Paper
"Uncle Tom's Cabin actually consists of two stories told in parallel. It begins with a financial crisis of the Shelby family whom are forced to sell some of their slaves. Eliza, the slave who is a maid in the house overhears this plan, which includes the sale of her child, and escapes with her husband and young son. We follow their long and dangerous escape route that eventually leads them to Canada. Uncle Tom, although he has a family on the plantation, does actually get sold to a family in New Orleans. He is very pious and accepting and soon becomes very faithful to his new owner much like he was to the one who sold him. The family is eventually won over by Uncle Tom and his calm, assuming manner, that both the father and the daughter become ardent supporters of abolishment. "
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The Biracial Family, 2008.
This paper reviews "Clover" by Doris Sanders.
1,066 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the book "Clover" by Doris Sanders that portrays the life of a young black child reared by a white woman in a close-knit, African-American farming community. The paper considers the book's dominant themes of intermarriage and women and work and highlights Sanders' depiction of gender-specific expectations.
Outline:
Part One: Summary of Text
Intermarriage
Women and Work
From the Paper
"Dori Sander's, Clover, is a thoughtful look at what it is like to be a young black child reared by a white woman in a close-knit, African-American farming community. The book explores Clover's own conflicting feelings towards Sara Kate and the difficult time Sara Kate experiences by virtue of being a white interloper in a protective and tightly-bound black extended family. Furthermore, the book looks at how Clover finds herself uncomfortably straddling two worlds that are divided by cleavages that extend beyond race. To wit, Sara Kate is well-educated and intelligent and white (and apparently fairly upper-class) and Clover's family is working poor, African-American, rural and not terribly urbane. In a real sense, the little girl is the embodiment of the fears, tensions and insecurities many children endure when thrust into biracial marriages in a society that has not yet embraced them."
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Male Sexuality, 2008.
The paper assesses an article by Charles Michael Smith 'The Politics of Penis Size (Book Review)' in "The Gay and Lesbian Review" relating to the stereotype that African-American males are "well-hung".
2,745 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper explain that, in Charles Michael Smith's article 'The Politics of Penis Size (Book Review)', which is a review of Scott Poulson-Bryant's book "Hung: A Meditation on the Measure of Black Men in America", the idea of the black sexual Olympian is ridiculed but Smith fails to avoid making some sweeping generalizations that the available literature cannot substantiate. The author points out, from the literature review to assess this article and book, that the myth about African-American men being "huge" and thus more "man" than Asian or Caucasian men is really a projection of deep-seated fears of inadequacy. The paper argues that, if these fears are addressed, then anxiety about the sexual prowess of black men, on the part of those who are non-black will be replaced by a more holistic view of African-American males that restores to them a measure of their full humanity.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Summary of Account
Background Research (or what the scholarly literature has to say about penis size and about black men)
Assessment of the Popular Account
Implications and Future Directions
From the Paper
"According to Charles Michael Smith (2006) the penis is one manifestation of masculine power. Smith goes on to state that penis power is male power and that the tallest buildings, the imposing skyscrapers that dot the landscape of the modern western world, are really the ultimate phallic symbols. In short, the penis equates with all that is seen as masculine, virile, powerful, and potent. Smith, in his review of Scott Poulson-Bryant's, "Hung: A Meditation on the Measure of Black Men in America", writes that white slave-holders often justified the brutal treatment of African-American men by seizing upon the desire of the latter to assault and seize for themselves the womanhood of white females."
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Mental Slavery and Colonization, 2008.
An analysis of the mental slavery and colonization of the Blacks in the United States.
879 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews a number of articles which describe an image of savagery, sadness and subjugation that followed the history of slavery and colonization. It discusses the articles' analysis of the psychology of slavery, particularly as an economic process designed to extract physical, natural, and mental resources from a race of individuals. The paper then focuses on mental slavery which it argues to be the most serious aspect of slavery and colonialism, and in some cases the most brutal.
From the Paper
"In conclusion, Martin Luther King presents a succinct summary of the situation; it is not enough for a few to realize some aspect of what is due to blacks in the United States and the world. It seems that society thinks its satisfactory to have some aspects of equality carefully manipulated to create the illusion of fairness. However, the masses of people have to also reap the benefits, (King, 1964, p 18). Slow progress is just like no progress, and at some point, it is clear that blacks 'will not wait anymore'."
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The African-American Society, 2008.
This paper discusses the importance of race and color within the socio-political context of African-American societies in the United States.
830 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the role that race and color play in the socio-political context of African-American societies in the United States stems from historical factors, which have left deep cultural trauma. The author points out that some theorists stress that slavery was a key issue in the formation of African-American identity. The paper underscores that even the passage of the 14th and 15th Amendments did not lead to true equality. The paper relates that African Americans continued to be treated as second class citizens and restricted to so-called separate but equal facilities that were never truly equal. The author states that, even today, African Americans are usually less well educated and poorer than their white counterparts; thereby indicating the role of race in the socio-political context of African-American societies.
From the Paper
"Throughout American history, black/white tensions have impacted socio-political events. For example, many African-Americans protested about fighting in the Second World War, given that they faced discrimination in their home country. Tensions have continued to be expressed, by, for example, the Double V Movement, the March on Washington Movement, the Black Panther movement, the activism of Martin Luther King Jr. and his subsequent assassination, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the Council on African Affairs and the Congress of Racial Equality."
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How Hennessy Creates Desire, 2008.
This paper looks at Hennessy's urban advertising campaign and discusses how the company creates desire among consumers.
1,028 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Hennessy currently targets young African-American men. The writer points out that a smaller aspect of the campaign is targeted at young African-American women. In both cases, the target audience is urban and professional. The writer maintains that the lynch pins of this campaign are the successful hip-hop performers who have taken a liking to cognac. This essay examines the means by which Hennessy has created a desire for their products among young, urban, African-American professionals.
From the Paper
"This being the case, the campaign's style has kept close to what is already seen among the self-made performers: photo spreads of carefully groomed, well-heeled African-American men. The pictures are distinctly glamorous, sometimes even iconic, yet always masculine, as whisky is a traditionally male drink and hip-hop is a male-dominated form of music. The masculinity of the photos is always balanced with requisite elegance.
"This is because the hip-hop artists who have been popularizing Hennessy's products have become more and more interested in elegance since they hit the big time. Compare Snoop Dogg's original gangster/jock look from the time his became mainstream viewing."
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Stephen Douglas and Popular Sovereignty, 2008.
A discussion of 1850s politician, Stephen Douglas, and the doctrine of popular sovereignty.
940 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the political history and views of Stephen Douglas, among the leading politicians in the nation in the 1850s. The paper points out that, aspiring to the presidency, Douglas had to confront the question of the legality of slavery in the territories. Responding to this issue, Douglas advocated popular sovereignty, letting the voters in each territory decide the question. The paper states that, while the concept seemed simple, the doctrine collapsed in the face of myriad complications, and as it collapsed, Douglas and his presidential hopes faded. The paper concludes that popular sovereignty was theoretically a sound means of allowing territorial populations to organize themselves as either slave or free, but it failed as a political idea because it could not satisfy the demands of the various factions in the dire years leading to the Civil War.
From the Paper
"The second blow to Douglas came with the submission of the first state constitution ostensibly reflecting popular sovereignty. A constitutional convention at Lecompton, Kansas, wrote a constitution that was put before Kansas voters. The voters were given an alternative: to vote for a constitution which permitted current residents of Kansas to keep slaves they had brought into the territory, or to vote for a provision which opened the state to unlimited importation to slaves. Voters could not for a state constitution which prohibited slavery. Anti-slavery voters boycotted this referendum, so that the constitution sent to Washington allowed the free importation of slaves into Kansas."
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Confederate Flag Controversy, 2008.
A discussion regarding free speech and the controversial symbol of the Confederate flag.
780 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the issue of the display of the Confederate flag, an intermittent source of debate in the US for many years. The paper takes a particular look at one case in the late 1990s when controversy over the display of the flag on top of the South Carolina State House in Columbia led to a nationwide boycott instigated by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) against the state. The paper then makes the argument that individuals ought to be allowed to wear or display symbols containing the Confederate flag motif as a simple matter of their free speech rights, both on and off school campuses, or in any other venue.
From the Paper
"In 2006, the Southern Legal Resource Center, a nonprofit civil rights group, filed suit to permit several students at a high school in Knoxville, Tennessee to wear Confederate flag images on clothing. Racial tensions at the school nearly resulted in violent altercations at one point, resulting in a temporary lockdown. The students involved in the suit complained that black students were permitted to wear images of Malcolm X and related symbols without undergoing the same restrictions as the white students, thus raising the familiar argument of the double standard (Watson.) The Southern Legal Resource Center, which focuses on such cases, is also involved in a similar case in Texas, where several students at a high school near Dallas sued for the right to carry purses with the Confederate flag symbol on them, after they had been banned by administration officials. It seem clear that the dispute between administration policies and student rights is a heated one, and has implications beyond that of one particular symbol which some may find offensive. If students are in fact to be prepared for assuming the full rights and responsibilities of adulthood, as has often been argued, it seems reasonable to respect their rights on such a seemingly trivial matter."
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