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Capitalism and the Civil War, 2006.
A discussion on capitalism as the main cause of the American Civil War.
1,730 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how of the many proposed causes of the Civil War, capitalism was by far the most important and discusses how it led directly to the conflict between north and south. It looks at how the birth of capitalism in the north was caused by the advent of the industrial revolution in the new country after the war of 1812 and how this in turn, created a situation in which workers of the north were paid for their efforts and workers in the south, the slaves, were not. It shows how this situation was economically unstable and how eventually, capitalism brought down the institution of slavery in the south.
From the Paper
"Prior to 1830, the United States had been able to manage the issue of slavery through a combination of compromise and avoidance. This issue had been a contentious one from the early days of the republic, almost threatening to derail the Constitutional Convention. The issue was tabled by providing a twenty-year period in which Congress could not ban slavery. The Missouri Compromise in 1820 again allowed the nation to manage the issue without confronting it. New states coming into the Union were admitted two at a time - one Slave and one Free."
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"A Raisin in the Sun", 2006.
This paper reviews and analyzes the semi-autobiographical novel "A Raisin in the Sun," written by, African-American author, Lorraine Hansberry.
1,996 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This well-researched paper examines the plot and main characters in Hansberry's novel, which centers on the Younger family, an honest, hard-working African-American family struggling to fulfill their dreams. This paper examines the hardships and social conflicts facing this and other African-American families in the early part of the 20th century. This paper focuses on the character of Benethea, the most educated member of the family, striving to realize her dream of becoming a doctor. The writer discusses Benethea's seemingly modern way of thinking and her ongoing struggles with her family, primarily with her traditional mother. The writer contends and explains why Hansberry's novel is a stunning depiction and narration illustrating the setbacks and difficulties of the Younger family in their ongoing pursuit for happiness.
From the Paper
"The impediments of Beneatha differed extensively from that of both Walter and Lena. Firstly, Beneatha is only twenty years of age and pretty. Women like Beneatha were anticipated to marry and rear children and not to be a doctor or pursue any education beyond the High School. Secondly, the acute innocence of Beneatha towards the environment around her influences her perceptions of her family and Asagai actions and words. When Beneatha becomes aware of the loss of the money by Walter, she is in a dilemma whether she will ever be a doctor. Mama confirms her that she will, if God is willing. Beneatha reacts by atheistic attitude. The postponement of her dream leads her faith to aggravate like a sting and then vanish. The faith of Beneatha had not wavered before, but presently that all she has ever desirous of was insecurely lynching in the balance. She mockingly refers to the grave errors committed by her brother and questions if God exists and it may be man who performs miracles."
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Toni Morrison's "Sula", 2006.
This paper reviews and analyzes the novel, "Sula," written by, African-American author and Nobel prize laureate, Toni Morrison.
1,136 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the plot and main characters in Morrison's novel, which tells the story of the special friendship between two African-American women, Nel and Sula. "Sula" is set in the mainly conservative and primarily black community of Bottom, which becomes as much of a character in this novel, as Sula and Nel. This paper focuses on Morrison's use of race, gender and sexual themes, throughout this particular novel. This paper analyzes the characteristics of Sula, who unwittingly becomes a martyr for her community. The writer of this paper illustrates the various conflicts in the novel, which affect the members of the community, including Nel and Sula. This paper also delves into the class and race-related issues, which are key elements in Morrison's novel.
From the Paper
"Nel reacted to her personal growing pains much as Bottom did. Just as Nel sacrificed the difficult duty of self-assertion through independence, so too did Bottom sacrifice the same type of self-assertion over Medallion. The inability of Bottom's residents to take a clear, decisive stand against Medallion demonstrates the difficulty by which communities can come together and respond to external or internal crisis. Comprised of different people with different personalities, beliefs, and worldviews, communities like Bottom do not necessarily fare well in times of crisis. Even though many of Bottom's residents united under common ethical, economic, and political causes, the collective attempt to dichotomize good and evil ultimately failed."
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Slavery and Sectionalism, 2005.
A discussion on the history of slavery and the problem of sectionalism in the U.S..
1,205 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how slavery lasted far longer in the United States than it did elsewhere in the world and became solidly entrenched in American politics, culture and economics during the first century of America's existence. It looks at the regional differences between the north and the south in the Constitutional Convention of 1787, the cotton and tobacco economy, the abolitionist movement, the American Colonization Society, Nat Turner's 1831 Revolt, the Emancipation Proclamation, the 13th and 14th Amendments and "Plessy versus Ferguson".
From the Paper
"Slave revolts and rebellions were an integral part of the movement toward abolition. Denmark Vesey's Uprising in 1822 was one of the larger early uprisings. Although many uprisings like his failed, they drew attention to the slave trade and exposed its cruelty. A more successful uprising was Nat Turner's 1831 Revolt. However, notorious revolts like these resulted in backlash, as slave owners only became crueler, instating ever tighter rules and restrictions on their slaves to prevent future rebellions. Moreover, the fugitive slave laws became a major federal political issue."
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Free or Slave State?, 2005.
This paper discusses the struggle of the young U.S. to solve the issue of whether new states were to be a free or slave states.
1,195 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the question of whether or not to admit new states as slave-holding or free states had a direct bearing on political representation of states in Congress. The author points out that the southern slaveholding states, fearing political disenfranchisement, wanted new states to be admitted as slaveholding ones thus having more sympathizers in Congress; however, the abolitionist movement was growing stronger and more vocal, especially in the North. The paper examines the Northwest Ordinance, the Missouri Compromise, the Fugitive Slave Law, the Dred Scott case, Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and, later, the 13th Amendment to the Constitution, which ended the practice of slavery in the United States; however, sectionalism divided North and South for many decades after the end of the Civil War.
From the Paper
"The first territory from the Louisiana Purchase lands to be admitted to the Union was Missouri, in 1818, immediately brining to light the deepening rift between southern and northern sentiments. Missouri was being settled largely by slaveholding southerners, residents who hoped that the state would be admitted without any provisions restricting slavery within its borders. To their consternation and that of other Southern states, Northern Congressmen in the House of Representatives helped passed a bill that would admit Missouri as a free state. The bill failed to pass in the Senate. The crux of the free state/slave state issue was congressional representation: before Missouri was admitted to the Union, the number of slave states and free states was equal. To preserve the balance of power between slaveholding and free states, Congress needed to compromise."
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?Race, Reform and Rebellion?, 2006.
An overview of Manning Marable's book on post WWII African-American history.
820 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 0 sources, $ 29.95
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Abstract
In his book "Race, Reform and Rebellion", Manning Marable takes readers on an informative trip back in time to witness the lives of blacks in America from the end of World II to 1982, or what he calls the Second Reconstruction. The paper shows how, with the arrival of this Second Reconstruction, came the advancement of civil rights and the passage of laws to legislate equality among the races. The paper examines Marable's views that only the Third Reconstruction will respond to the need of economic disadvantage, the actual root of the problem.
From the Paper
"According to Marable, however, the success of the Second Reconstruction went hand-in-hand with failure. Socio-economic gains made over the past three decades for a small number of blacks, also brought increased poverty for much larger numbers remaining in the inner cities. In 1946, the South became agriculturally mechanized: Many jobs were lost, and larger numbers of blacks moved to the North. As a result, ghettos and unemployment worsened into the mid-1950s. The blacks' problem of inequality continued, says Marable, due to the socio-economic differences that were not addressed."
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Racial Discrimination, 2005.
This paper is a literature review of racial discrimination in the history of the U.S., mainly against blacks, and the laws introduced to eliminate such discrimination.
3,875 words (approx. 15.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 105.95
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Abstract
This paper commences the history of racial discrimination laws with the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which outlawed discriminatory practices against blacks; post Civil-War legislatures desired the unification of the country and attempted to reconcile the living conditions for Black Freedmen. The author pointed out that the New Deal was important because it created a social accountability system, which had not existed and eliminated some of the social, political and economic problems, although the exclusionary zoning of this period proliferated the idea of segregation. The paper relates that the Civil Rights Movement and the Brown decision were pivotal because they set a precedence for the equal treatment of blacks at public facilities.
Table of Contents
Literature Review
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Racial Zoning Laws
The New Deal and Federal Government Discriminatory Housing Polices
Federal Policy after WWII
Events Leading to the Passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1968
Review of Key Debates and Lessons Learned
From the Paper
"Paulson goes on to state that the presidential vetoes and the overall message sent by President Johnson persuaded republicans that a constitutional amendment would be the only way to ensure the civil rights of White Unionists and Black freedmen living in the South. Furthermore, they thought the amendment was necessary to avoid a future Democratic-controlled Congress from abolishing the Civil Rights Act or other important wartime legislation. The result of these efforts was the fourteenth amendment, which the author describes as complex, disingenuous and using ambiguous language."
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Hewes & Douglass, 2006.
This paper examines the lives of George Robert Twelve Hewes and Frederick Douglass, while detailing their experiences in two totally different yet dramatic eras in American history.
899 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper details the life of former slave and abolitionist author Frederick Douglass, in 19th century America. Douglass himself was born a slave and as a young man seeking freedom, ran away to England to escape the bonds of slavery. This paper examines Douglass' firsthand understanding of the demoralizing conditions of slavery and his desire, from early on, to help to put an end to the situation. This paper details Douglass' involvement in successfully paving the way for the Abolition Movement in the United States. The writer also delves into the background of Hewes, a poor Boston shoemaker, who by virtue of a coincidental introduction to John Hancock, came to participate in the Boston Tea Party, an unusual role for someone of his humble station in life. The writer contends and explains why the era of Douglass was more representative, than that of Hewes. Hewes was an unusual man for his station in life, but Douglass was a common man for his station in life. Douglass exemplified and represented slaves of his time, while Hewes was an anomaly for his time. Hewes and Douglass themselves each made important, though different, contributions to America, which are described in this paper.
From the Paper
"While George Robert Twelve Hewes was clearly a man who was unusual for his time, Frederick Douglass was just as much a man of his time. He represented his era, and his era represented him: Douglass was a slave, and his era was slavery. However, Douglass helped pave the way for the successful Abolition Movement in the United States, and the post-Civil War abolition of American slavery in 1865. Frederick Douglass himself was born a slave, and as a young man seeking freedom, ran away first to the North, and then to England (when he was already a well-known author and speaker worldwide) in order to escape the bonds of slavery. It was the English who bought his freedom; only then could Douglass return to America a free man and be reunited there with his wife and children."
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"Race, Crime and the Law", 2006.
This paper analyzes Randall Kennedy's book "Race, Crime and the Law," which presents an in-depth look at how issues of race link to crime and law enforcement.
2,728 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the views and opinions of author Randall Kennedy, a Harvard law professor, regarding the correlation between crime and race. This paper explores Kennedy's argument which states that the field of law enforcement in America is largely considered racist, especially by the African-American community. This paper analyzes the results of an investigation carried out by the author, which focuses on the issue of racial inequality in the justice system, which is largely overlooked. Kennedy's in-depth book details the numerous problems in the justice system, while also suggesting solutions. This paper delves into Kennedy's assertion that officials in law enforcement must be forced to respect the rules prohibiting racial misconduct, while also stating that police and prosecutors engaged in illegitimate racial practices must be deterred from continuing to do so. The writer of this paper also reviews the author's particular style of writing, which, in the case of this book, appeals mainly to a white audience.
From the Paper
"It must also be noted that Kennedy does not ignore serious issues of racial discrimination. However, he does frame them so the problems seem to be a result of a system or of the individuals in that system, rather than of society itself. A good example is seen where Kennedy describes abuse of power. Kennedy describes how police officers and judges can abuse their power and engage in racial misconduct. The abuse of power occurs because they are able to engage in this behavior unchecked. The emphasis is placed on controlling the behavior of those in power and maintaining standards. Kennedy argues that if standards and control are not maintained, then people can abuse their power without consequence of any action being taken. This creates a situation where complete control is lost, with this extending to problems greater than just racist behavior."
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Affirmative Action and the Judicial System, 2005.
Discusses equal educational opportunity for blacks and the executive, legislative and judicial branches of the United States government.
1,804 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
Affirmative Action policies were first put into place by the United States government in the 1960s in order to guarantee equal access to jobs, housing, education and other fundamental rights to all American citizens under the law. This paper explores ways in which affirmative action policies, designed to promote equal higher education opportunity for African-Americans in the United States, have been dealt with by the U.S. government, now and in the past. It looks at how this is approached by the executive, judicial and legislative branches of the United States government, respectively.
From the Paper
"Even today, in courts, in classrooms, in the media, and in other walks of life, Americans remain deeply divided over the use of affirmative action policies in admitting minority and other students protected by affirmative action policies (or not) to colleges and universities. Two recent U.S. Supreme Court cases Gratz v. Bollinger, et al. and Grutter v. Bollinger, et al., both brought by white student applicants who had been denied admission to the University of Michigan, raised the whole question anew."
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Frederick Douglass, 2003.
This paper reviews and examines the life of Frederick Douglass, the widely read and influential African-American author.
1,335 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper details the dramatic events that led Frederick Douglass to pave the way for the successful Abolition Movement in America and the post-Civil War abolition of American slavery in 1865. This paper examines the life of Douglass who was born a slave. Douglass, as a young man seeking freedom ran away first to the North and then to England to escape the bonds of slavery. This paper details Douglass' childhood during the era of slavery as well as his determination to learn to read and write, which at the time was unheard of. This paper examines various autobiographical works of writing by Douglass and others including Harriet Jacobs and Phillis Wheatley, which detailed slavery in America. This paper delves into the various works written during the 19th century and which are now used in colleges around the country. The writer contends and explains that Douglass lived and wrote in a time and place where to attempt to subvert the American slavery system as he did was to invite torturous abuse, if not death. This paper also discusses how for the cause of African-American freedom from slavery, Douglass put his safety and his family's safety, on the line again and again.
From the Paper
"Sadly and ironically, then, as these and numerous other slave biographies and autobiographies attest, Frederick Douglass; Linda Brent; Phillis Wheatley, Sojourner Truth and numerous other 19th century African Americans, many of whose speeches and writings are now integral to college and university courses in literature; African American studies; history; sociology, education, and other subjects, never saw for themselves, as students, the inside of a college or university classroom. Well into the 19th century, access to higher (or any) formal education was but a pipe dream for the vast majority of those born slaves. Indeed, from the outset of American slavery, but particularly during the Industrial Revolution, with field labor then needed more than ever to meet the high demand for cotton and textiles, slaves managing to become even minimally literate did so against the expressed will of their masters."
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African-American Academics, 2006.
This paper examines whether or not African-American students use different strategies to achieve academic success compared to other groups.
1,194 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper details the results of various research studies conducted on African-American students in schools around America. One particular study, conducted on 43 students, consisted of an open-ended questionnaire delving into the question of how to enhance the academic success of African-American youth. The study asked questions pertaining to family and social issues as well as what students needed in order to better succeed in school. This paper discusses the most important single need of all the students tested, which was that teachers need to ask questions specifically designed to find out if students understand the material and if not, provide further explanations. The writer examines published material attesting to the fact that African-American students need alternative strategies to achieve academic success, which are described in this paper. This paper also delves into the benefits of cooperative learning, which is a strategy that teams students in small groups with different levels of ability, using a diverse series of learning activities to enhance understanding.
Table of Contents:
Literature Review
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper
"Both the elementary students (51%) and the high school students (26%) indicated that if parents helped students learn to study, their grades would improve. But the most important single thing both elementary and high school students reported, in terms of getting stronger academic footings in preparation for college, was that teachers need to "ask questions" specifically designed to find out if students understand the material, and if not, "provide further explanations."
On the subject of counsellors, an article in High School Journal suggests that African American students do indeed need different strategies to achieve academic success. Since a portion of African American adolescents live in single-parent home environments and below the poverty level, and as a result of that environment are "likely to question the relationship between educational achievement and economic progress," school counselors must take on strategies beyond their job descriptions."
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The Abolition of Slavery, 2006.
This paper analyzes the issue of slavery by focusing on the perspectives of a black slave woman, Harriet Jacobs and a white male preacher, Peter Cartwright.
1,448 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the differences in gender, race and social roles in 19th century American society that created the differing viewpoints of both Jacobs and Cartwright in opposing black slavery. In Jacob's autobiography, "Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl," the author delves into her own personal account of what slavery had been for black women like her. Cartwright's "Autobiography of Peter Cartwright, Backwoods Preacher" illustrates his own perception of slavery through the eyes of a white American male. The writer contends and explains that while both authors were vehemently opposed to slavery, the two had very different opinions as to why slavery should be abolished. For Jacobs, slavery was a detriment to her life because she experienced sexual vulnerability and abuse whereas Cartwright considered the practice wrong due to the moral degeneration that occurred with the proliferation of adultery and unexpected pregnancies among black women slaves by their white masters.
From the Paper
"This paper posits that Jacobs and Cartwright's narratives about their opposition and experiences of black slavery reflect that despite their agreement on the detriments of this practice, both have different opinions about the 'wrongness' of black slavery. That is, for Jacobs, black slavery was a detriment to her life because she experienced sexual vulnerability and abuse, while Cartwright considered the practice immoral because of the moral degeneration that occurred with the proliferation of adultery and unexpected pregnancies among black women slaves by white American males. In "Incidents," Jacobs narrated her account of slavery based on her experience as a slave of a family in South Carolina."
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Alice Walker, 2006.
This paper reviews and analyzes the descriptive literary techniques used in various works of writing by African-American author Alice Walker.
1,370 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the African-American themes and images that are prevalent in Walker's writings. The writer contends and explains the irony in the title, "Her Sweet Jerome," which deals with the fact that Jerome is beating his wife. This paper analyzes Walker's descriptive literary techniques which gives the reader a feeling for the narrator right away. This paper discusses the manner in which Walker sets the reader up coyly, prior to giving away the fact that Jerome is in fact a wife-beater, a bad guy who is totally taking advantage of his wife. This paper also delves into Walker's novel, "The Welcome Table, in which the author packs the story full of typical stereotypes relevant to aging black women. This paper details the plots and characters of both novels while also discussing the manner in which Walker points out, in her writings, how prejudice against African-Americans, can create all kinds of negative images and stereotypes in the minds of racists.
From the Paper
"All these descriptions are stereotypes that people have of an old black woman, and Walker packs this story with descriptions of those stereotypes. The reader has a whole lot of images to plug into, to take one's pick up, in sizing up this woman. How could some people see "riotous anarchists looting and raping in the streets" when they saw this sad old women? How could others see "jungle orgies in an evil place"? The truth is, Walker is pointing out how prejudice against a race of people, in this case, African-Americans, can create all kinds of negative images and stereotypes in the minds of racists. When they see an old black woman, they think of riots, because some black inner city communities have burned down during riots? So, they link the color of a woman's skin with all the negative images they have in their heads about blacks?"
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"The House Behind the Cedars", 2006.
This paper reviews Charles Chesnutt's 1900 novel, "The House Behind the Cedars," which focuses on a form of social deception known as 'passing.'
933 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper analyzes the character of African-American Rena in Chesnutt's novel, who is able to 'pass' herself off as white. Given the ethical circumstances of duress under which the heroine lives, the writer contends and explains why Rena's actions may be justified. This paper discusses early 20th southern society in America, which made a fetish of racial distinction. This paper details the plot and main characters of Chesnutt's novel, while focusing on the issue of 'passing' and how easy it is to misconstrue one's race. This book makes a powerful case against the practice of passing, which are detailed in this paper. The writer delves into the ethical ramifications of passing in a racist society and explains why Rena denied a fundamental part of herself by pretending to be white.
From the Paper
"When Rena learns of the transience of George's affections and she falls ill. However, Rena recovers and vows goes on to work toward uplifting her race, although she dies at the end of the text, perhaps in a nod to the author's acknowledgement to the common cultural trope of the 'tragic mulatto.' But Rena is not condemned because she engages in 'passing' The House Behind the Cedars makes a powerful case against 'passing,' but not because it is unethical. Passing is not wrong ethically or morally in a racist society, and race itself is a fluid category. But by not identifying with her parentage heritage fully, Rena denies a fundamental part of herself and becomes tied to a man who is not worthy of her."
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