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Disaster Management and Volcanoes, 2007.
A discussion of disaster management in the event of volcanic activity.
979 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper explores both past and current methods of disaster management when volcanic activity occurs. The paper focuses on monitoring and detection as approaches to handling potentially disastrous situations. Various methods of detection are explained, such as seismic monitoring. The author concludes that new methods offer hope for better predictions of volcanic activity, yet more must be done for disaster preparation. This is imperative in order to better predict volcanic events and save the lives of those who witness such a natural disaster.
From the Paper
"Seismic monitoring is one of the most common ways to keep track of volcanic activity (Choi, 2004; Mileti, 1999). Seismometers monitor earth movement, including the earthquakes and tremors that sometimes indicate volcanic activity like underground magma movement (Choi, 2004). Though seismic activity is often linked to volcanic events successfully, not all seismic events indicate a coming eruption (Kerr, 2003). For this reason, seismometer readings do not always provide accurate predictions (Choi, 2004)."
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Satellites and Deforestation, 2007.
This paper explores how satellite imagery has affected deforestation in the Amazon.
2,135 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that satellite imagery has affected the deforestation of the Amazon by detecting problems such as road building, mining operations, fires where land is being cleared for crops, logging operations, dam projects and clearing for building projects. The results of these satellite images also indicate rising heat indexes, less forest and damage to the ecological system that exists in the Amazon. The paper reveals how satellites determine data and offers general information about the technology.
Outline:
How Satellites Determine Data
What Satellite Imagery Tells Scientists About the Amazon
How Satellite Imagery Affects the Rainforest
The Types of Satellites Used and General Information About the Technology
From the Paper
"The amount of water or ice particles in the air can be measured by a satellite sensor and this determines part of the information that will tell what is going on, back on earth. Together with satellite visual imagery, the information can give a scientist an amazing amount of information. An article in Satellite Data Applications: Weather and Climate talks about how satellites may measure the physically based parameterization of cloud processes and cloud water. (Weng 407) These measurements are used in a SSMI/Cloud Liquid Water algorithm to find out how the clouds are affected by the thermal emission. (Earth 2005)"
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"Extinction"--A Book Review, 2007.
A review of Douglas H. Erwin's book "Extinction."
1,533 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews Douglas H. Erwin's book "Extinction," which addresses one of several mass extinctions that have been found in the history of life on earth. The author describes the books format, as well as some of Erwin's theories behind the end-Permian mass extinction. The reviewer concludes by describing how Erwin's book can be applied to today's climatic changes. The book can thus be a warning as well as an informative discussion of the past.
From the Paper
"The author also begins by considering some of the other mass extinctions that took place at a much earlier date, in part to see what caused those extinctions in order to see if the same causes applied to the Permian extinction. The evidence from the extinction at the K-T boundary (between the Cretaceous and the Triassic) has been much analyzed because of the discovery of higher deposits of iridium from that period. Iridium is found primarily in meteors or in some volcanic explosions, and so the higher levels have caused many to see the extinction of the dinosaurs as caused by a large meteor crashing into the earth and depositing iridium around the world on the same geologic level. Another substance found at the site of extinctions has been fullerenes, which can be produced by lightning strikes, forest fires, and meteorite impacts. Some evidence exists for an impact around the time of the Permian extinction, but the author says this is inconclusive at this time."
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Tornadoes, 2007.
A discussion of tornadoes from the viewpoint of an emergency management director.
1,329 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals that tornadoes are one of nature's most powerful forces. The writer explores the strengths of a tornado, the type of damage it does and the steps that can be taken to warn communities of its possible arrival. The paper discusses the Doppler radar system that can detect a tornado while it is still in the sky, the tornado siren system and trained human storm chasers and spotters. The paper explains that one of the problems with tornadoes is their unpredictability, but as emergency management teams nation wide continue to improve, the public will become increasingly safer.
Outline:
Introduction
Damages
Assessment
Warning the Public
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Out of all the natural disasters that can occur, tornadoes are often considered the most damaging and the most dangerous. While earthquakes are unpredictable, they have not developed a history in the United States of frequent occurrence or many deaths. Hurricanes, with the exception of Katrina usually provide enough advanced warning that the emergency management coordinators can provide notice to evacuate. Tornadoes, however, often strike with little or no warning and they can come in "swarms" during optimum weather conditions(Gugliotta, 2003)."
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Hydrothermal Vents, 2007.
This paper examines how hydrothermal vents can be a new way to monitor the earth's core.
2,380 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
The paper explores hydrothermal vents and their contribution to the many biological beings that make these extreme conditions their home. The paper defines a hydrothermal vent as nothing more than a geyser that occurs on the ocean floor. The paper supports the thesis that by examining the vents' reactions to continuously changing conditions in their environment, we can gain clues as to changes that are occurring in the earth's core.
Outline:
What Are Hydrothermal Vents?
What Can Life in the Vents Tell Us?
Life in an Alien World
From the Paper
"For the most part, the ocean floor is a sparsely inhabited area of the planet. However, hydrothermal vents are teeming with life. Hydrothermal vents are home to some extremely fascinating creatures to such as tube worms, giant clams, eyeless shrimp and spider crabs (ONR 2006). Cold seeps are other areas that are similar to hydrothermal vents, but the waters in them are closer to the temperature of the surrounding waters. Cold seeps support a similar array of life. Life around these geothermal fountains is dependent upon the chemicals in the surrounding water. The most common chemicals in the water include hydrogen sulfide, methane, iron, manganese, and silica (ONR 2006). This creates an extremely harsh environment to support life."
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The Hydrologic Cycle, 2007.
An overview of the hydrologic cycle and a discussion of its various processes.
1,067 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the hydrologic cycle is the term used to describe the continuous circulation of water in the Earth-atmosphere system. The paper then looks at how the most important processes that drive the hydrologic cycle are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation and runoff. The paper concludes that the extent to which people come to recognize the importance of water and the hydrologic cycle that drives it, will likely be the extent to which current and future conservation efforts will be successful.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview.
Hydrologic Processes.
Conclusion
From the Paper
"While the hydrologic cycle keeps things continually changing, some things remain relatively the same. For example, Fisher (2001) points out that even with all of this movement of water around the planet, everything tends to end up right back where it started when all is said and done. "In the Water Cycle game," he says, "fair or not, the oceans have and keep almost all the wealth. The total of all the fresh (that is, not salty) water on land, including lakes, rivers, streams, ponds, puddles, bathtubs, kitchen sinks, and all the water under the ground, comes to only 2.4% of Earth's water. The atmosphere contains the rest, only .001% (that's 1/100,000th), in the form of water vapor and clouds" (Fisher, 2001, p. 14). In fact, this author emphasizes that it is this infinitesimal percentage of the water that is suspended in the Earth's atmosphere at any given point time is what keeps the whole system operating."
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Hezbollah Financing, 2007.
This paper explores how the diamond trade in West Africa is used for Hezbollah financing.
3,382 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that one of the most difficult issues involved with prosecuting the ongoing war on global terrorism has been identifying and eliminating the funding sources for terrorist groups. The paper then attempts to determine how the diamond trade in the nations of West Africa is being used to help finance terrorist organizations in general and Hezbollah in particular. The writer points out that while the diamond trade in West Africa has been legitimized and careful controls implemented over the years, analysts believe that as much as 20 percent of the world's diamond supply continues to be of an illicit nature. Furthermore, the writer notes that analysts also believe that some terrorist groups, including Hezbollah, are receiving at least some of their funding through the illicit trading in diamonds among the nations of West Africa, particularly Sierra Leone.
Outline:
Introduction
Thesis Statement
Approach
Background
Statement of the Problem
Preview Statement
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Diamond Trade in West Africa
Emergence of Hezbollah Ties to West Africa
Current and Future Trends
Methodology
Conclusion
From the Paper
"An international certification process for rough diamonds, known as the Kimberley Process, was initiated by the Government of South Africa in May 2000; since that time, there has been more and more participation among the regional stakeholders and to date, more than 35 nations have been meeting on a regular basis to develop the system, which was established in 2003. In Sierra Leone, the diamond certification system was instituted in October 2000, four months after the UN Security Council passed a resolution that banned diamond exports until a certification system was established; during the year that followed after the system was introduced, legal exports increased from $1.3 million to $25.9 million worth of diamonds; nevertheless, authorities continue to believe that many of the better quality diamonds are still being smuggled and are not going through the official certification system."
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What is Wrong with Gasoline Prices?, 2006.
An in-depth research proposal regarding the price of gas prices and foreign policy.
6,041 words (approx. 24.2 pages), 21 sources, APA, $ 143.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the price of gasoline and how we need to increase gasoline prices to prevent all our national policies from being determined by our thirst for oil. According to the paper, US foreign policy has become a hostage to ensuring adequate supplies of imported oil.
Outline:
Context of the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Research and Review of the Problem
Crude Oil Prices and its Impact on Gasoline Prices
Political Impact of Higher Energy Prices
Objective of Study: To Advocate Higher Gasoline Prices Potential Benefits of Higher Energy Prices
Environmental Impact
Global Warming
Significance of the Study
Research Design & Methodology
Discussion
From the Paper
"The carbon dioxide produced by motor gasoline in 2003 was equivalent to 311 million metric tons of carbon [Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 2005]. If we could achieve even 10% improvement in energy efficiency through use of lighter cars, it would save million of tons of oil and also reduce the carbon emission by 30 million tons. The 10% target is not just possible it is very realistic and even now a family car is about 25% more fuel efficient than a light truck (a term also applied to SUVs). The federal corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards set the fuel economy goals for new passenger cars at 27.5 miles per gallon (mpg). The regulations do not classify SUVs as cars but as light trucks. The light trucks only have to achieve 20.7 mpg. Even this is taken as an average of all light trucks and some SUVs operate at 12 mpg and can remain on the road legally. Some SUVs like Ford Excursions don't even qualify as light trucks and are not subject to CAFE standard."
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Illicit Iraqi Oil Contracts, 2007.
This paper discusses the work "Oil for What? Illicit Iraqi Oil Contracts and the UN Security Council" by P. Heaton.
1,483 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
In this article, Heaton's work, the United Nation's Iraqi Oil-For-Food program and its suspected illicit dealings, are investigated. The writer points out that over a 6 1/2 year period, beginning in 1996, more than 1,300 oil contracts were issued, with the intended purpose of humanitarian relief for the Iraqi people. However, the writer shows that many have questioned whether all of the money transferred during contract issuance through oil extraction went to the humanitarian aid for which it was originally intended. The writer discusses that Heaton looks to answer the economic question of whether or not Saddam Hussein utilized these contracts to line his personal coffers, as well for the purchase of weapons.
From the Paper
"This is an important question that needs to be answered for two reasons. First, the United Nations needs to understand not only where their Oil-For-Food program went right, but also where it went wrong. The idea behind the program is a sound one. It allows the U.N. to economically sanction a country, punishing its leaders, but still be compassionate to the general populace that have little to no choice in their country's matters. However, as this work demonstrates, if there are loopholes in the program, and the details are not sufficiently considered, the punishments, meant by the economic sanctions, will barely be felt by those in power. And, in fact, despite rules to the contrary, sanctioned countries cannot only acquire the hard currency they desire, but also weapons as well, circumventing restrictions. The article implies that Hussein was able to offer oil contracts significantly below market value, in exchange for kickbacks, which were given when the contracts were resold to other individuals or organizations, to actually extract the oil, closer to market price."
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Planktonic Animals, 2006.
A discussion regarding planktonic animals.
856 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at a vast diversity of animals and organisms that inhabit sections of bodies of water, oceans, seas and other known bodies of fresh water. The paper focuses specifically on plankton and zooplankton. The paper then lists various examples of zooplankton and taxonomy.
Outline:
Plankton
Zooplankton
Examples of Zooplankton and Taxonomy
From the Paper
"The most common among freshwater zooplanktons are four major groups of animals: protozoa, rotifers, and two subclasses of the Crustacea, the cladocerans and copepods. The planktonic protozoa have restricted locomotion. They lack the mobility to actively swim. But the rotifers, copepod microcrustaceans and cladoceran, and specific immature insect larvae usually move lengthily in dormant water. Many pelagial protozoa are meroplanktonic, their lifecycle as planktonic animals usually occurs only during summer season. These forms expend the remainder of their life cycle in the sediments, often enclosed throughout the winter period. Bacteria sized water element are common food of many protozoans. Most of the known rotifers are non-predatory. They feed on bacteria, small algae, and other organic matter. Crustaceans are invertebrates that live in water as well as on land and can vary from microscopic to sixty centimeters. They are a large group of arthropods which is around 55,000 species. The most common among crustaceans are lobsters crabs shrimps and barnacles."
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The Oil Industry, 2006.
A look at the history of the oil industry.
871 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the oil industry. The paper reports that the history of the oil industry dates back to the earliest civilizations of the Middle East. According to the paper, there are inscriptions, that originated from Mesopotamia, describing the use of oil from as far back as 4000 B.C.E. The paper also reports that in the United States, the invention of the kerosene lamp led to the formation of the first American oil company, Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company, founded in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1854.
From the Paper
"The development of the oil industry also took place in many countries outside of the United States. For example, Canada's first oil boom occurred in Ontario in 1867 and in 1947, the great Leduc field near Edmonton, Alberta, was discovered which soon led to Canada becoming an important contributor to the oil industry. In Mexico, oil production began on a commercial scale around 1918 which made Mexico the second-largest oil producer of the early 20th century. Of course, in 1901, one of the first concessions for oil production was granted in Iran and when huge oil reserves were discovered in 1908, the Anglo-Persian Oil Company came into existence and was soon replaced by the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in 1914. "
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Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, 2007.
An assessment of the impact of hurricanes Katrina and Rita.
3,118 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the 2005 hurricane season proved to be particularly intense and damaging. Hurricane Katrina caused a breech of levees and massive flooding and losses in New Orleans. Hurricane Rita was also almost as intense as Katrina but luckily did not cause as much damage. In particular, the paper looks at how it is important to recognize that hurricane preparedness is essential to minimizing the damage caused by hurricanes and how, given the margin of error in hurricane forecasting, the damage may not always materialize but failure to act on a hurricane warning could prove to be much more costly in life and property losses. This paper assesses the impact of Katrina and Rita in order to study Hurricane emergency response and what needs to be done to produce a response that would minimize loss of life and property.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Forecasting Hurricanes
Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Rita
Damage by Katrina
Rita Follows Katrina
Emergency Planning for Future Hurricanes
Discussion and Conclusions
From the Paper
"The orbiting and geostationary satellites take visual and infrared photographs. The infrared photographs measure the temperature of the surface below it; the sea, the earth, the clouds etc. The temperatures are color coded for identification. The visible photographs provide information about cloud cover. As indicated by the solar radiation reflected by the clouds. These pictures determine the temperature of the ocean water, circulation patterns and the height of the cloud. The ground radars and buoys transmit weather data every hour to the weather data collecting stations. These factors help in forecasting the cyclones (hurricanes). "
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Energy Sources, 2006.
A review of the world's sources of energy.
1,291 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
A discussion regarding the world's current dependence upon fossil fuels as the primary source of energy. The paper discusses other alternative types of energy such as wind power, solar power, nuclear power and natural gas.
From the Paper
"Safe, efficient, reliable, and less environmentally damaging than traditional energy resources, natural gas is generally perceived as the most likely choice for the near future. Natural gas utilizes both a steam and gas cycle to generate power, and therefore, releases far fewer greenhouse gases into the atmosphere than coal or oil. But, "Even though air pollution concerns are much lower with gas fired plants, there are other environmental concerns including water use and water pollution. Combined cycle plants use about 10 million gallons of water per day, consuming 7 million and putting 3 million gallons back into nearby rivers," (Power Frontiers). Nevertheless, natural gas does contribute to global warming--less so than other methods but more so than nuclear energy. Both are comparably cheap and sustainable, but natural gas is considered to be safer to the public. All things considered, natural gas is economically viable, relatively safe, relatively clean, and sustainable: it poses the most realistic option for electric companies with its most serious competition coming from coal, and perhaps, nuclear power."
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Phoenix, Arizona, 2007.
An analysis of the scarce water resources in Phoenix and how the city has coped with this shortage.
3,329 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a history of Phoenix, Arizona, with a breakdown of its population, economy and resources. It particularly focuses on how well the city has adapted to its arid geography. It discusses how the residents of Phoenix have come to grips with their scarce water resources and then analyzes how compatible the city's economic activities are with these arid land constraints. The paper concludes by discussing the various types of socio-cultural organizations that have emerged in response to these ecological conditions and the future outlook for Phoenix.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Demographics
Economy and Resources
Socio-Cultural Organizations in Phoenix
Future Prospects for Phoenix
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The same features that have historically attracted new residents to Phoenix can be reasonably expected to remain important to the city's growth in the future. In fact, given the rapidly retiring Baby Boom generation, it may well be that Phoenix becomes one of the five largest cities in the United States over the next 10-20 years. This growth rate is assuming, of course, that the water problems looming large on the horizon for the city can be solved today, because tomorrow will be too late. According to Mack and Varady (1995), "When examining water management, particularly in an urban setting, key issues include quantity (water supply), sewerage (water and waste removal), and quality. All three subjects bear directly on human health, and all are closely interrelated" (8)."
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Oil Crisis, 2007.
This paper discusses the depleting supply of world oil and looks at the implications.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that once the peak point of oil harvesting is reached, economic laws will become painfully evident to even the staunchest defenders of oil use. The writer points out that the supply is literally diminishing, and no amount of politics will be able to create more oil to fulfill the demands that the consumers of the world currently have for energy. Further, the writer notes that alternate supplies of energy in another form are not readily available and therefore, the oil which is available has become increasingly precious to consumers who demand it and are willing to pay a premium amount for the product.
From the Paper
"In terms of economic concepts, peak oil refers to the tipping point when demand begins to exceed supply. Economist Alfred Marshall explained the relationship that supply and demand have with one another rather succinctly when he described the two factors in pricing as separate blades of a scissors in that their intersection was the point of price, and that neither could influence the other without the presence of the second blade. Applied to the oil market, the demand for the product is evident, most of the world depends on fossil fuels for energy; despite the skyrocketing gas prices of recent months, consumers in the United States appear to have a high tolerance for the prices, since demand for oil and gasoline has remained at high levels."
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