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Realism and Foreign Policy, 2006.
A discussion regarding the US Foreign Policy in relation to 9/11, Pearl Harbor, the Vietnam War and the Cuban Missile Crisis.
1,758 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the events of September 11th, Pearl Harbor, the Vietnam War and the Cuban Missile Crisis, focusing primarily on the American Foreign Policy related to these events. The paper discusses how in times of crisis, Americans come together in the common goal of defeating an enemy. The paper then discusses how the tradition of neorealism has a deep-rooted historical basis in the political philosophy of realism.
From the Paper
"As a theory, national character arguments rely heavily on moralistic arguments-that our way of life is better, morally superior, to other political systems. It "equate[s] the country's national values-individual liberty, religious tolerance, human rights-with universal values" (Hook and Spanier 2004, p.353). This concept of is evident in the language of the 9/11 Commission Report; it devotes an entire chapter (13) to "unity" and different types of unity among Americans and our allies-"unity of effort across the foreign-domestic divide, unity of effort in the intelligence community, unity of effort in sharing information, unity of effort in the Congress." (National Commission, 399-428). This emphasis on "unity" recalls past instances of defending the national character and associates the struggle with terrorism with prior instances of national unity-the Cold War, or Pearl Harbor, for example."
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Foreign Policy, 2005.
A discussion on Canadian foreign policy.
1,348 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper claims that the two schools of thought, liberalism and realism, are much more closely linked than theorists believe. It explains that both schools of thought desire the perpetuation of the nation-state, and in so doing, both seek out the most viable action with regard to an international situation. The paper focuses on the Canadian foreign policy, and mentions that it is especially opportune for such a blending of theories. The author expands on the concept of soft power. The paper also explores other situations in which soft power creates a bridge between liberalism and realism. Canada's foreign policy as a primarily liberalism-based theory with undertones of realism, similar to the soft power thesis, are proposed.
From the Paper
"Liberalism and realism proceed from different fundamental interpretations about the international system: assumptions about the identity of the other state actors , the relationship of those actors to both state institutions and international ones like the United Nations, and the determining factors of state relations with one another. Realists must take the liberal critique seriously, and vice versa; neither theory has been proven as superior thus far. This essay will examine the underlying failures of both schools of thought and examine the possibility that they are in actuality much closer to one another than originally perceived. "
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Henry Kissinger's "Diplomacy", 2007.
This paper reviews Henry Kissinger's work on his diplomatic policies and opinions.
730 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 0 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This short paper reviews and analyzes Henry Kissinger's massive work "Diplomacy." The paper examines some perceived flaws in Kissinger's outlook, including his lack of analysis of historical trends which have traditionally influenced foreign policy. The author also criticizes Kissinger for not acknowledging the role of American idealism in US foreign relations.
From the Paper
"Henry Kissinger was nothing if not polarizing during his tenure in the Nixon presidential administration; he has continued to divide observers violently after his tenure in politics is over through his public commentary and political analysis of foreign policy. In Diplomacy, Kissinger takes on the task of analyzing the perceived success or failure of foreign policies spanning all of modern history, and much of the eras which preceded it. In this massive tome, Kissinger's opinions regarding leadership and successful politics are evident, and while he makes a cogent and compelling argument for his own opinions, the book also presents something of a reader as to why Kissinger's policies and tactics have remained so controversial. This essay will address two of the major flaws with Kissinger's analysis of foreign policy throughout history: first, his emphasis on the personality of leaders as the primary factor behind their policy, and second, his unrepentant realism with regard to foreign policy and his continued refusal to acknowledge the role which American idealism has played in foreign policy throughout the modern era."
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International Fund Assistance to Afghanistan, 2007.
An analysis of the reasons for the failure of the international fund assistance directed toward Afghanistan.
2,230 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses international assistance that has been directed toward Afghanistan following the United States invasion after the September 11 terrorist attacks in America. The paper argues that this international assistance has been a failure and it discusses the reasons for this suggestion. It then discusses the role of the Committee for the Reconstruction of Iraq and Afghanistan and what it has achieved.
From the Paper
" One more reason for the failure was the Bush administration's cooperation with regional warlords, i.e., its decision to ally with them and their militia (Dorgan 2004). These warlords destabilized Afghanistan's central government, inhibited reconstruction efforts, enhanced the resurgence of narcotics production and trafficking, and contributed to human rights abuses against the Afghans. Yet the US continued to send financial support to these regional commanders and rely on their forces in dealing with remaining Taliban (USIP 2004 as qtd in Dorgan). The CIA simply handed suitcases of cash to these warlords to rearm or enable them to resume former positions in dealing with the Taliban. It also provided them with seed money for smuggling, drug trafficking and overall criminal activity (Dorgan)."
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War on Iraq, 2007.
A discussion on American war strategy with regards to Iraq.
919 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses why US forces should remain in Iraq. The author, in agreement with literature quoted, offers a few strategic reasons for remaining in Iraq. It suggests that American troops should serve and protect civilian Iraqis in the aim of winning the war and peace in Iraq.
From the Paper
"Such a strategy, however, as Krepinevich also adds, would also require "at least a decade" (How to win in Iraq) of further sustained United States presence in Iraq, at a time when most Americans badly want their troops brought home and our involvement in Iraq ended. Still, even if it would take that much time, a changed military strategy such as the one described by Krepinevich (September/October 2005) would in the end prevent Iraq from simply becoming another Vietnam (as many Americans now fear). For the U.S. military to remain in Iraq another decade would also assure, albeit slowly, that America would, in fact, ultimately win the peace, as well as having originally the war itself in Iraq against Saddam Hussein. "
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The United Nations, 2007.
Questions the effectiveness of the United Nations.
2,262 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
The United Nations has long been an organization associated with international affairs. However the validity of the organization has been challenged in recent years. This paper investigates the purpose of the United Nations and determines whether or not the United Nations is fundamentally flawed. The paper concludes that the organization must begin to reexamine the manner in which it goes about securing peace in the world.
Outline:
Introduction
The Establishment and Purpose of the United Nations
Discussion and Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Additionally, international organizations associated with the UN system, such as the World Trade Organization, now have greater jurisdiction and are experienced in their competences by their own accomplishment. Also, the substantial development of peacekeeping operations during the 1990s has aggravated the UN budgetary dilemma. As a final point, the materialization of "new wars" and the spread of "old wars" complicate the United Nations abilities to accomplish its mission of upholding peace."
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International Relations, 2007.
This paper explores the ideologies of liberalism and realism in the framework of international relations.
1,944 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that the schools of liberalism and realism in terms of international relations have long been seen as warring ideologies, highly incompatible with one another. Liberalism and realism proceed from different fundamental interpretations about the international system. The paper explains, however, that both methods of international relations have as their ultimate goal the security and perpetuation of the state. The paper looks at Joseph Nye's theory of soft power versus the ideas of hard power. The paper demonstrates the threats facing the United States today and asserts that an ability to address or reduce such a threat depends upon liberalism merging with realism in order to ensure security.
From the Paper
"In opening, a cursory evaluation of what constitutes the realist and liberal schools of thought needs to preface critiques of these systems. Realists come in many stripes, but all typically share the following assumptions. First, they believe that states are the primary actors in the international system, rational unitary actors who are functionally identical. Second, they assume that state preferences, ranging from survival to situational improvements, are fixed and unchanging. Third, they assume that the anarchic structure of the international system creates such a degree of either actual conflict or perceived uncertainty that states must constantly assume and prepare for the possibility of war (Waltz 1986). In this context, outcomes of state interactions are typically zero-sum and thus are determined by relative power. For realists, power is the currency of the international system. States interact with one another within that system like billiard balls: hard, opaque, unitary actors colliding with one another (Amin 2000)."
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Film: "Rhapsody in August", 2006.
This paper analyzes Akira Kurosawa's film "Rhapsody in August", which focuses on three generations of Japanese and Japanese-Americans and how the bombings of Nagasaki affected their lives.
1,395 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Akira Kurosawa's film "Rhapsody in August" is set 40 years after Nagasaki was bombed and the main character is Kane, a grandmother who lost her husband in the bombing. The author points out that the film shows how the people of more recent generations, the grandchildren, tend to forget the real effects of the bombing because it has no personal significance to them. The paper stresses that Akira Kurosawa's message is that the human toll of war can last for a lifetime without ever being resolved.
From the Paper
"Another related issue raised in the film is the complicated relations that continue between the nations involved in war. The film shows that in theory, the war has ended and there are positive relations between America and Japan. However, there are some ongoing issues affecting people that are not as easy to manage. This is seen by the grandmother who has to struggle between accepting America and its positive relations with Japan and hating America for the actions it took that killed her husband. This is seen by the Hawaiian cousins who become upset when the grandchildren mention Nagasaki."
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"The Spread of Nuclear Weapons"--a Review, 2007.
This paper examines the viewpoints expressed in "The Spread of Nuclear Weapons" by Kenneth Waltz and Scott Sagan.
1,946 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the book "The Spread of Nuclear Weapons" through comparing and contrasting the viewpoints of its authors, Kenneth Waltz and Scott Sagan. The claims of both Waltz and Sagan are examined as well as the larger arguments from realists and liberals regarding the spread of nuclear weapons. Waltz's realist arguments are contrasted with the more international liberalism of Sagan's protests against adding nuclear weapons in nations which have not traditionally had such programs. The current situation in North Korea is highlighted as an example for each perspective.
From the Paper
"Nuclear weapons have become the most powerful bargaining tool in the world today, evidenced by the situations in North Korea and Iran and the considerable international unrest they have caused. Nuclear powers fear the addition of new nuclear nations, and nations which do not possess such capabilities see them as potential bargaining chips and defense mechanisms against the more powerful nations. In their joint project The Spread of Nuclear Weapons, Kenneth Waltz and Scott Sagan each defend their view regarding the spread of nuclear weapons. Waltz's realist viewpoint sees the increase in the number of nuclear nations as a potentially stabilizing factor in international relations and strongly believes that more nuclear weapons can contribute to stability in highly volatile areas, similar to the detente achieved between India and Pakistan after each of those traditionally antagonistic nations established nuclear capability."
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The Digital Divide, 2007.
This paper discusses the "digital divide"-- a term used to describe the disparities in the availability of information and technologies that are instrumental in learning and earning more over a lifetime.
912 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the "digital divide" that exists in the United States. First, the author defines this term as referring to the disparity in learning and earning potential based on income, race, geography, ethnicity and many other social factors. Next, the Internet is shown to be a measure of this problem. Third world countries are also considered in terms of the "digital divide." Finally, the paper suggests ways of overcoming this problem and the role of IT professionals in finding a solution.
From the Paper
"There is a significant digital divide in the United States, one of the wealthiest nations in the world, and throughout both westernized and third world nations too. The digital divide is a term that refers to wide disparities in the availability of information and technologies that are instrumental in learning and earning more over a lifetime. The Internet has become an indispensable tool for gaining greater knowledge and skills through distance learning. Due to the digital divide, the potential to advancement out of poverty for those in low-income regions of the U.S. and the world greatly diminishes their ability to break the cycle of poverty in their families. The digital divide is defined as the disparity in learning and earning potential based on income, race, geography, ethnicity and many other social factors."
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The Players in the Cold War, 2007.
A discussion of the book "High Noon in the Cold War: Kennedy, Khrushchev and the Cuban Missile Crisis" by Max Frankel.
983 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how Frankel attempts to look into the minds of the two major players in the Cuban Missile Crisis - John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev. The book gives detailed background on the two men, their countries and what led up to deploying nuclear missiles in Cuba. The book illustrates the importance of sound diplomacy and intelligence. Both leaders misread signs, misinterpreted communications and reacted to situations that had nothing to do with the crisis. The paper considers that while skill was certainly involved in bringing the crisis to resolution, there was much luck involved too. The paper suggests that if both sides had listened to the diplomatic channels and intelligence more closely, perhaps the crisis never would have occurred.
From the Paper
"Frankel writes of his memories of forty years before in this book, but backs them up with facts, research, and new information, such as transcriptions of recordings Kennedy made in the White House during the event (Frankel xiv). He opens the book with memories of the crisis and how it has been glamorized. It also shows how the events in October that led up to the Russians backing down and removing their missiles from Cuba have been dramatized and even misread. He elaborates his purpose for writing the book, which is to shed new light on the causes of the Crisis and what was happening in the minds of the two leaders as they jockeyed for world position."
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Mexican Foreign Policy, 2007.
This paper discusses Mexican foreign policy from the early 20th century to the present.
1,359 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Mexican foreign policy from the standpoint of its relationship with the United States and other Central American nations. A brief history of Mexico's foreign policy in the first half of the 20th century is presented, followed by an analysis of current international relations. The paper considers how Mexico's currency crises and current fiscal situation affect its international standing. Finally, the paper examines Mexico's commitment to human rights, citing a recent case against the United States.
Means
Goals
General Objectives
Successes and Achievements
From the Paper
"Until the 1970s, the Central American nation of Mexico had a fairly limited role in international affairs. From the United States' perspective during the early to mid 20th century, Mexico's foreign policy was considered leftist and supportive of internal, revolutionary and nationalistic movements within the Central and Latin American region, rather than directly supportive of United States interests. Mexico was a relatively impoverished nation at this time, however, and was undergoing intensive internal economic rehabilitation. Mexico was not able to support its advocacy of leftist regimes with money, troops, and arms, rather Mexico used the maximum diplomatic might at its means to express its national support or discontent, particularly regarding the leadership of nations within the Central American and Latin American regions."
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Land Mines, 2006.
This paper is a letter to Secretary of State Condolezza Rice to remove land mines.
840 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the author is concerned because the removal of land mines in foreign countries seems to have fallen from top priority in many areas around the globe. The author points out that the lives of 26,000 individuals will never be the same again, due to stepping on land mines leftover from long ago conflicts. The letter pleads that the administration ratify the 1999 Ottawa Treaty, a pact signed by 142 global states and ratified by over 120 counties that bans the use of land mines around the world in any conflict, but which the United States has so far chosen not to sign or ratify. The paper is written in the form of a letter.
From the Paper
"Perhaps the best solution, Madame Secretary, is not to employ land mines in the first place. As another author and historian notes, using land mines during global conflicts ensures these wars will continue long after peace talks end the battles. He writes, "These wars never really end, at least not for the civilians-- the agriculturalists, pastoralists, and peasants--who must live in the midst of these 'explosive remnants of war.'" Thus, leaving these mines behind ensures eternal conflict and violence in a country already ravaged by war."
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NAFTA, 2006.
This paper analyzes the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) more than a decade after its inception.
1,155 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that controversy surrounding NAFTA has been relatively continuous since its inception. The author points out that the five most hotly debated questions surrounding NAFTA are (1) has NAFTA been a success? (2) has the U.S. lost more jobs than it has gained?, (3) has immigration from Mexico slowed?, (4) what are the known benefits and costs? (5) has the state of Texas benefited? The paper states that, despite significant failures and flaws, the North American Free Trade Agreement has been very successful in its twelve-year history. The paper includes a statistical table.
From the Paper
"No trade agreement will be beneficial to everyone all the time. And while there certainly have been some losers in the wake of NAFTA, overall the effects have been positive. U.S. exports, for example, have risen significantly. This is a statistical benefit of the trade agreement. U.S. exports within NAFTA nations grew 103% between 1993 and 1998, while exports to all other nations increased at only half that rate. This is indicative of increased trade and, presumably, increased prosperity. However, studies written around the tenth anniversary of the trade agreement's inception reported different findings."
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The Nuremberg Trails, 2007.
A discussion on the Nuremberg trials and the International Criminal Court (ICC).
2,223 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the impact of the Nuremberg trials on the United States and the US attitude towards human rights violations. The paper examines the influence of the Nuremberg trials as it relates to the development of the Declaration of Human Rights. The paper further examines the International Criminal Court (ICC/Rome Treaty), including the U. S. involvement in the ICC and why the U.S. initially supported it. The writer proposes that the U.S. has been hypocritical in not supporting the ICC, and explores the use of torture at Guantanamo, and Abu Ghraib.
From the Paper
"The author further explains that during 1944 when it was evident that the War would soon be over President Roosevelt requested that the War Department develop a strategy for bring those responsible for war crimes to justice (Linder 2000). Prior to the plan created by the War department the Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau had developed a strategy that entailed shooting the Nazi leaders that were responsible for these crimes and forcing other that were involved to live in exile in various places around the world (Linder 2000)."
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