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The Bay of Pigs Invasion, 2006.
An overview of the Bay of Pigs invasion and the aftermath of the invasion, particularly with regard to American-Cuban relations.
2,846 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes and discusses the Bay of Pigs invasion, implemented and designed by President John F. Kennedy, and the impact this failed maneuver had on American foreign policy and on American-Soviet, as well as American-Cuban relations. The paper describes the attempted invasion, the Cuban response to the invasion, the events leading up to the invasion and why it represents one of the worst political disasters in recent U.S. history. The paper further discusses the political repercussions that followed the attempted invasion and its long-lasting impact on American-Cuban relations.
From the Paper
"On the morning of the invasion, it was reported that the exile forces, together with the CIA, had literally destroyed numerous locations, had landed in several provinces within Cuba, had freed thousands of political prisoners and had driven inland, practically dividing the whole country into two separate parts, not to mention placing the Cuban Navy in revolt. In reality, however, none of these claims were true, for the exile forces in the Bay of Pigs encountered immediate difficulties. For example, the location for the first assault was suppose to have been an isolated area, a good place for a surprise attack, yet the forces discovered a militia patrol which destroyed the element of surprise; the beachhead was suppose to be sandy and free of obstacles, yet many reefs were encountered which sank some of the boats. Worst of all, Castro's men were lying in wait just north of the original landing point. Much gunfire then erupted and the exile forces found themselves pinned down; to make matters worse, reports soon came in the Russian tanks were moving closer with every passing minute."
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EU and the Migration Problem, 2005.
Examines how the European Union deals with the question of free trade in the labor market.
1,129 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
While the initial formation of the European Union was striking in its novelty, many believed that the May, 2004 expansion that included many post-Soviet Central and Eastern European would bring new challenges. The paper shows that chief among these was the worry concerning the imbalance between the labor economies of those newly admitted nations, and that of the more affluent older members. The paper shows that although most EU members have no problem with the free trade of goods and services (without import taxes or other restrictions) across their borders, quite a few blanch at the thought of allowing free trade in the labor market as well.
From the Paper
"One typical objection to free labor trade might be (perhaps from Germany) that German companies may try to move to cheaper (i.e. lower wage, lower property costs, etc) Eastern or Central European nations, thereby creating even larger unemployment within Germany as a result of their removal. Although on some levels, and at least temporarily, this may be true, the truth is that companies may pay less in those countries with lower labor costs, however, they will be balanced by such issues as lower productivity, and increases in other costs (perhaps materials, equipment shortages, or higher energy costs due to an older, less efficient infrastructure)."
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News Framing: The Sino-U.S. Spy Plane Collision, 2005.
A comparison of the "New York Times" and the "People's Daily" coverage of the Sino-U.S. spy plane collision of April 1, 2001.
11,500 words (approx. 46.0 pages), 32 sources, MLA, $ 224.95
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Abstract
On April 1, 2001, what began as a minor training exercise turned into a post-Cold War confrontation between two of the world's nuclear powers. On this date, a collision of a U.S. spy plane and a Chinese fighter jet resulted in a tense - but not hostile - political confrontation between the two nations. This paper examines how although the actual details of the spy plane collision in April 2001 differed substantially in their respective accounts in the Chinese and U.S. media, these differences were not so important to many observers as how important the role they played in shaping public opinion as the events unfolded. It provides a side-by-side comparison of the accounts from China and the U.S. to show how the "New York Times" and the "People's Daily" seem to be covering two completely separate incidents. It also defines and discusses the media framing functions that were categorized into three dimensions: visual framing, contextual framing and operational framing.
Outline:
Introduction
Background and Overview
Differences in Media Accounts
Categorization of Framing Functions in Media Accounts
Review of the Literature
Role of the Media in News Presentation
Gatekeeping and Presentation of News Reports
Additional Factors Influencing Presentation of News Reports
The American Position as Reflected in "The New York Times"
The Chinese Position as Reflected in "The People's Daily"
The International Community's Position
Method
Data Analysis and Findings
"People's Daily": April 2-April 27, 2001
"New York Times" Analysis
Validity and Reliability
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"From a subjective perspective, one can almost envision the Chinese leadership hunkered down in the Forbidden City formulating a cogent but forceful response to the spy plane incident that would show the world that they still meant business militarily, but one which would not go so far as to jeopardize what was really important: the American markets. However, from an international perspective, the evolution of the Sino-American trade bloc may be thwarted by future recurrences of this level of hostility, and in the post-Cold War globe, former allies may become potential enemies. "
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Kamikaze Pilots, 2005.
Examines the use of suicide pilots by Japan against the Americans during WWII.
1,987 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
As the Second World War progressed, the Japanese hopes for a global empire were dashed and eventually, the imminent fall of Japan itself became apparent. The Americans could not be stopped by any conventional means--they were poised on the outskirts of the empire, waiting to come ashore. The paper shows that from a strictly military perspective, the only chance for the Japanese to halt American advancement was to employ some new and unexpected form of attack. Over time, the willingness of many Japanese soldiers to sacrifice themselves for the larger cause presented itself as, perhaps, the best possible way to gain an edge against the invaders. This paper examines the driving force of the young men who would become kamikaze pilots. It was a desperate tactic, utilized in a cultural setting that saw defeat as an apocalyptic outcome. The paper follows the story of a university student called Minoru who eventually became a Kamikaze pilot.
From the Paper
"Having had absolutely no flight experience, Minoru's relegation to the Ohkas was predetermined. Additionally, as his crash course in flight began it became quickly apparent that he was one of the least talented in his squad. By December 10, 1944 Minoru had been classified as a D level pilot. Still, he was less concerned with his ranking as a pilot than he was with his newly-found importance in the war. The most interesting parts of his days were the hour-long lectures on philosophy and history fed to him by his superiors. Though the general notions regarding honor and bravery had been what spurred him to join six weeks earlier, the new perspectives he gained during his training helped him to see a more broad historical context for his actions."
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Preferential Trading Arrangements (PTAs), 2005.
This paper examines if preferential trade agreements (PTAs) are trade diverting or trade expanding.
760 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that the cost of trade diverting because of the efficiency costs of regional trade arrangements is larger than preferential trade agreement (PTA) proponents recognize. The author points out that these costs arise because (1) the claim that regional trade arrangements minimize trade diversion by grouping natural trading partners is wrong and because (2) the volume of trade flows between countries, another popular indicator, is not a good proxy of naturalness. The paper concludes that these two critiques of the static welfare effects of preferential trading arrangements suggest that the trade diverting effects are likely to be larger and the trade-creating effects are likely to be smaller than proponents of PTAs claim.
Table of Contents
Preferential Trading Arrangements (PTAs) through Free Trade Arrangements
Whether PTAs are Trade Expanding or Trade Diverting?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Asian-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), an initiative that brings together nineteen countries on both sides of the Pacific, was launched in 1989. The apparent shift in world trading arrangements has generated debate within policy and academic circles about the implications for global economic welfare. One set of protagonists in that debate, including high profile members of Clinton's economic team, such as Lawrence Summers, actively promotes PTAs."
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Russia and The European Union, 2006.
This paper examines the various reasons why Russia is still not a member of the European Union.
1,274 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the evident rise of Russian nationalism, which is a result of the domestic media and various political players who want to keep Russia isolated from western influences. This is only one of the reasons Russia has not yet joined the European Union (EU). The writer of this paper analyzes the Russian government's displeasure with the EU due to the addition of several countries from the former Soviet bloc, including: Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Slovakia and Slovenia, which resulted in Russia abstaining from joining the EU. This paper also discusses the EU's dissatisfaction with Russia's handling of their ongoing conflict with breakaway Chechnya as well as Russia's federal control which signals a departure from democratic decision-making.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Why Did the Russian Government Decide Not to Join? (Reasons & Primary Sources)
Domestic Debate: Press, Positions by Major Political Actors, Parties, Interest Groups and Prominent Opinion Makers
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"A recent survey conducted by the Russian Center for National Problems and Reforms yielded an insight into Russian domestic ideology as it pertains to the west. Twenty-two percent believed that Russia is a superpower and that any problems should be solved independent of the west. Twelve percent believed that closer ties to the west are imperative is necessary if there is to be economic reform. Eighteen percent want to return to socialism as existed during Lenin's regime. Fifteen percent are centrists and pragmatists who believe that Russia should foster relationships with the west and with middle eastern and Asian neighbors when it suites the country's needs. A look at these domestic statistics reveals that the liberal democrats are losing ground, and the Radical Conservative/Nationalist political position is taking greater hold even over more moderate positions."
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Asian Turmoil and the U.S. Economy, 2006.
This paper examines the impact in the rise of speculative investments in unregulated Southeast Asian economies which has resulted in a global-wide financial crisis.
3,361 words (approx. 13.4 pages), 18 sources, APA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the under-regulated stock market, real estate ventures and currency instability in the Asian economy that resulted in world-wide financial crisis. This paper explores the events in the stock markets in Thailand, Manila, Singapore and Hong Kong that were extremely profitable for a short time, only to crash soon after, leaving countless people owing billions of dollars and the economies of many Asian nations in shambles. The writer of this well-researched paper discusses how banks in the U.S. suffered greatly because of fraud in Singapore as well as in trading in derivatives, which when the various nations' economies sank, so did the value of these investments. This paper also examines the tug of war between Asian exports and imports and their impact on the American economy.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
The Derivatives Fiasco
Japan
Asia
United States Actions and Reactions
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"A staid old British banking institution, Baring Brothers, decided to enter the Asian derivatives field, and so sent a number of young traders, including Nick Leeson, first to Indonesia, then, based on his success, to Singapore. He used this great distance from the home office to trade in his own account, using the firm's money, as well as investments from other international banks. Because of the volatility of the market (and natural disasters like the Kobe earthquake) he first made poor judgment calls which had him owing 170 million pounds (about. $225 million). At the end, he was in the red (or, rather Baring's was) in the amount of $1.5 billion. When discovered, he and his wife fled, but were eventually arrested. This one man's greedy fraud had caused Baring's to go bankrupt, and caused a ripple effect in the U.S. where similar derivatives investments turned sour."
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Japans Pre-modern Cultural Tradition and the Economy, 2006.
An examination of the culture and economy in Japan.
3,937 words (approx. 15.7 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 107.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the author examines the differences in the culture of Japan to America. He looks at the significant differences between Western business culture and Japanese business culture based on studies taken and articles written. In particular the author looks at the work of Professor Yoshimori who tells us that the Japanese mind is complicated because of the archaic ways of thinking that still exist in the depths of the mind of an educated contemporary Japanese man or woman. The author proceeds to discuss the history of the Japanese economy and looks at its industrialization. The paper prudently points out that Japan learnt how to reinvent itself when it came into contact with various innovations, religious, economic and political, but never lost its national character. The paper continues to discuss the methods that the Japanese use to manage and develop their businesses. In conclusion, the author relates that many economists believe the rigidity of the national character has eventually caused Japan's economy to come apart in the past decade.
From the Paper
"Schawecker's Guide also tells us that Buddhism originally was imported to Japan in 538 or 552 AD in form of a present from the king of the friendly Korean kingdom of Kudara (or Paikche). The ruling nobles welcomed the new religion while the common people did not understand its complex theories. After a few conflicts with the native religion Shinto, the two religions soon were able to co-exist harmonically and even complemented each other. During the Nara period, the great Buddhist monasteries in Nara, for example the Todaiji, gained strong political influence which was one of the reasons for the government to move the capital first to Nagaoka (784) and then to Kyodo.
Nevertheless, the problem of politically ambitious and even militant monasteries remained a main issue for the governments during many centuries of Japanese history."
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The Korean Economic Crisis, 2006.
This paper provides a brief synopsis of South Korea's economic history leading up to its current economic crisis, as well as a few thoughts on South Korea's economic future.
1,694 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author looks at how the currency of South Korea, the won, de-valuated greatly against the American dollar. The author looks at how this devaluation affected South Korea's economy in that several of its businesses are on the verge of bankruptcy, unable to repay their massive foreign and domestic debts. The author looks at the request by South Korea for help from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the proposed plan by the IMF. In conclusion, the author states that there are clearly two parties of thought, some who believe the IMF plan will work and South Korea's economy will blossom and others who believe it will continue to deteriorate.
Table of Contents
Introduction
U.S. Involvement in South Korea's Economic Development
South Korea's Basic Economic Structure
The Fall of South Korea's Economy
The International Monetary Fund
Prognosis
From the Paper
"The economic strategy emphasizing exports had produced a shortage of domestic consumer goods that was exacerbated by the increasing demands brought about by rising wages and the advance in living standards. Price controls imposed on producers of consumer goods discouraged the manufacture of these goods, and the rapid inflow of dollars expanded the money supply and inflation became a serious problem.
President Park addressed these problems by replacing the economic team in December 1978 and adopting stabilization measures. However, these methods caused a recession, produced a series of bankruptcies among small and medium loan-dependent enterprises, and increased unemployment. This situation was similar to Korea's current economic problems. However, foreign aid continued to flow into the country and the government and large companies were able to continue servicing their debts."
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South Africa's New Imperialism, 2006.
This paper examines the role of the British government in southern Africa during the phase of "New Imperialism" between 1880-1900.
1,604 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper details the impact of the British government's involvement in southern Africa during the phase of new imperialism between
1880-1900, in which various European governments began to scramble for land in the region. This paper explores Britain's interests in southern Africa, which were heightened with the discovery of prolific deposits of gold and diamonds. The writer discusses the lack of investment into the local economy which combined with a policy of black segregation and the enforced migration of labor, created a situation of devastating poverty among the black Africans. This paper paper also focuses on the segregation policies of the diamond mines which set a direct precedence for the establishment of the apartheid policy in the South African government.
From the Paper
"An interesting feature of the diamond industry was the unmarketability of the gems. They were luxury items that held varying degrees of popularity in Europe at the time, and the responsibility for the successful sale of diamonds rested on the shoulders of London merchants. What resulted was an increased financial involvement between British businessmen at home and overseas, thus strengthening British private investments in the region. Politically, the British were unwilling to provide their annexed territories with ample governmental administration. Instead, they preferred to rely on the cooperation of the local white population."
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The U.S. Military's War on Drugs, 2006.
This paper examines the role of the U.S. military in aiding Latin American countries win the war on drugs.
2,024 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the growing cocaine and marijuana market in Latin American countries and the lack of local resources available to prevent this valuable and profitable industry from expanding even more. The writer of this paper details the U.S. military's role in aiding these countries, as well as the cost to the American people, while pondering if the American military should even be involved in drug related issues outside the U.S. The cost for the military intervention in the war on drugs continues to rise and has created entirely new perceptions about money and the military both within and outside the U.S. This paper discusses the military involvement in the war on drugs and cites the leading recipients of aid, military equipment, training and personnel. This paper also delves into a program, involving military participation, which was recently introduced in Congress, called the Western Hemisphere Drug Elimination Act. This act would authorized $2.3 billion over three years for military hardware, personnel, training and a small amount for alternative crop development in various Latin American countries.
From the Paper
"Even though the House and various representatives have called on military action, the Pentagon was reluctant- albeit, it finally was dragged into it. Even though the Pentagon budget continues to grow, year after year, there are still concerns that legislators who dole out the tens of millions of dollars are underestimating the total cost. In a recent report to the House and Senate armed services committees, the Department of Defense estimated that "24-hour surveillance of the U.S. 'southern fence', the border from Jacksonville, Florida, to San Diego, full interdiction capability, and C13 programs, would cost between $480.4 million and $760.5 million annually, depending on the equipment mix ." All this money without a single soldier leaving the continental U.S.- even though advisers may now be operating in the various targeted Latin American countries. All that has been publicized, and strongly so, are planes and equipment, everything from helicopters to flame throwers which are supposed to be used by the local troops."
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Lebanon, 2006.
An examination of business potential in Lebanon.
2,676 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author examines the industry and infrastructure of Lebanon. He looks at the changes the country has undergone over the past few decades. The author highlights how Lebanon is both oil rich, and high in demand because of its strategic geographical location within the Middle East. The author tells us that in order to fully take advantage of this country's vast resources, an understanding of its people, its economy, as well as the politics behinds its complex government system must be achieved. The paper proceeds to discuss all of these aspects of Lebanon, in the hope that the reader will have a better understanding of the country. He concludes that there is great business potential in Lebanon which has not yet been tapped. With businesses to buffer its infrastructure, Lebanon will once again emerge as a power within the Middle Eastern area, which is why this country is ideal for foreign investments.
From the Paper
"The actual figures for the growth of this country are significant. The annual GDP currently stands at 18.8 billion dollars. Although this is not large in relation to other countries in the region, proportionally it is much better than the state of financial affairs a decade before. The real growth rate is around 4% and increasing every year as the infrastructure of Lebanon improves. As of the 2000 census, most of the nation's GDP comes from the services sector of the economy which makes up 67% of the total GDP. The rest is split between agriculture which controls 12%, and industry, which takes the rest of the 21%. The labor force which consists of 2.6 million has within its population almost a million people that are foreign workers. These workers are split between the industrial and agricultural employment within Lebanon. The unemployment rate is still abnormally high at 18%, but with the recent privatization of many industries this figure is forecasted to drop. The real danger is that the current poverty rate within Lebanon is an astounding 28%. Which means that 28% of the population is below the poverty line in the country. Without a tangible welfare system to aid the poor, a full quarter of the country is in a state of starvation and extreme poverty."
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The Euro, 2006.
A brief overview on the common European monetary unit, the euro.
893 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
The "euro" is the name of the single currency of the European Community. The Treaty of Rome (1957) declared a common European market as a European purpose with the aim of increasing economic prosperity and contributing to closer ties among the different countries. The paper shows that the Single European Act (1986) and the Treaty on European Union (1992) have shaped on this, introducing Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and laying the basics for a single currency, the euro.
Paper Outline:
History of Euro
Impact of Euro
The Future Prospects of Euro
References
From the Paper
"The impact of the Euro has been very significant not only in the European markets but also in the international arena. One of the results is same currency noticeably eliminates the need for transaction costs to convert currencies. Such financial resources could be used in a more effective way, by producing output that has a greater value to society."
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Nasserism, 2006.
An examination of the Nasser regime in Egypt.
3,078 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author looks at the regime of Abdul Nasser in Egypt and the changes it brought to the Egyptian lifestyle. He starts the paper with an examination of the early years after Nasser came to power, as a result of the monarchy at that time being overthrown. Nasser declared Egypt a republic, was anti-colonial and steadily developed a state form of capitalism that was typically nationalist. The author goes on to detail the changes that Nasser instituted into society which benefited the Egyptian people, like the laws that privileged industry over agriculture. The author mentions the special law that was introduced which spared new companies from paying taxes on profits for a seven year period. The paper also looks at the political changes that Nasser introduced and how he played the Soviet powers against the U.S. powers. In conclusion the author describes Nasser as a pragmatic leader, willing to cooperate tactically with the West so long as this cooperation was based on his own stipulations.
From the Paper
"The Ba'th considered that a conservative boycott might very well result in election victories for the better-organized communists, which would have been particularly true in Populist-dominated Aleppo. The communists were about the only ones in Syria who wanted the municipal elections held as planned. Seventy communist candidates had enroll for the vote by 11 October, compared with 75 for the much more numerous Nationalists and 35 for the Ba'th. Nasser and his Ba'thist allies believed that they could help their cause in Aleppo by staging a dramatic
'rescue', with the likelihood of changing the view of most Aleppans toward Egypt and thus providing more votes for Ba'thist candidates. It is not astonishing that the Egyptians and Ba'thists exaggerated the Turkish threat, giving plenty of airtime to the purported Turkish battle cry 'on to Aleppo'. Nasser and the Ba'thists, as well as the conservatives, were clearly worried about communist advances in Syria and the concomitant increase in Soviet influence. The Ba'th had allied itself with the communists to combat imperialism and the old-guard Syrian politicians; when they thrive, with proportionately more power ensue to the communists as Syria's relationship with the Soviet Union tightened during the crisis."
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Unemployment in Europe, 2006.
This paper explores the effects of the free market revolution which took place in the 1980s and the resulting mass of unemployment still plaguing Europe and the former Soviet Union in particular.
2,877 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the rising unemployment in Europe. With approximately 35 million unemployed in the industrialized countries and uncounted millions more in the developing world, the issue of joblessness has finally reached the top of the global political agenda. This paper details the results of the free market revolution of the 1980s which consisted of collapsing industrial economies, deepening poverty, homelessness, crime and a rising tide of racism. The writer of this paper contends that unemployment and job creation are finally being given top priority in the global agenda. This paper discusses the various plans and strategies that are being implemented to combat unemployment, including the establishment of job-switching schemes. Job-switching, which has been piloted in Denmark, provides for long-term unemployed people to be trained and educated specifically in order to substitute for employed workers while they are on paid educational leave or vocational training. This well-researched paper contains unemployment statistics and relevant information of various countries in Europe, including Hungary. While unemployment has been in existence in Hungary for only a few years, it has become the main cause of increased social tension. This paper also details the situation in the former Soviet Union, in which the unrestrained free market economics has brought about an economic catastrophe.
From the Paper
"Why not combine the two problems in one solution? This is the basic and simple principle of job-switching: unemployed people take over the vacancies of the employed, while the employed are at the same time engaged in further education. AOF in Denmark had tried out this job-switching model for a couple of years and it has proven to be a success, and the activities are spreading all over Denmark in companies and in the public sector as well, and now all over Europe as well. The main target group for AOF is employed with short education and long-term unemployed. The job-switching model operates with education, training courses and work-experience for the unemployed, before he or she is actually going in to the company in the vacancy. The further education of the employed stresses general and also creative qualification, but also more traditional skills may be part of the further education."
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