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Anti-War Literature, 2005.
This paper compares two anti-war authors: German playwright Bertolt Brecht in "Mother Courage and Her Children" and English poet Wilfred Owen's "Anthem for Doomed Youth".
1,100 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that German playwright Bertolt Brecht and English poet Wilfred Owen were both deeply personally impacted by war and both felt the need to express their anti-war sentiments and beliefs in their work. The author points out that, in Owen's anti-war poetry, war has destroyed an age of innocence; he express frustration about (1) innocent soldiers hardened by war and eventually killed in many cases, (2) the attitudes of civilians back home and (3) the way many simply ignored the tragic nightmare of the war. The paper relates that Brecht's perspective on war is similar to Owen's in that he is very anti-war; however, his perspective differs because he does not view civilians as ignorant but rather as interested in prolonging the war for their profit.
From the Paper
"Owen's poem appears to be inspired by the many deaths of soldiers he saw each day in the trenches of war. He starts the poem off, describing innocent young men being sent to war like cattle are sent to slaughter. He abandons his original views of war as heroic and glorious, and describes it as one large funeral where young soldiers are not given a proper goodbye. Instead of the typical church bells that are sounded when someone dies under ordinary circumstances, there are only the sounds of gunshots when a soldier dies, he writes."
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Is Bush Planning an Assault on Iran?, 2006.
An essay on the likelihood of a U.S. attack on Iran.
974 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This essay considers whether the foreign policy of President George Bush is leading towards an attack on Iran. The paper presents a brief history of relations between the two countries, suggesting that most of the problems with Iranian leadership today stem from U.S. treatment of the country in the past. The paper considers the likelihood of a U.S. attack on Iran in light of the U.S. led war against Iraq and looks at general public opinion in the U.S. regarding another war in the Middle East.
From the Paper
"Is the Bush Administration secretly planning to invade Iran with ground forces, or launch sudden preemptive air strikes, in a calculated attack on the Islamic nation that Bush has called "a rogue nation"? Will it be an attack similar to the one which the U.S. launched its assault on Iraq? Is attacking Iran a good idea, strategically or in terms of international diplomacy? And what evidence is there that would indicate an American plan as provocative as an attack on Iran, in particular given the disastrous, seemingly endless war the U.S. finds itself bogged down with in Iraq? These are questions that cry out for answers in an unstable world that looks to the U.S. for leadership but sees the world's most influential superpower acting the role of a bully. "
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Conflict in Darfur, 2006.
A paper on the terror and death caused by the war in the city of Darfur in southern Sudan.
1,364 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the history and causes of the conflict in Darfur, and the resulting horror created by the conflict. The paper describes the economic conditions that helped create the conflict, the Sudanese government's role in the conflict and the atrocities committed by the Arab population on the non-Arab population.
From the Paper
"A quick scan of news headlines regarding the events in Darfur, southern Sudan, reveals consistently that observers believe 70,000 may have died there in the past two years. According to U.N. humanitarian chief Jan Egeland, far more than 70,000 have been killed; he made the claim based on the fact that the original number of 1 million displaced people in Darfur has now doubled (DeLaCruz 2005). In a late 2004 article claiming that only 50,000 had died to that point, Time magazine nonetheless painted the picture of terror more graphically than the statistics, as alarming as they are, can do."
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The United States: A Terrorist State, 2005.
This paper agrees with linguist Noam Chomsky's description of the United States government as a terrorist state.
3,255 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, according to linguist Noam Chomsky, the government of the United States is a terrorist state because it participates in activities that (1) involve violent acts or endanger human life, which is a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or would be a criminal violation if committed within the jurisdiction of the United States or of any State and (2) appear to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population, to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion or to affect the conduct of a government by assassination or kidnapping. The author uses examples such as World War I, Vietnam, Indonesia, the U.S. involvement in Central America and Turkey receiving 80 percent of its arms from the U.S. to launch its counterinsurgency campaign. The paper relates that Chomsky uses his linguistic skills to indict the United States government for its use of constructed ideals to create the appearance of correctness for the crimes committed against humanity.
From the Paper
"Chomsky voices his surprise that the September 11 events had a rather abrasive effect on the American people. Indeed, there is a tendency towards more critical consideration of issues that were previously accepted without question. These include the U.S. role in the Middle East and local issues relating to human rights and freedoms. The press of course is attempting to suppress this upsurge of protest by denying it. Chomsky however cites a variety of examples of demands for talks, the engagement of audiences and the sale of books promoting the idea that the government is engaging in terrorist activities that should be addressed if indeed the American way of life is to be preserved."
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War in Iraq, 2006.
Position paper arguing that the U.S. led wars in Iraq were a result of America's greed for power.
1,238 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that U.S. motivations for entering Iraq and leading a war against that country were entirely self-motivated. The paper posits that the war in Iraq was initiated to secure U.S. access to the vast oil fields there and so the U.S. could establish military bases on Iraqi soil. U.S. involvement there, according to this paper, was anything but humanitarian.
From the Paper
"The conflict between Iraq and a coalition of thirty-four nations led by the United States of America is generally referred to as the 'Persian Gulf War', the 'Gulf War', the 'War in the Gulf', the 'Iraq Kuwaiti Conflict', the UN Iraq Conflict', the Desert Storm', the '1990 Gulf War', and so on. The war started when Iraq invaded Kuwait during the month of August 1990. When this happened, the immediate result was that of the passing of various economic sanctions on the part of the UN, or the United Nations, against Iraq. By the month of January 1991, hostilities had commenced in full swing, and what resulted was a complete victory for the coalition forces, which in turn forced Iraq out of Kuwait, albeit with a minimum of coalition deaths. The main battle was with Iraq, Kuwait, and certain bordering areas, including Saudi Arabia."
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The War in (or on) Iraq, 2005.
This paper argues against the war in Iraq.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, while mainstream American media portray the war as the outcome of the initial "Iraqi Freedom" campaign, others around the world, and even in America, are wont to sanctify the war with such a blameless preposition. The author points out that, since the end of World War II, the United States has exhibited little formal consent to international constraints that might curtail its capitalistic, democratic or marketplace spread; likewise, the heyday of Cold War politics begot a Pentagon policed not by Congress or cooperative coalitions, but instead by its own generals and White House affiliates. The paper concludes that the fundamental basis of the democracy that Bush claims to spread with purpose to the fledgling Iraqi republic is rooted in an informed voter insured by a free press; the greatest loss of the War in Iraq has been the demise of that institution, lost to hard words from Washington.
From the Paper
"The first to side with the Bush administration were the British, who reviewed the same evidence as did the American Congress regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction and came to the supportive conclusion to join Bush in Iraq. As anti-war furor continued to grow in America as the election campaign blossomed, the British saw a six-month delay on the same absolute: the evidence with which the United States presented the case for war was faulty. Recently, the secretive Downing Street memo came to press, revealing one of many indications that that the Bush Administration misled the international community on the way to war."
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UN Intervention in Somalia and Mozambique, 2005.
An examination of the cases of UN intervention in the civil war situations in Somalia and Mozambique.
1,654 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the reasons behind the failed intervention in Somalia and the effective intervention in Mozambique by the United Nations. Each country's situation is analyzed and the type of intervention used is discussed.
From the Paper
"Let us first consider the successful UN intervention in Mozambique, the causes for the success and the reasons which had made the successful intervention to become a less successful intervention. The factors entailing the UN intervention in Mozambique a success was regarded as an unanticipated blend of strong leadership, donor coordination, and aggressive diplomacy that provided the crucial reinforcement for persistent forward movement throughout the strategy. Viewing from all the angles the donor coordination is regarded as unique, and the coordination was assisted by the sacrifice of the Ajello so as to combine all the donors into the process and by the multi-layered commissions instituted to visualize it. Specifically, the international observers on the Supervisory and Monitoring Commission -- CSC - the ambassadors of the US, France, Britain, Portugal, Germany, Italy, and the OAU - come together every week with Ajello to assess their expectations with regard to the political situations those were the same and to coordinate a reaction to it. The military commission such as CCF and CCFADM liable for supervising the ceasefire and generation of new military entailed a forum for daily evaluation and problem resolving. Donor coordination was also established on the inheritance and skills of a secular donor and NGO presence in country. There existed little requirement to renovate the wheel. (Lessons Unlearned - or why Mozambique's successful Peacekeeping Operation might not be replicated elsewhere)"
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Post Cold War, 2005.
A look at the way that the United States developed post the Cold War into the world's superpower.
2,487 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper examines various theories into how and why the United States developed so quickly into being the world's only real superpower following the Cold War. It looks at the country's unsurpassed military capabilities and its political agenda. The writer concludes that the real geo-political organization of the post-Cold War world is a single pole of world power that constitutes the United States at the peak of the industrial west.
From the Paper
"Presently, American military expenditure enhances that of the next twenty countries altogether. Its navy, air force and space power are still considered unsurpassed. While the military expenditure by US associates is eliminated, the United States has the military expenditure to the tune of about twice as much on defense as the rest of the world altogether. The American troops have been deployed in 75 nations; each organ of the armed services has its own air force, and in the coming year we are capable of becoming aware whether the US can pull off what it has been preparing to do since the end of the cold war: struggle for two regional wars at the same moment. During the post 9/11 period most of the Americans are quite anxious to spend more on military activity than the next 15 nations collectively. They have enough faith in the pledge of our leaders that we are secured only when we could overcome our enemies and eliminate them adequately. Moreover, the American technology is quite alluring. It is prominent by every measure: military economic, technological, diplomatic, and cultural even linguistic with numerous countries trying to fend off the unalterable transition of Internet fueled MTV English."
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Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome, 2005.
A research proposal for studying how post-traumatic stress syndrome alters the lives of returning war veterans.
2,058 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a research proposal for investigating the extent to which there exist differences in the communication ability of Gulf War veterans diagnosed as having the post-traumatic stress disorder and non-Gulf War veterans who do not have the post-traumatic stress disorder. Secondary research questions in the paper look at gender differences, age and military rank. Data garnered from the study is intended to provide evidence-based information with respect to improving PTSD veteran communication ability in terms of dealing with the disorder. This research proposal also points to directions in future research with respect to helping those who were called upon to serve their country.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Consequences of War
Literature Review: PTSD Defined
Research Question and Hypothesis
Research Design
Investigative Variables
Definition of Terms
Sampling Procedures
Measurement Instrument
Statistical Data Analysis
Ethical Consideration
From the Paper
"War, whether based on ideology, political motivation, nationalism, euthanasia, national defense, or any of several other reasons, brings to all sides involved consequences that change people and history forever. Civil wars, global wars, or nation-to-nation wars are fraught with devastation that inflict untold misery on all citizenry and field participants of the entities involved. In modern day war situations those who are called upon to bear arms against others are oftentimes forgotten when the conflict ceases. Today many countries around the world are not dissuaded from the dangers of war for they blindly prefer might to right. These countries are blindly confident in their future and are seemingly full of hope and aspirations beyond their perceived and actual power - yet not beyond their ambitions. Is it then, therefore, that war is determined by a moment which seems approving, right, and advantageous rather than by provocation? (Kagan, 1995)."
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International Challenges, 2005.
A discussion of the three biggest challenges facing the international community - inequality, terrorism and nuclear proliferation.
1,542 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper posits that inequality, terrorism and nuclear proliferation are major issues for the governments of the superpowers. The writer argues that these challenges have assumed crucial importance in recent times and have significantly affected international relations. If the international community fails to tackle these issues satisfactorily over the next few decades, they may become uncontrollable with overwhelming consequences for the whole world. This essay looks briefly at these three issues in turn and explains how they affect the current and future international relations.
From the Paper
"Economic and social inequality has assumed grotesque proportions in recent times and the indications are that it is on the rise. For example, the richest 1% in the world (50 million people) have income equivalent to the poorest 57% (2.6 billion people) and four fifths of the world's population live below what countries in North America and Europe consider the poverty line. The rising trend of income inequality is reflected in the fact that "the share of the poorest 20% of the world's people in global income now stands at a miserable 1.1%, down from 1.4% in 1991 and 2.3% in 1960." ("Inequality"-World Revolution.org)"
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Human Rights Violations at Guantanamo Bay, 2005.
This paper contends that the continued detention of the Guantanamo Bay prisoners without trial is a violation of international and U.S. law and of their human rights.
835 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, since January 2002, hundreds of foreign nationals are being held in prison camps at the Guantanamo Bay U.S. Naval Base without access to any court, legal counsel or family visits because the U.S. government classifies the prisoners as illegal enemy combatants, while refusing to bring them before a "competent tribunal" to determine their status, as required by Article 5 of the Third Geneva Convention. The author points out that list of human rights abuses by the U.S. authorities at the Guantanamo Bay prison camps is long and scandalous starting with their transportation to the makeshift "X-Ray Camp" in January 2002, when prisoners from Afghanistan were shifted in airplanes while being chained and shackled and forced to wear painted goggles and earmuffs so they could not see or hear anything. The paper contends that, if the U.S. administration is interested in restoring its credibility, it should put the Guantanamo prisoners on trial under the due process of law or release them immediately.
Table of Contents
Status of Prisoners Not Revealed
Illegal Position of US Authorities
Human Rights Abuses at Guantanamo Bay
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In November 2001, President Bush signed a Military Order for the setting up of military commissions to try the detainees at Guantanamo Bay; the commissions were given the powers to hand down death sentences against whose decision there was no right of appeal to any court. The first trials under the Commission were scheduled for December 2004 and would have been a mockery of the U.S. Justice System as the commissions lacked independence; the defendants had no right to choose their own counsel for an effective defense; and lower standards of evidence were acceptable to the commissions including evidence extracted under torture or coercion. This order too was ruled as illegal on November 9, 2004 when a U.S. District Court Judge held that the Bush Administration had overstepped its authority to try such prisoners as enemy combatants in a military tribunal while denying them access to the evidence used against them. The U.S. government has appealed against the ruling."
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International Intervention, 2005.
This paper discusses the legal and political aspects of international intervention, particularly in the case of Somalia and Mozambique.
1,470 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that international intervention is justified in the case of incidents of systematic abuse of human right or genocide such as in Cambodia and Rwanda; suppression of the clearly represented will of the majority such as the case in Haiti; control of the civilian mass by warlords and criminal gangs such as in Somalia and Liberia and illegitimate and inhuman use of power by one side or the other at the time of a civil war involving ethnic or religious self-determination. The author points out that the United Nations is the best agency to provide legitimacy to intervention; the Security Council obtains its power to intervene in disputed situations from the Chapter 7 of the United Nations Charter. The paper states that military intervention is more effective when deployed in the circumstances of a continuing political peace process.
From the Paper
"Against this backdrop, it is quite possible to probe into the reasons for the failure of the intervention in Somalia and the effectiveness of the interventions in Mozambique. In case of Somalia a total degeneration of the state structures has been noticed and this has resulted in a circumstance where different clans struggled to attain the authority in absence of the central government. In the Mozambique the emerged civil war between Resistencia Nacional Macambicana (Renamo) and the Frente de Libertacao de Mocambiue (Frelimo) demonstrated a traditional illustration of the conflict where the very occurrence of the government was the basic reasons of the conflict, thereby necessitating intervention by an outsider to become the only mode of attaining the peaceful and negotiated settlement to the conflict. The international community attempted to intervene in the civil war for maintenance of normalcy and peace through the establishment of UN Operation in Somalia or Unosom2. Similarly the cessation of disputes and for conducting of elections for a democratic government is overseen by the establishment of the UN Operation in Mozambique or Onumoz."
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Hungary, Cyprus and the EU, 2005.
A comparison of the experiences of Hungary and Cyprus joining the European Union.
2,102 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although both Hungary and Cyprus are international crossroads nations, their experiences as members of the EU are likely to be very different. The writer states that it is already clear that old economic and political habits die hard in Hungary and that nation is likely to toddle along, perhaps helped economically by EU membership, but perhaps not very much. On the other hand, the writer points out that it is clear that Cyprus has been able to use its position, despite its continuing unsettled Turkish-Greek political situation, to take full advantage of membership and become a financial powerhouse in the region.
Outline:
Introduction
A Tale of Two Nations
Hungary
Cyprus
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In fact, Cyprus, a year after EU accession, has seen exactly the economic benefits it sought and expected. Cyprus Minister of Finance Iacovos Keravnos particularly cited the economic benefits of the Cyprus pound joining the EU Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM II). This would add to the benefits already experienced including the "stability of the Cyprus pound's exchange rate, the convergence of Cypriot interest rates with those of the Eurozone, the restraint of production costs, improved competitiveness, and the attraction of foreign investment" (Xinhua News Agency 2005)."
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The Just War Theory, 2004.
An analysis of whether the war in Iraq is justified, with a focus on the just war theory.
1,712 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the concept of war from the point of view of the just war theory. The paper explains that in order to better understand war, one must look at the concept from all angles including the point of view of peace movements. The paper questions what the Just War theory is and what its principles are; what the theory represents and who believes in it. By answering such questions, the paper estimates that one can better understand the state of the war's current conflicts that are resulting in death and destruction. More specifically, this paper examines the current war in Iraq and discusses the question: is the war in Iraq justified? The paper presents sources that attest to both sides of the issue in the hope of finding that the war is not justified at this moment.
From the Paper
"The Just War Theory is most the popular view of war among Christians. The just war approach is based "upon the moral theory known as natural law morality" (Hill 2). What natural law morality refers to is that all people know that certain kinds of behavior are immoral, irrespective of their own religious loyalties. This includes all major world religions such as: Islam, Judaism, Hindu, Buddhism and Christianity. This means that all these world religions agree murder, theft and dishonesty are immoral. This concept applied not only in society but also across cultures. A good example of how the natural law morality works within society is the Nazi war criminals were tried and convicted because of their crimes against humanity as a result of the immoral aspects of their conduct. Within the just war theory exist elements which must be obeyed and they are as follows: (1) Declaration by a lawful government, (2) Just cause, (3) Just intent, (4) Last resort and (5) Immunity of non-combatants."
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Israel?s Security Wall, 2005.
This paper discusses Israel's Security Wall and its effect on Middle East peace.
3,780 words (approx. 15.1 pages), 21 sources, MLA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Israel's decision to build a security wall is controversial: Israel sees it as its best chance to reduce or eliminate terrorism and to solidify the border between the Jewish state and the Palestinian state; however, it is viewed by much of the outside world as a symbol of oppression against the Palestinians. The author lists alternative policies as (1) military incursions, which have not ended the terror in the past, (2) financial incentives similar to trade relations with Egypt, Jordan and Syria but there is enough money in the world to buy-off the terrorists, (3) withdrawal to the pre-1967 border and abandon the Jewish settlements on the West Bank, which meanings relocating massive numbers of Jewish settlers, and (4) end all military action, remove the fence and attempt to negotiate, which has proven to be very difficult even after the death of Yasser Arafat. The paper concludes that none of the alternatives presented have much chance to succeed; therefore, the building of the wall appears to be the best political choice especially since every nation has a right to protect its borders: The question is will the wall stop terrorism.
Table of Contents
Definition of Problem
Factual Background
Alternative Policies
Policy Evaluation
Policy Prescription
Maps
From the Paper
"The current structure being erected is not the first attempt to protect Israel from attacks by building fences. On May 29, 1938, the British under the leadership of Sir Charles Taggert began building a wall along the Lebanese border that was designed to protect Jewish settlers and British soldiers from attacks by Arab bands. This wall was called the Taggert Wall after the British counter terrorism expert who had gained his experience as a member of the British police force in India. He came to Palestine to coordinate the various security services, and erected a security fence along the northern border to prevent the infiltrations of terrorists. The structure managed to anger both the Jewish and Arab settlers, as it crossed pasture land and private property. After the threat from outlaw bands was over, the wall was dismantled. Later, in 1983, after the Israeli Defense Forces occupation in southern Lebenon was ended, a wall was built on the same border."
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