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Hurricane Katrina: A Disaster in Preparedness, 2008.
An overview of hurricanes, procedures for dealing with them and why Katrina was such a disaster.
1,369 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
A category-4 hurricane named Katrina exploded onto land August 29th, damaging large parts of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama. With 145-mph winds, huge storm surges and torrential rains that flooded whole towns, Katrina left hundreds dead or missing, more than one million others temporarily homeless, and caused at least $25 billion in damage. This paper relates that many of the people in the affected areas who died could have been saved and the damage could have been less devastating if the government's response had been planned with more awareness and sensitivity of the known destruction of hurricanes. The paper contends that Hurricane Katrina changed the Gulf Coast area forever because local authorities did not establish better communication systems with other government departments for help before the storm hit and because superior evacuation policies were not set up in the cities that would be most affected. The paper also examines how President Bush and his cabinet were not fully prepared to deal with the high level of responsiveness that was needed for the residents of the affected areas.
From the Paper
"The communication between all government divisions was so badly executed that Federal and State officials have blamed each other for the disastrously poor response in New Orleans and neighboring states. Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco and New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin have blamed the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) for the slow response. Federal officials said that initial evacuation and hurricane preparation plans were the responsibility of Louisiana and New Orleans authorities. Also, the Feds blame those officials for not asking for the help of the federal government soon enough, and for not being more specific when they eventually requested help. It was not a matter of pointing fingers and worrying about who was responsible for handling the preparation of the evacuation; it was a matter of helping the people of New Orleans and assisting them in the evacuation, which again shows that the law enforcement was not prepared as well as they should have been to minimize the damage and destruction of the hurricane. "
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The 2002 Central European Floods, 2007.
An analysis of the cause and impact of the 2002 central European floods.
2,134 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at floods in general, their possible causes and general impact. The paper then takes a look at the 2002 flood that drowned Dresden and Prague, in particular, and explains that this flood greatly illustrates both the severity and impact of river floods and that of the changing climate. The paper also briefly touches on the media coverage at the time.
From the Paper
"Most simply put, the cause of river flood disasters is rainfall. River floods normally result directly or indirectly from climatological events, such as excessive or prolonged rainfall, snowmelt, or a combination of the two. Therefore, most floods occur in spring and early summer, during the periods of snow- and icemelt. Other factors may be ice jams, landslides or the failure of dams and control works. Floods in river valleys occur as a result of a rapidly increased stream flow that exceeds the streams capacity and overspills. Meanwhile, the water-table may rise above the ground surface, when upstream river basins were already saturated from earlier rains. This is often the precursor for overspilling as the ground can no longer absorb the excess water. In urban areas, flooding often results from overspilling but may also be a result of surcharged stormwater drains."
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The 1925 Tri-State Tornado, 2007.
An analysis of the cause, impact and coverage of the 1925 Tri-State Tornado.
2,006 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the causes and mechanisms of tornadoes in general, with a focus on the 1925 Tri-State Tornado, and briefly touches on media coverage of the tornado. The paper looks at how the Great Tri-State Tornado, an F5 that devastated eastern Missouri, Southern Illinois and Southwestern Indiana on March 18, 1925, stands out as a distinct statistical rarity and how it has remained the single deadliest tornado in history, even after decades of record keeping. The paper also touches on media coverage of the tornado at the time.
From the Paper
"The week prior to the tragic date of March 18 was unusually warm across the Midwest. A cold front was expected to bring showers and thunderstorms and cooler temperatures from Canada. On the 18th, temperatures rose into the 70s, about 10 degrees warmer than normal for that time of year (NOAA News). Severe thunderstorms formed just behind the approaching cold front over southeast Missouri in the early afternoon. This cold-front helped create the tornado's parent thunderstorm that was centered over northwestern Arkansas, as shown in the Weather Bureau's daily weather map issued that morning. The same parent thunderstorm originally developed within a low pressure area that was centered over western Montana two days before the tornado hit (Potter)."
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The Planet Earth, 2007.
A look at Earth as compared to the other planets in our solar system.
1,957 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper examines why Earth is the only planet in our solar system capable of sustaining life and how it is the only planet that has plentiful liquid water and an atmosphere that can protect the planet from the harmful ultra-violet rays of the Sun. The paper attempts to determine what makes Earth so special by using comparative planetology to understand what makes Earth a habitat for life and what makes it so different from the other planets in our solar system.
Outline:
Terrestrial Planets
Jovian Planets
Conclusion
From the Paper
"If we were to look at Earth as a starting point to compare the other eight planets in our solar system, the first thing we notice from space is the magnificent blue color and swirls of clouds. This is an inviting sight and is the first hint at why life is found on our planet. Earth has many features that the other planets do not have. Earth has many features that make it unique. Earth is made of rock and metal. It is one of the four terrestrial planets and has the largest Moon in the solar system. Earth has abundant volcanic activity because of its size in comparison to the other terrestrial planets. With the abundance of water and oxygen, Earth's atmosphere stays in balance and is able to continue supporting life. The liquid oceans help to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and the presence of a stratosphere helps protect the surface from the deadly ultra-violet rays of the Sun. Another unique feature of Earth is plate tectonics. Plate tectonics acts as giant conveyor belt that moves the mantle of Earth around, which constantly changes the look of our planet. Although Earth's interior needs much more exploration, scientists can tell about the composition of the deepest regions of Earth by using seismic waves following an earthquake. By reading this seismic data carefully, scientists get a better understanding of interior Earth."
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Hurricanes, 2007.
A description of how hurricanes are formed and how they strengthen and weaken.
1,448 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes hurricanes. It discusses how hurricanes are formed and describes their structure. The paper discusses the affects of hurricanes on their surrounding environment. It then describes what is needed in order for a hurricane to increase in strength, as well as how it can become weaker. The paper concludes with the writer's personal memories and experiences with hurricanes.
From the Paper
"Hurricanes are warm storms fueled by thunderstorms near their center. But before we can call any storm a hurricane, there are certain criteria that have to be met. Sometimes hurricanes can use pre-existing systems of disturbed weather to form; although in this system they must have some sort of circulation as well as a low pressure center. Another component that helps to form a hurricane is low wind shear. High wind shear would prevent the formation of a feedback loop which helps power the storm. Warm water is another and probably the most important component in the formations of hurricanes. Water temperatures have to be at least 80 degrees Fahrenheit down to a depth of at least 150 feet. Hurricanes are known as warm storms so it would only make sense that they form in warm water. The last component that will be mentioned is, distance from the equator. The minimum distance that a hurricane can form from the equator is 310 miles or 5 degrees on a map. This distance allows the Coriolis Effect to circulate the storm system giving it the appearance of a pin wheel (Wikipedia, 2007)."
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The Agricultural Industry in British Columbia, 2006.
A discussion of how climate and soil affect the agricultural industry in three British Columbian regions.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 0 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
Perhaps no other industry is as dependent upon variables over which it has no control as the agricultural industry is. This paper produces a cross sectional comparison and contrast of three regions in British Columbia: Cariboo region, Peace River, and Kootenay. The paper highlights how climatic factors and soil composition factors impact upon the respective agricultural sectors of the aforementioned areas. In addition to illuminating how areas that are fairly close to one another geographically can still produce astonishing climatic and geological diversity the paper also reveals how primary industries like agriculture take on new shapes in different regions because of the physical feature of the land.
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Water Usage in the Middle East, 2006.
A case study of water usage patterns in the Gulf Cooperation Council states and the Middle East in general.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 1 source, $ 115.95
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Abstract
Water usage patterns in the Gulf Cooperation Council states and in the Middle East overall are not consistent with sound conservation policies and continued industrial and commercial expansion in the region without change will be unsustainable even in the short-term. This case study points out, the entire Middle East and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) in particular, is experiencing rapid growth in demand for water resources and water based products and this trend is expected to continue.
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The Climate on Mars, 2006.
This paper discusses aspects relating to the climate on Mars.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
In this essay the writer offers a short overview of Martian climate. First, the composition and characteristics of Martian atmosphere are presented. Then the major features of Martian climate are given with a special emphasis on wind formation. The final part is devoted to dust formation and dust storms on the Red Planet. A short fact-sheet about the planet is provided as introduction.
From the Paper
"Mars is the fourth planet of our Solar System. Its average distance from the sun is 2.28 x 10^8 km, which is 1.54 times larger than Earth's average distance. As a result Mars years are much longer - 687 Earth days. Compared to Earth's orbit, Mars' orbit is more elliptical bringing the planet 206.5 million km from the sun at perihelion and 249.1 million km at aphelion."
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Clouds and the Greenhouse Effect, 2006.
A look at the different possible effects that clouds can have on the greenhouse effect.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the effect that clouds have on the greenhouse effect. The paper is written as if it were discussing the opinions of three groups of scientists. The first group believes that clouds counteract the greenhouse effect; the second says they make it worse and the last don't know.
From the Paper
"The greenhouse effect is one of the least understood environmental problems. Most people think of the greenhouse effect in negative terms. However, it must be realized that the greenhouse effect is essential for life of earth. For example, in A Green History of the World Clive Ponting states, Without greenhouse gases in the atmosphere to trap outgoing terrestrial infra-red radiation, the average temperature on the earth would be about -18 degrees Celsius and too cold for life. These gases primarily carbon dioxide and methane, maintain the temperature at about 15 degrees Celsius (Ponting, 1991, p. 387)."
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Ecosystem Succession, 2006.
An examination of primary ecosystem succession and secondary ecosystem succession.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper examines two instances of ecosystem development--one instance being primary succession, the other instance being secondary succession--and explores how abiotic and biotic factors can create and/or perpetuate a ecological system. The paper concludes briefly by looking at the various mechanisms which hinder or help an ecosystem recover after a catastrophic event.
From the Paper
"In our course textbook there are two especially interesting illustrations. The first of these depicts primary succession on a glacial moraine in Glacier Bay, Alaska. In this instance, the barren, rocky landscape is colonized by lichens and mosses and shrubs. Afterwards, dwarf trees and more mature shrubs emerge and then spruces come to predominate. In the second illustration, we are confronted with secondary succession in North Carolina wherein, after one year after cultivation, there is the emergence of crabgrass and then the subsequent emergence of annual and perennial weeds. A few years later, pine seedlings and saplings develop and these are followed by young pine forest and by the developing "under-story" of hardwoods. Finally, 150 years after the field was first abandoned, there is a mature hardwood forest present."
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Global Warming: Myth or Reality?, 2006.
Discusses the conclusions reached, by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, about the changes that have taken place in physical and biological systems as a result of the shifting global climate.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 5 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a body encompassing over 700 scientists from 100 different countries. This paper discusses this organization and the 1,000 page report it released in February 2001 stating that recent changes in the world's climate have had apparent impacts in physical and biological systems. The paper explains that the IPCC stressed the fact that most of the warming trend over the last fifty years can be attributed to human activities.
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The Big Bang and The Birth of The Universe, 2006.
An overview of the big bang theory and how it attempts to answer the question of creation.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 2 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The Universe around us still contains many mysteries that are the subject of both our imagination and scientific research. One of the oldest questions is the question of creation. The currently accepted theory that addresses this problem is so called The Big Bang Theory. Even though there are still some skeptics regarding its validity, it is the hypothesis that has found solid evidence. This paper discusses the big bang theory, pioneered by George Gamow who based his ideas on the previous concept of exploding 'primeval atom.
From the Paper
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Marine and Forest Ecosystems, 2006.
An examination and assessment of a marine and forest ecosystem and the relationship these systems have to the well being of humans.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This essay examines a marine ecosystem and a forest ecosystem and identifies and ranks the three most important ecosystem services that are provided by these two systems, describing the nature of the relationship between two of the ecosystem services and the well being of humans. Furthermore, the essay discusses the most significant direct and indirect drivers of degradation within the two systems and discuss the scenarios that would best protect them as well as the scenarios that are most likely to happen.
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Genetically Modified Foods, 2006.
Discusses the ethical implications, health risk and impact on the environment of genetically modified foods.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 5 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
Genetically modified foods have emerged as a topic of great controversy in recent years. As agricultural technology grows by leaps and bounds, the presence of enhanced and or modified foods becomes more ubiquitous at grocery stores and on dinner tables. However, this proliferation has been met with concern by many people who fear that the new foodstuffs will have environmental ethical and human consequences that the proponents of such items are as yet dimly aware. This paper explores the environmental implications of genetically modified food.
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Climate Change and Bird Migrations, 2006.
A look at the effect that global climate changes are having on bird migration patterns.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 10 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that wildlife around the world is being affected by global warming and that the importance and impact of global climate changes have constituted discernible factors within our ecosystem. The paper further explains that these factors have disrupted animal and plant populations whereas further extirpation may result in extinction. In addition, there may be changes associated with migrating tendency, timing of events, distribution ranges, migrating routes and stopovers, traits of the birds and their population.
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