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Trade and Civilization, 2008.
A review of K.N. Chaudhuri's arguments in "Trade and Civilization in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750."
1,609 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the relationship between trade and civilization around the Indian Ocean. It discusses the topic according to K.N. Chaudhuri in his book "Trade and Civilization in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750." The paper argues that Chaudhuri's book is a sound one and that, had the Indian Ocean never existed, the nature of Asian civilization today and in the past would be radically different.
From the Paper
"Indian Ocean trade had a great impact upon the pre-modern Asian world. Political stability, marine law, technological innovation, the distribution of humanity along the coasts of every Asian nation touching the waters of the Indian Ocean, and national economies were all influenced profoundly by the Indian Ocean trade. The implications of this influence can even be seen today. Consequently, to understand the pre-modern history of Asia, one must first understand the interaction between the region and the Indian Ocean that has done so much to guide the course of history in that part of the world. In the end, the history of the world's great Asian civilizations cannot be told without telling the story of the Ocean that nourished--and continues to nourish--all of them."
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The Self-Strengthening Movement, 2008.
An overview of the self-strengthening movement in China and the reasons for its failure.
2,483 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the self-strengthening movement was a movement in China during the period 1861 to 1894 and how it aimed to save the Qing Government, which had been much weakened by various rebellions and the unequal treaties imposed on China after the Opium Wars. The paper further looks at how the self-strengthening movement failed to achieve its aims and suggest that this failure was mainly due to the fact that the reforms of the self-strengthening movement were not comprehensive enough. More specifically, the paper explains that the self-strengthening movement failed because it changed only a few superficial aspects, while the basic foundation of the goverment remained unchanged.
From the Paper
"However, a major and basic problem was that Chinese attitudes of contempt for foreigners were so deeply entrenched that all diplomatic attempts were hamstrung. For example, students at Zongli Yamen were often called "devil's slaves." Similarly, China did not at first send Chinese ambassadors abroad, but instead sent Westerners, accompanied by Chinese observers. Accordingly, the first "Chinese" ambassador was an American, Anson Burlingame. Burlingame was sent out in 1869. It was not until 1877 that a true Chinese Ambassador, Guo Songtao, was appointed. This was 16 years after Western ambassadors had arrived to live in Beijing. This time lapse illustrates how hard it was for Chinese to even begin to accept the concept of contact with the outside world. "
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History of Valentine's Day, 2006.
A discussion of the Valentine's Day celebration.
776 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Valentine's Day and looks at its history and the role that Saint Valentine played in the history of this special day. It also explains the history behind the little cherub called Cupid. The paper further points out that there are nine different types of love and briefly explains each one. The paper further discusses how Valentine's Day continues to be important in America and how people buy flowers, chocolates, cards and other items as a way to express their love to their spouses or girlfriends/boyfriends.
From the Paper
"The first place to begin the study of Valentine's Day is with Saint Valentine. The story of Saint Valentine cannot be proven but many people believe he was a priest named Valentine who lived in the days of the emperor of Rome named Claudius the Cruel (Good Saint Valentine). When war broke out in Rome, men did not want to leave their wives or fiances so they refused to go to war. This made the king angry and he created an order that forbid men from becoming engaged. Valentine, the priest, did not agree with this so in secret he would marry couples."
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Environmental Terrorism, 2007.
This paper discuses environmental terrorism and analyzes the Gulf War oil spill of 1991 as an example.
3,035 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that environmental terrorism is one of the most significant terrorist tactics that not only impacts multiple nations but also serves to destroy the livelihood of the natural environment. The author relates that the Gulf War oil spill annihilated an entire shoreline and was responsible for billions of dollars in reconstruction and economic fallout. The paper emphasizes that Saddam Hussein's intent was not only a military strategy as a reactive and symbolic agent to the U.S. intervention, but was also an ideological principle rather than malice towards the environment. The author points out that, nonetheless, the Persian Gulf oil spill demonstrates strong similarities to the model of environmental terrorism developed by Daniel Schwartz and contains a number of characteristics that classify it as an act of environmental terror.
Table of Contents:
Terrorism on the Rise
Environmental Destruction as a Symbol
The Persian Gulf War
The Oil Spill: Historical Review
Terrorism Defined
Terrorism during War
Modeling Environmental Terrorism
The Justification for Environmental Terrorism
The Persian Gulf Oil Spill: Terrorism and Justification
From the Paper
"Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait in 1990 would be the introduction of the United States involvement in Middle East affairs. Hussein's stranglehold upon the citizens of Iraq was known across the world; with his intolerance to those who dissented by government or religion feeling the wrath of his punishment. Notable acts of genocide against Kurds and Shiite Muslims in the 1980's brought his notoriety to the international scene. However, the Iraqi oil reserves were not to be rivaled by many countries, and Hussein's invasion of Iraq only served to increase the country's wealth."
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The California Gold Rush and the Environment, 2008.
This paper explores the environmental impact of the California Gold Rush.
1,190 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals that the Gold Rush was a dark moment in the environmental history of the American West. The paper describes how the Gold Rush resulted in significant ecosystem destruction through deforestation, sedimentation, hydraulic mining and mercury pollution. The paper looks closely at the historical facts of the Gold Rush that indicate how the environment was severely damaged by the mining operations.
From the Paper
"The history of the California Gold Rush is well-documented. What is less clear is the historical study of the lasting environmental impacts that the Gold Rush had on the California region. To be sure, the environmental impact of the Gold Rush would have been severe, if only taken in the context of the incredible demographic changes that took place in the early to mid nineteenth century. With that many people uprooting from eastern locales and making the trek west to make their fortune at the edge of the American frontier, the environment would have been hard-pressed to absorb the shock of that much more stress on the local ecosystems. However, even a cursory examination of contemporary historical work on the subject reveals that the environmental destruction was even more significant than that. The California Gold Rush, it would seem, resulted in a powerfully terrible environmental legacy for the state."
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Social Policy in Ireland, 2008.
Explores the origins of social policies in Ireland and how income maintenance helps and hinders meeting people's needs.
2,126 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the key factor involved with social policy in Ireland is income maintenance and/or income protection. It contends that in order to protect the citizens in Ireland, social policies should be revised, reformed, and restored to guarantee future cohesion among the majority. Social policy in Ireland in terms of income maintenance is examined through its origin, impact, and future reform stemming from Ireland's Poor Law concept and meeting people's needs.
From the Paper
"Ireland has had tremendous downfalls within its history in terms of political and religious conflict. These conflicts stem from power and influence over individuals and/or groups in certain classes. It is also about manipulating regular individuals and/or groups into believing that their lives are at stake if they don't believe in specific authorities. The individuals and/or groups had various opinions of the government and were confused since social policies were not governed to help the working class or even the upper class, which would affect long-term status of citizens of Ireland."
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Urbanization and Community, 2008.
An analysis of the concepts of urbanization and community.
1,144 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the meaning of community in reference
to the historical changes that have taken place in the reality and the concept of community due to urbanization. Reference is made to Aristotle's definition of a citizen and the great shift of populations to the cities by the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century and the Information Age of the 20th century. The paper looks at how the traditional idea of community and the social links within those communities were destroyed and transformed.
From the Paper
"Although the word 'urban' refers, of course, to the idea of the city ("urbs" in Latin) and indeed is used as an adjective, urbane, to mean "refined, sophisticated, polished", there is another word more closely akin to the concept of community. The Greeks identified city as "polis"; their word for "citizens", "politai" was derived from this as was their word for "constitution", "politeia". This is significant because for the Greek city-states, Athens at least, the citizen was organically connected in his whole life to the city in "the belief that physical, in-person, place-based presence is the essential element of community" (Hampton 109). "
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A World View of History, 2008.
This paper outlines why the world view approach to history is preferable to a European and/or American-centered approach to studying history.
1,258 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper shows how a world history view allows for more creativity, is far more holistic and encourages students to see societal, spatial and cultural interactions with a sophistication they would not be able to otherwise.The paper looks at articles by Patrick Manning and by Gilbert Allardyce and briefly compares and contrasts them with an eye towards illuminating the central arguments they advance in favor of eschewing a rigid, Eurocentric view of history.
From the Paper
"To begin with, an emphasis upon world history is eminently desirable because there is mounting evidence that the differences between groups of people are much smaller than previously supposed. In his plenary address of March, 2004, Patrick Manning writes that geneticists have now proved that humans are closely-related to one another, that our collective ancestors emerged roughly 200,000 years ago in Eastern Africa, and that human beings have a consistent pattern of biological mixing. Findings such as these clearly call into question the ill-conceived notions of racial hierarchy and racial distinctiveness which dominated popular (and academic) thought in previous generations. As well, a focus on world history offers valuable insights into both why Northern Atlantic economies rose to pre-eminence in the early nineteenth century and the extent to which the world's various economic systems have been linked since at least the sixteenth century."
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A Review of Fascism, 2007.
A review of the book "Fascism: Comparison and Definition" by Stanley Payne.
1,318 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 0 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how Stanley Payne attempts to define fascism in his book "Fascism: Comparison and Definition". The paper explains that in order to address the challenge of fascism, we must understand what fascism is. The paper discusses how fascism went through a series of stages in Italy and Germany and how Hitler created what was arguably the purest fascist state, although it did not conform fully to the principles of fascism. The paper notes that Spain and Portugal represent two other case studies for Payne, but he finds in neither of them the true fascist regime. The writer points out that Payne covered a tremendous range of sources ,as the footnotes throughout the book show, but unfortunately Payne leaves a much more profound question unasked and unanswered: Do we need to re-examine the history and meaning of fascism to determine if it is becoming a prevalent force in parts of the world that Payne found no reason to discuss, and is the United States in danger of becoming fascist?
From the Paper
"Payne reviews the antecedents of modern fascism and finds these in the "corporatist" movement, a movement which sought to combined social orders under an authoritarian government working closely with business cartels, in reaction to chaotic individualism.(23-24 ) It was also a reaction to the splintered state of many democratic movements (25-26), and a neomonarchist movement (27-29), and a support movement for imperialist policies. (29-31) All of these forces converged at a time of terrible cultural crisis as the First World War tore Europe and European sensibilities to pieces. In the psychological void that followed, many people found comfort in the simplicity of authoritarian answer."
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American Foreign Policy, 2008.
This paper explores the U.S. presidential foreign policy doctrine as based on the pursuit of world power.
4,028 words (approx. 16.1 pages), 23 sources, MLA, $ 109.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the origins of the President's foreign policy powers as enumerated under the Constitution and examines the foreign policy acts of Thomas Jefferson. The paper then focuses on the Monroe Doctrine, reviews the salient features of U.S. foreign policy throughout the nineteenth century, considers the foreign policy doctrines of both Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt, as well as Woodrow Wilson and ends by looking at the modern-day, post-world war II presidencies of Truman, Nixon, Reagan and George W. Bush. The paper argues that the foreign policy doctrines of U.S. presidents - whether in the nineteenth century or the twenty-first - have fundamentally revolved around the projection, expansion and consolidation of American power beyond its borders.
From the Paper
"In the words of Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., the oldest doctrine and/or tradition in American foreign policy was - and is - the doctrine of unilateralism. Specifically, American leaders have always been reluctant to engage in foreign policy alignments - an attitude neatly encapsulated in the inaugural addresses of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson (Schlesinger 3-4). According to the historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., even the Monroe Doctrine, perhaps the first "great" presidential doctrine vis-a-vis foreign affairs, was prompted by a desire to not only seal off South America from European control, but to remind Europeans that America had no desire to involve itself in European matters and would not do so as long as "hemispheric affairs" in the Americas were not meddled in by the European powers (5). In effect, the Monroe Doctrine was really about keeping the diplomatic intrigues and political machinations of Europe firmly located in Europe and/or in remote parts of the world of no (direct) interest to America."
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Hollywood's View of Germany, 2007.
This paper analyzes how Hollywood movies depicted Germany during World Wars I and II.
1,175 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Hollywood's interpretation of Germany's participation in World Wars I and II fluctuated between politics and concern for profits but did not engage in propaganda as commonly charged. The author points out that independent movie producers, surged into the international market during World War I, which provided them with one of its greatest sources of plots and profits, such as D.W. Griffith's "Hearts of the World" (1918). The paper relates that the majority of the films were anti-war and action/war adventures made after the war, such as "The Four Horseman of the Apocalypse" (1924). The author relates that Hollywood films of the 1960s and 1970s revisited the anti-German theme and highlighted American heroism, such as "The Dirty Dozen" (1967); however, the the most outstanding film was Stanley Kramer's black and white "Judgment at Nuremberg" (1961). The paper cites many films and includes many quotations.
From the Paper
"There was one firm that did: Warner Bros. They shut down their German operations in 1933, three years before Hitler limited the release of American films. By 1939, the European market was closed off. In 1940 Will Hays, the dour President of the Motion Picture Production and Distribution Association (MPPDA), lifted the ban on anti-Nazi films that he had imposed after "Confessions of a Nazi Spy", and the cameras began to roll against Nazi Germany and for the defense of the United States. "Sergeant York" (1941) actually harked back to Tennessee farmer Alvin York's heroics in World War I."
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Painting Madonna and Child, 2008.
This paper analyzes the formal, iconographic, and historical themes in the work 'Madonna and Child' by Duccio di Buoninsegna.
1,162 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the painting 'Madonna and Child' by Duccio di Buoninsegna. The writer notes that the Italian formalization of the Gothic style was implemented within the medium and stylistics of this medieval painting. The writer points out that Buoninsegna's style was part of the Sienese School, which held to the non-passive dictates of religiosity within the Christian iconography in the 13th and 14th centuries. The writer maintains that Buoninsegna was influential in creating a non-passive baby Jesus, which helped to transform the way that the Madonna and Child had been perceived earlier in Christine art. In essence, the formal, iconographic, and historical facets of 'Madonna and Child' by Duccio di Buoninsegna are analyzed in this study.
From the Paper
"The medium of the painting is the common usage of tempera on wooden panels. In the late medieval style it was common to use this form of paint to help bring about a lush and thick layer-based type of paint to bring out the varying contrasting hues. Also, the painting uses gold to help bring about the divine sunlight or religious light of Jesus, as he is reaching toward his mother's face. Mary is draped in a black gown as she looks down upon her divine child. Gold inner-fabric is surrounding her face, as the artist is clearing defining a demarcation of her face in contrast with her dark hood, as she is gazing downward in majesty. The composition has Mary centered in the painting, but has the baby Jesus set off the lower right side."
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The China-Taiwan Issue, 2008.
This paper explores the China-Taiwan conflict and its solution.
1,612 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
The paper describes how the island of Taiwan has long been a territory under some form of Chinese rule. The paper relates that the current political turmoil between China and Taiwan has its roots in the Chinese civil war in the early part of the last century. The paper notes the American support of an independent Taiwan that ensured it did not fall to the Communists. The paper shows how the solution to the difficulties between Mainland China and Taiwan is not a political one, but an economic and commercial one.
From the Paper
"The cross-strait relationship between China and Taiwan has been a point of geo-political concern since the end of World War II following the removal of Japanese colonial control when the Island experienced a brief period of political independence. This period was short-lived since only a few years later the island was inundated with Chiang Kaishek's Nationalist troops fleeing Mainland China and Mao Zedong's Communist troops. While the island of Taiwan has been variously claimed and ignored by Chinese dynasties throughout history, it was not until it was used as a place of refuge for the Goumingtang, or the Nationalists as they are known in English, that it morphed into a long-term point of contention for China and a line in the sand, as it were, for Western democracy and a buffer against Communist dominance in the region."
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Immigration from Russia, 2008.
This paper explores immigration to America before and after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
2,670 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
The paper explains why and when immigration occurs. The paper discusses how, before the fall of the Soviet Union, it was difficult for people from any of the Soviet republics to emigrate, but with the fall of Communism in 1991, emigration restriction policies were changed and many people emigrated to the United States and other Western countries. The paper then looks at how emigration from Russia, Ukraine and other former Soviet republics has steadily increased since then.
From the Paper
"Immigration occurs when people in a certain country or region are experiencing political or religious oppression, economic distress, famine, war, or a host of other grave problems that convince them that they have no choice but to leave their native land for a new country and a new life in another land. Over the last two hundred years, more people have immigrated to the United States than any other country, and have often found life so good here that they have contacted family and friends in the old country and have convinced them to come to America as well. More specifically, the United States has witnessed a 40% increase immigration from the Soviet Union since the early 1980's. This serves as an explicit example of the vast cultural and political changes during the fall of the Communist regime in the Soviet Union, and its impact on the immigration."
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President Carter and Governing Politics, 2006.
An analysis of the validity of President Jimmy Carter's statement on centrist politics and small-scale militarism in the 20th and 21st centuries.
762 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper evaluates Jimmy Carter's statement on the limits of the use of military force abroad and the growing lack of pluralism in American government and explains that it is a truthful and historical valid comment for American today. The paper also looks at how events after WWII helped engineer a growing powerful economic apparatus of the World Bank and trading markets that greatly lessened the need for the large-scale wars of the past. The paper further suggests that the centrism of American government has been a growing problem due to the increase of moderates from the Democrat and Republican parties that are forcing single-issue politics and narrow plurality in governance, and that President Carter provides valid and objective truths in his statements on the trends in governing.
From the Paper
"President Carter states in 1980 that there will be a greatly lessened capacity to rely on the military than had been seen in previous generations, such as those of World War I and World War II. He states that there will be: Limits on the use of military power abroad, the limits of manipulation without harm to ourselves (of) a delicate and balanced natural environment (Carter). One reason he is correct in making this statement is that the policy of American militarization has decidedly taken a different turn in previous Presidencies. President John F. Kennedy also makes this same statement on militaristic limitations, but defines the reasons why NATO and the United Nations played a role in creating this historical change in American policy in the world."
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