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Northridge Earthquake, 1995.
Examines the geological causes and effects of the 1994 California quake and its impact on structures.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 18 sources, $ 111.95
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From the Paper
"The Northridge Earthquake
For most Americans, January 17, 1994 was a holiday. The date marked the anniversary of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday. Government offices were closed and observance ceremonies were attended. For the residents of Los Angeles, however, January 17 was be spent quite differently. On that particular Monday morning, the city awoke to natural disaster. The temblor struck at 4:31 a.m. local time. It had been roughly six decades since a major earthquake had occurred directly under an urban area in the United States. The event resulted in the loss of life, thousands of injuries, and enormous damage. Indeed, the Northridge earthquake eventually proved to be the costliest natural disaster in the nation's history.
California earthquakes are tectonic in nature. They result ..."
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Continental Drift, 1995.
This paper analyzes 18th -19th Century German scientist Alfred Wegener's ideas of continental drift, which led to the plate tectonic theory.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"During the past century, considerable advances have been made in the field of geology. The discovery of plate tectonics has provided researchers with a unifying theory that explains many fundamental earth processes. Of the various hypotheses that led to plate tectonic theory, the most important was proposed by Alfred Wegener. Wegener's ideas on continental drift were supported by much evidence. However, perhaps because of its overwhelming implications, the theory was met with considerable resistance. Only in recent decades has scientific investigation collected sufficient evidence to definitively establish the validity of the continental drift hypothesis.
The theory of plate tectonics describes a lithosphere consisting of approximately the Earth's outer 100 kilometers.... "
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General Circulation Models, 1995.
This paper discusses the use and evaluation of General Circulation Models as climatic simulations in environmental science: Definition, significance, development, problems, approximations, form and function. Abstract.
3,825 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 18 sources, $ 135.95
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"General circulation models (GCM) are used to evaluate past, present, and future climatic phenomena. Climate consists of a region's prevailing weather. Variations in climate are primarily determined by the combined influences of the atmosphere, the continents, and the oceans. Such effects can both foster and hinder human activities. Consequently, considerable effort has been devoted to climate modeling.
In recent years, GCMs have been the primary tool used for climate simulation. These numerical representations describe climatic change in three-dimensions. The models involve numerous data inputs. In addition, they also require various ... "
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Erosion of the Long Island Shoreline, 1994.
This paper discusses the erosion of the Long Island shoreline: Geology, rate, causes and effects, role of humans, stabilization and management.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 17 sources, $ 47.95
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"In the United States, extensive barrier.beach systems occur along major portions of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. These fragile coast lines are in a continual state of flux. Beach erosion and accretion can result from both natural and man.made causes. Sea level change, storms, and development may all significantly impact these environments. On Long Island, New York, beach stabilization has repeatedly been attempted. Such efforts typically meet with varied success. In fact, many believe that the island's past stabilization projects have actually contributed to its current erosion problems. Geologically, Long Island consists of moraine sediments deposited by glacial drift. This mixture of crystalline gravel and boulders was scraped up in New England, carried several ... "
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California Earthquakes, 1994.
This paper discusses primarily California earthquakes: Major faults, research, geology, potential for disaster, safety measures and Midwest quake dangers.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"For decades, Californians have lived with the knowledge that the San Andreas Fault could produce a magnitude eight earthquake. However, California's most recent earthquake, in early 1994, measuring 6.6 on the moment-magnitude scale--a measure of earthquake energy that has largely replaced the Richter scale--did not come from the San Andreas Fault. It was caused by a smaller fault in the San Fernando Valley that lay hidden deep underground, some nine miles down. While this was not considered the Big One, it still caused widespread damage: collapsed buildings and freeway bridges, fires, deaths and injuries, utility outages, and damage to property.
Soon after the first tremor, seismologists began trying to map out the newly revealed fault to determine how it is connected to other fissures in the region. To complete this task, the ... "
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Landslides in Southern California, 1994.
A look at the causes, examples, geologic process, types, materials, climate, vegetation, liability and remedies.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 13 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"Mass Wasting in Southern California
More mass movement occurs in southern California than in any other region of the United States. Multiple factors contribute to this slope instability. Some of these include the area's steep hillsides, weak bedrock materials, adverse geologic structures, and heavy episodic precipitation. Recent landslides in Pacific Palisades, Palos Verdes, San Clemente, and Anaheim Hills have caused millions of dollars in damage. Moreover, as development continues to expand, southern California's landslide problem is only expected to worsen.
Mass earth movements are highly variable. Typically, they occur within the following spectrum: e.g., from movements which are dependent upon some fluid, to those which are not. In subaerial environments, this spectrum comprises falls, slides..."
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Plate Tectonics on Venus, 1993.
A look at the discoveries relating to Venus' geology with the Earth's crust including plates, rifts, etc.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 14 sources, $ 87.95
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From the Paper
"Plate Tectonics on Venus?
The plate tectonic theory is now widely accepted as a unifying basis for the physical geology of the earth as a whole. Not only does it explain most of the tectonic phenomena on Earth, but a number of key points have been well substantiated by paleomagnetic and seismologic studies (4). Venus, Earth's nearest neighbor, and similar in size, density, and age (8) might be expected to have similar tectonic activity. Indeed Soviet and U.S. explorations of Venus during the 60's and 70's revealed several features that could be interpreted as past or ongoing tectonism (Fig. 1). These included large calderas and arachnoids suggesting volcanism, dome uplifts, low ridge belts on planes, high mountain belts, heavily deformed areas called tesserae, and the circular coronae unique to Venus (9). Now that the..."
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Playas, 1993.
An analysis of these bodies of water in the desert including characteristics, human uses, hydrology, types, salts, mounds and wind.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 10 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"Inland Playas
Many terms have been used to describe playas. In general, a playa is a closed body of water which occurs in a desert environment Playa salinity ranges from high to solute saturated--some lakes being completely ephemeral. In all playas evaporation will usually exceed input. These lakes are distinguished according to the presence or absence of groundwater influx. Dry playas are periodically flooded by surface waters and tend to be floored by silt and clay. When groundwater lies between 1 and 3 meters from the playa crust, capillary movement may form a puffy surface. When groundwater discharges into a basin it creates a moist playa. Moist playas are characterized by salt crystallization that tends to be deposited in outer carbonate zones, middle sulphate zones, and inner chloride zones. Present..."
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Coastal Processes of the Great Lakes, 1993.
A look at the causes and effects of coastal processes of the Great Lakes, including water levels, human influences, erosion, waves, currents, shorelines and storm surges.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 13 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"Coastal Process of the Great Lakes
The Great Lakes are a series of giant tubs linked by rivers and smaller lakes (Gorrie, 1988, p. 20). The flow starts in Lake Superior (the largest and deepest of the chain) and then passes through the St. Mary's River to Lake Huron and Lake Michigan (Gorrie, 1988, p. 20). Because these two are joined by the broad Straits of Mackinac, they behave as a single sea (Gorrie, 1988, p. 20). Their waters are connected to Lake Erie by the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair and the Detroit River; the Niagara River connects Lake Erie with Lake Ontario (Gorrie, 1988, p. 20). Eventually, much of the Great Lakes' water egresses to the Atlantic Ocean through the St. Lawrence River (Gorrie, 1988, p. 20). In recent years, this system of waterways has attained some of the highest water levels recorded this century (Cobb, 1987 ...."
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Cirque Glaciers, 1993.
An examination of cirque glaciers, with a focus on their traits, formation, location, topography and geological theories.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 11 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"Cirques
Glaciers are formed in areas where the annual accumulation of snow exceeds the amount melting or evaporating each year (4:80). This snow, under the pressure of its own weight, eventually turns to ice (4:80). When the ice becomes sufficiently thick, it begins to flow under the influence of gravity (4:80). Of the various types of glaciers, those found in mountainous areas show considerable variation in size (4:80.82). One of the smaller glacier types commonly found at higher elevations is known as a cirque glacier (4:79).
Cirque glaciers are characterized by the rocky hollows, or cirques, that contain them (4:80). The glacial ice tends to erode backwards and downwards forming a depression that accumulates snow (4:80). The formation of these glaciers is..."
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Gold Mining Destruction, 1992.
Discusses this issue in relation to California in the 1800s, examining environmental damage done by Gold Rush techniques and methods.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 10 sources, $ 103.95
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From the Paper
"Destruction Caused by Miners in the 1800s
To say that the gold miners in California of the 1800s had a devastating impact on the land is a great understatement. As Robert Kelly says in his book, Gold vs Grain, "They tore up the underbrush, stripped off overburden, and even uprooted soaring pines in their search for gold.". The miners pitched camp anywhere and everywhere, never mindful of the precious and fragile environment which they encountered. All forms of their mining contributed to the destruction of woodland, including sluices, booming, placer mining, dredging, drift mining, mercury and chloride processing, and hydraulic mining. Even their sheep took a toll on the vegetation of California.
Droughts and floods increased because of miners' damage to the land. Miners would callously divert streams for their use ..."
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Earthquake at CSULA, 1992.
Examines the California State University at L.A. program for earthquake studies.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 5 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"In the fall of 1987, a fairly large earthquake struck the Whittier Narrows fault in Southern California. The damage from that quake showed that the California State University at Los Angeles is located near the Whittier Narrows fault line (Kimball, 1988, p. 54). During that earthquake, a facade fell from a campus parking structure and crushed a young female student to death. In addition, severe structural damage was sustained in the university's library building. If another large earthquake were to hit the Whittier Narrows fault or any of the other surrounding faults, further damage and injury to human life could result. It is important that the staff and students at CSULA be prepared to deal with this type of emergency. One of the reasons for this importance is the fact that the university is a vital social and economic institution within the Los Angeles community."
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Lepidolite, 1992.
A look at the mineral in the mica group including symmetry, structure, sites found, uses and chemistry.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Lepidolite
Abstract
The mineral lepidolite has many uses, both aesthetic and economic, in society today. Those uses are described within, along with the chemical content of the mineral, its many properties, its description in general, and the locations where it is to be found.
INTRODUCTION
This paper is a discussion of the mineral lepidolite. Different aspects of the mineral lepidolite will be discussed here concerning the mineral's symmetry, physical description and distinguishing features, the manner in which the mineral forms and the rocks in which it is found, and important sites in which lepidolite is found. Also to be discussed are lepidolite's..."
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Solar Radiation, 1991.
The impact of the sun's energy on the layers of Earth's atmosphere including Physics, absorption and evaporation, sunspots, the ozone layer and magnetism.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 3 sources, $ 95.95
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From the Paper
"Solar Radiation and the Atmousphere
As the earth's nearest star, the sun determines much of what happens on the earth--its energy is what allows continued life on the earth, and its actions create the earth's weather, in the form of wind, clouds, and other climatic examples. The sun's warmth and energy are so important that without them the earth would become encased in ice (1:74). However, the earth is not completely open to solar radiation. The different layers of the earth's atmosphere provide different interactions (and different results from those interactions) with solar radiation.
The earth's atmosphere, the receiving end of the sun's radiation, is divided into four parts: the troposphere, which is the bottom-most layer and extends from the earth's surface to about 11 kilometers high (at which point the stratosphere..."
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Glaciation, 1991.
An examination of the effects of glacier ice movement on land as a concept developed by the 19th century Swiss scientist Jean Agassiz.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"The idea that the unique scourings of the earth along with the strange positionings of rocks found in Switzerland were a result of the Biblical Flood had long prevailed in science. It took a persuasive individual, highly respected in his profession, to finally turn that belief around, to realize that the real explanation was glaciation. The purpose of this paper will be to discuss the theory of glaciation in light of the contributions provided to the science by Louis Agassiz. The research will include a brief biography of the man as well as the impact he had on the concept of glaciation.
Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz was born in 1807 in Switzerland among the spectacular mountains that were to play a significant role in his life. Originally planning to become a physician, Agassiz' love of nature eventually redirected his training. By..."
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