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The Rule of Law, 2007.
An examination of the rule of law in pre-modern China and Korea.
1,477 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the rule of law most commonly used in association with Chinese pre-modern (and modern) history, and by extension with Korean pre-modern history. It explains how the rule of law under Chinese legalism failed in its aims to revolutionize the corrupt existing governmental system. The paper concludes with the suggestion that future research should keep abreast of the current literature and political situation in China, Korea, and other countries in terms of gauging whether the rule of law still has modern relevance.
Outline:
Introduction
Methods
Literature Review
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The rule of law is a concept introduced by government which dictates that authority is only legitimately allowed when it is in agreement with written public laws and according to recognized legislative procedures. It is used as a safeguard against a government's ability to act of its own volition, as is rife under typical totalitarian and authoritarian arrangements. The arrangement generally capitalizes upon a distinct separation of authority with an emphasis on equality for the state's citizens. However, as with many government-enforced institutions designed with magnanimous goals, many believe the law amounts to little more than bureaucracy - that it is a superficial concession to public pressure which does not in reality restrict arbitrary governance, as government privileges can still be ratified via transformation into legal provisions."
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Yousry Nasrallah's Film "Summer Thefts", 2008.
This paper reviews the 1988 Cannes winning film "Sariqat Sayfiyyah" ("Summer Thefts") by Egyptian writer, director and producer, Yousry Nasrallah.
1,670 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Y. Nasrullah's films typically address some aspect of contemporary Egypt or the Middle East, including issues of leftism and Islamic militancy, and illustrate dimensions of political events and society, which are lesser known or not known to outsiders.
The author points out that "Summer Thefts", set in the summer of 1961, is most worthwhile for its depiction of an Egypt left behind with the arrival of President Nasser's radical agrarian reform agenda that could affect harshly landowning Egyptians and the Westernized bourgeoisie. The paper relates that, above all, this film gives the viewer access to a most varied Egyptian population in keeping with other Middle Eastern powers of which little tends to be known.
From the Paper
"Between June and September of 1961, Nasser nationalized the major heavy and medium industries, banks, insurance, shipping and public transport industries. Agrarian real estate, domestic trade and small industry were left in the hands of a bourgeoisie whose members would often opt to go elsewhere, much of their capital lost overnight to nationalization of commercial and industrial ventures and without confidence in the Egyptian economy to produce new opportunities or demand. The reader comes to see that families such as Nasrullah's in "Summer Thefts" were not just divided by politics."
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The British East India Company, 2008.
This paper discusses the history of the British East India Company and its monopoly of trade from 1757 to 1813.
1,605 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that, in 1600, the British East India Company charter from Queen Elizabeth gave the incorporated merchants monopoly privileges on all trade with the East Indies. The author points out that, when the Company entered Oceania, they encountered well established Dutch settlements from Goa to Japan around that lower Southeast Asian rim. The paper relates that the monopoly of trade by the British East India Company from 1757 to 1813 came about not through trade but through the intrusion of power politics by the destruction of the Mughal empire and the usurpation of the opium monopoly of Bengal. The paper includes many quotations.
From the Paper
"The path from profit to power, and the ultimate combination of both through opium, lay in the struggle between the British and the Dutch, and between the British and the Indian princes. The Dutch had in fact been at war with the British throughout the 17th century, and they had become well established in Southeast Asia. In 1634, the Vleilandt sailed from the Coromandel Coast across the Bay of Bengal to Syriam establishing three factories there for the VOC, Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, the Dutch East India Company."
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AIDS in Africa, 2008.
This paper explores why Africa is one of the hardest hit areas in the worldwide AIDS epidemic.
2,285 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper suggests that the prominence of HIV/AIDS in Africa may be explained by (1) the impoverished nature of Africa as a whole, which makes people more susceptible to infection, and (2) AIDS denialism, which makes people believe they are not at risk. The author points out that both of these factors can be connected to colonialism, which impoverished African countries and created a racist discourse of disease, and to neo-colonialism, which keeps African countries poor and is the target of AIDS denialism. The paper stresses that the only way to reduce AIDS in Africa is to deal with this legacy of colonialism and the current effects of neo-colonialism. The paper included many quotations.
From the Paper
"Many researchers have argued that attempts to link HIV/AIDS
to Africa had a basis in racist philosophies. ... This argument would seem to indicate that arguments about the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Africa being caused by environmental conditions in Africa are part of a racist discourse. In essence it is the continuation of the argument that there is something mentally/morally deficient with African people that has transformed the entire continent into a source for disease. If the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Africa can't be explained by environmental conditions then how can this phenomenon be explained?"
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Holocaust and Jewish Thought, 2007.
This paper discusses the impact of the Holocaust upon post 1945 Jewish religious thought.
1,687 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the influence made by the Holocaust upon contemporary Jewish thought. In particular, the paper looks at the works of Richard L. Rubenstein, Eliezer Berkovits and Emil Fackenheim and notes how these major scholars are forced to grapple with an issue that threatens to permanently undermine the faith of the Jewish people in the God of their ancestors. In addition, the paper also notes the general despair which often seems to characterize Jewish works in the post-Holocaust epoch. In the end, the writer maintains that the horrors of the Holocaust have forced many Jewish theologians to consider that they may be worshipping a God who is either not omnipotent - or not omni-benevolent.
From the Paper
"To start with, the holocaust was an event of catastrophic suffering for the Jewish people and this suffering forced - at least among some prominent intellectuals - a re-assessment of religion and, more especially, a re-assessment of God. Simply put, the horrors of the Holocaust challenged the traditional religious text from which the Jewish people had long read in a way that no other event could possibly have done. Specifically, traditional Judaism had frequently been at odds with modernity insofar as the proponents of historicism and positivism (to say nothing of the teachings of Hegel and Kant and even Marx) took issue with an historical narrative that emphasized the existence of a transcendent deity who not only created the world but who also designated the Jewish people as a "special people" with a special communion with God."
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Julius Caesar and Augustus, 2007.
An analysis of why Augustus was able to found a stable and enduring
monarchy while Julius Caesar failed.
1,416 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, although both Julius Caesar and Augustus improvised political strategies to support their respective dominance of the Roman world, Augustus was successful while Julius Caesar was not due to the respect that Augustus paid to the formalities and conventions of Roman political life. The paper looks at how Julius Caesar relied on the overt exercise of power and relegated the senate to a marginal position in the state and how, in comparison, Augustus employed power in covert ways and understood that he could retain absolute power as long as he paid "lip service" to republican values.
From the Paper
"The office of "dictator" in the Roman Republic was a position that granted its holder extraordinary powers. It was thus rarely granted by the state, and usually in times of emergency when a unified command was critical to the survival of Rome. However, given the echoes of absolute royal power in this office, Romans carefully limited the powers of the office to six months or the duration of the emergency; whichever was shorter (BGT 26-27). Julius Caesar, in his calculated political improvisation in a time of Civil War, relied heavily upon repeated grants of the dictatorship to give a veneer of legitimacy and legal authority to his supreme military and political power. In February 44, Caesar finally decided to assume the dictatorship for life as a matter of convenience (BGT 160)."
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Oliver Cromwell, 2007.
An analysis of Oliver Cromwell's vision of the English Republic.
2,172 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper critically explores and analyzes the origins, defining features, and practical implications of Oliver Cromwell's vision of the English Republic. The thesis is argued that Cromwell's vision was defined not so much by ideology, belief or philosophy as by a conviction that compromise and moderation were central to the government of England during the particularly divisive seventeenth century. The paper contends that, only through an understanding of Oliver Cromwell's vision of moderation as key to the resolution of civil strife, can we be begin to understand his achievement in navigating the ship of state during this highly disruptive period.
Outline:
Introduction
A House Divided
The Divisive Seventeenth Century
Squaring the Circle: Resolving Cromwell's Contradictory Vision
From the Paper
" Critics argue that it was Cromwell's youth growing up within an England in which the commercial classes and local squires were growing in power that contributed to his vision of an English Republic: "To all this new idea of government by squires and merchants Cromwell was born; in all this he grew up; all this was native to him when he appeared, almost thirty, in the first of the new rebellious Parliaments" (Belloc 13). Indeed, Cromwell's behaviour during the Long Parliament gives us critical insights into how at this early stage in his political career - long before he rose to near absolute power - Oliver Cromwell perceived the English Republic."
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Indian Indentured Servitude, 2007.
This paper discusses Indian indentured servitude under the British colonial system.
2,110 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explores the indentured servitude of Indians in terms of both its successful incorporation as part of the colonial system of domination and oppression, as well as in terms of how opposition and resistance to this system influenced political and social development in the region. The writer argues that with reference to both earlier and later periods of indentured servitude on different Caribbean sites, an accurate history of indentured servitude requires such a balanced analysis to understand fully its complexity and significance in terms of regional history.
Outline:
Introduction
Indentured Servitude as Subservience to Colonialism
Indentured Servitude and Resistance
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Indeed, to understand differences in resistance across the region - from island to island - we must acknowledge the extraordinary levels of control of the plantation and civil authorities over the movement and actions of the indentured Indians. For example, while discontent and resistance was widespread in British Guiana, on the neighbouring island of Trinidad - with the second largest colony of indentured Indians in the Caribbean region - there was minimal resistance. The differences between the two situations cannot be explained with reference to caste or class/education of the Indians, as both came from the same pool of migrants. Instead, it is theorized while the appalling labour conditions in the islands represented a tinderbox that would be lit at any moment, different approaches to dealing with potential discontent on the part of the authorities was a critical factor in explaining differences between islands."
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Joseph II of Austria, 2007.
An analysis of the religious reforms of Joseph II of Austria.
1,957 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the religious reform undertaken by Joseph II and explains his motives for carrying out that reform. It also evaluate how successful his reform was and what obstacles prevented the complete realization of the reform. In addition, the paper discusses historical evidence indicates that Joseph's reforms were a waste of time and that there was no difference in the secular and religious structures from when the reforms were first started.
Outline:
Introduction
The Reforms
Effects
Motives
Evaluation and Obstacles to Realization
From the Paper
"Joseph was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790, and he ruled over the Hapsburg lands from 1780 to 1790. He was the oldest son of the empress Maria Theresa, and was one of the enlightened monarchs. The great influences on Joseph II's education and thinking were the writings of Voltaire, the Encyclopedists, and the example of Frederick the Great. However, he used autocratic and arbitrary methods to get what he wanted (Black 255). Joseph came to strongly believe in the idea of religious toleration and believed it was important to reduce the power of the church over the people. "
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Trajan: Emperor of Rome, 2007.
A biography of life and legacy of Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus who become emperor of Rome.
3,192 words (approx. 12.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the life and career of Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus otherwise known as Trajan. It looks at how Trajan was one of the Antonine Roman emperors who ruled the Empire from 98 AD to 117 AD, following the extremely short rule of Nerva. The paper also discusses how Trajan's rule was one of the most contentious in Roman history and how, although almost constantly at war, Trajan was also responsible for expanding the Roman Empire to its greatest limits.
Outline
Introduction
Early Life
Career and Rise to Power
Dacian Wars
Further Campaigns
Period of Peace
Administration and Policies
Legacy-Honors and Reputation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Regardless of the political necessity of quashing the aggressive Dacian ruler, the Dacian Wars were less about retribution than they were of practical need. Dacia had value outside of its place as new territory for Rome. All of Trajan's campaigns came at a price, of course. His extended military campaigns were costly, in terms of lives, resources, and funds. Dacius also retained great strategic value, as well as wealth in "gold, silver, and essential minerals" (Kean 76). Wealth was not an incidental consideration when choosing to fight a war. Campbell states that "the extra cost of war might rather unpredictably be recouped by booty, as in Augustus' conquest of Egypt or Trajan's victory over Dacia" (86). "
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Who is the Buddha?, 2007.
An analysis of the life and wanderings of Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha.
1,737 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Siddhartha Gautama, who was revered by his disciples (Buddhists) as the Buddha, or the "Awakened One". It describes the history of Buddhism as a distinct religious tradition and the life of the Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama. The paper focuses on the narrative of Buddha's life, his wanderings and his Buddhist followers.
From the Paper
"After his mother died Siddhartha was nursed and raised by his mother's sister, who was the second cohort of his father, the King Suddhodana. They lived in the capital Kapilavatthu. His father, the King surrounded his son with luxury and pleasures out of fear that the young prince would abandon his royal place and position and he would not have a successor. He lived the life of privilege in accordance to his father's position, with servants. Historically, "we do not know anything about his physical stature or facial appearance. We know little about his personality with absolute certainty" (Olson, 2005, p.22). Many narrators of the Buddha narrative have attributed Siddhartha with great physical beauty and strength, as well as cleverness and intellect. In due time Siddhartha married a woman named Yasodhara and had a son named Rahula with her."
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Chinese Literary Modernism, 2007.
An overview of Chinese literary modernism with a focus on Ja Bin's novel "Cold Night".
2,551 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Shanghai's modernist literary movement popularly associated with the interval of 1917 to 1937. A second topic is introduced of how Ja Bin's novel of 1947, "Cold Night", describes the plight of the individual in relation to his or her connection to the state during the Sino-Japanese War, which inflicted such widespread and extreme suffering and destruction in China.
Outline:
Introduction
Lee, Shih and What Happened in Shanghai
"Cold Nights"
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
"Literary modernism in Shanghai, as a 'movement' evolving between 1917 and 1937, continues to fascinate scholars of literature as much as those of modern Chinese history. Indeed, pre-World War II Shanghai continues to intrigue a variety of Westerners in particular as shown by a strong tourism industry of the present, visitors wishing to see what survives of "old" Shanghai, meaning the world of China's westernized elite, Chiang Kai Shek, or where the Soong Sisters liked to take cocktails in the evenings on visits, there. What some Chinese have regarded as run down, pre-War hotels and other structures of the past hold a powerful romantic or nostalgia appeal to visitors that may or may not have much to do with what Shanghai's literary scene was like through the 1920s and 1930s."
Mao, Nathan. "Pa Chin's Journey in Sentiment from Hope to Despair." Journal of the Chinese
Language Teachers' Association. 11. (1976): 131-137.
Shih, Shu-meih. The Lure of the Modern - Writing Modernism in Semi-Colonial China, 1917-
1937. Berkeley Interdisciplinary Studies of China Series No. 1. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2001.
Tang, Xiaobing. "The Last Tubercular in Modern Chinese Literature - on Ba Jin's Cold
Nights," in Chinese Modernism - the Heroic and the Quotidian. Durham: Duke University Press, 2000, 131-160.
& course materials, University of Toronto, 2006-2007.
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Egypt and Monumental Architecture, 2007.
An analysis of the centrality of Egyptian monuments and architecture to the religion of ancient Egypt.
819 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the monumental architecture in Egypt that was associated with worship of the gods and with funeral customs. The paper discusses the building and development of the pyramids and the purposes that they served. It then shows how the cycle of birth and rebirth is expressed in much Egyptian art and is central to the religion of ancient Egypt.
From the Paper
"The pyramids, of course, are massive tombs for high-born rulers, while smaller tombs or burial sites have been found for people of lesser rank, including massive underground structures housing hundreds of mummies in some cases. The huge statues in the Valley of the Kings were also dedicated to rulers who had died and were carved in stone so they would be remembered. The polytheistic religion of the Egyptians supported their ideas about the after-life and about how their rulers would join the gods after death, just as they represented the gods in this world."
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The Effect of Ideology on Soviet Science, 2007.
An analysis of the negative effects of Marxist-Leninist ideologies on Soviet science.
1,905 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the effect of ideology on Soviet science during the communist era of leadership and the negative ways in which it was manifested. The paper looks at some of the benefits that were provided by Soviet science, but then argues that Soviet science during the communist era was subverted to such an extent by the Communist Party that it became discredited in the eyes of most of the world.
From the Paper
"In conclusion, the negative effect of Marxist-Leninist ideology on Soviet science was manifested in a variety of ways, from the systematic propagandizing of dialectic materialism as a science to the undermining of science itself in the form of theories such as Lysenkoism. Although Soviet science provided some benefits in the form of discoveries in the field of space medicine, the development of space exploration, and the use of nuclear power to generate electricity for Soviet towns and cities, science in the USSR during the communist era was subverted to such an extent by the government that it was reduced in most cases to pseudo-science and became an object of ridicule throughout most of the world."
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Tecumseh and Tribal Unity, 2007.
A look at Indian leader Tecumseh and what tribal unity under his leadership would have meant for American expansionism.
975 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Indian leader, Tecumseh, and his goal of uniting the Indian tribes into a powerful Indian nation capable of ending American expansion westwards. The paper discusses how the focus of American policy makers, on Canada and Royal Navy seizure of American sailors on the high seas on the eve of the War of 1812, prevented most of them from realizing that the Indian tribes on the frontier were the greatest threat to future American expansion.
From the Paper
"Ultimately, the potential path of the United States in regard to this Indian Nation may have been similar to how we dealt with Spanish Florida, or it may have resembled our approach to dealing with British Canada, or it may have been patterned after our policies in the Mexican Southwest. Spanish Florida had been incorporated into the United States through treaty and purchase, British Canada had not been acquired at all, and the Mexican Southwest had been taken by winning the Mexican War and demanding territorial concessions."
"In dealing with Tecumseh's tribal nation, the United States would have had the option in coming decades of expanding through brute military force as it had against Mexico, of seeking new territorial acquisitions through treaty negotiations and purchase agreements with Tecumseh as had been the case with Spanish Florida, or of conceding that expansion would be stopped, as had been the case with British Canada. Which option would have ultimately been pursued would have depended primarily upon Tecumseh's ability to keep the tribes united under his leadership."
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