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Ecological Community Concepts, 2006.
This paper describes the different types of ecological communities found in nature.
3,050 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper defines and describes the different sorts of ecological communities found in nature. Each section of the paper defines and explores specific ecological concepts. The Caspian Sea region is selected as a biologically diverse and thriving ecological community.
Food Webs
Succession
Climax Community
Biodiversity
The Nature of a Community
From the Paper
"Furthermore, characterization of communities can occur based on the number of species and feeding links per species. As community diversity increases, the number of trophic levels, such as the herbivore or omnivore levels, and the number of guilds, such as the leaf eaters of the herbivore trophic level, also increase. These trophic levels, then, help influence the food web by describing either a top down or bottom up energy chain. In top down chains, predators depress populations of other animals, such as herbivores, resulting in a "green" earth. In bottom up chains, plants resist consumption by toxins and digestion inhibition, resulting also in a "green" earth. In both cases, predation and production form intricate parts of the food web (Ricklefs, 2001)."
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The Physical Environment of Iran, 2006.
This paper discusses the impact of human activity on the environment in Iran.
1,385 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Iranian population continues to increase at a rapid rate because of the establishment of public health preventive services, which have significantly reduced maternal mortality and raised life expectancy at birth. The author points out that, as the population increases wildly, Iran fails to address its environmental crises and now faces deforestation and desertification of its arid areas, over-fishing of lakes and rivers, industrial and urban waste, continued destruction of wetlands and reservoirs and pollution of the Persian and Caspian Seas by spilling chemicals and oils into them. The paper states that Iran must phase out leaded gasoline, require its people to use catalytic converters, assume a serious long-term approach in environmental protection and focus their direction on developing gas fields and reducing dependence on oil, not only to reduce pollution but also to diversify and strengthen its economy.
From the Paper
"Poisonous carbon emissions in Iran have steadily increased in the last two decades by 240% since 1980 or from 33.1 million metric tons in 1980 to 80.8 million metric tons in 2000. The uncontrollable growth of the population has clearly meant an increased and constantly increasing number of cars. The volume of automobile exhaust in Iran alone constitutes 1.3% of the world's total of carbon emissions. While Iran's carbon emissions are lower compared with those in the United States and other industrialized or developed countries, its rampant use of leaded gasoline and the volume of cars without catalytic converters account for the massive levels of carbon monoxide in Iran's urban areas."
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N.O.A.A. Emergency Response to Oil Spills, 2006.
This paper discusses the responsibilities and actions of the N.O.A.A.
3,557 words (approx. 14.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 99.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that N.O.A.A. stands for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and that the organization's main responsibility is to clean up mess made by oil spills in the ocean. In this paper, the writer examines issues regarding oil spills and discusses the tasks of the N.O.A.A.
Contents:
What is N.O.A.A.?
What is an Oil Spill?
History of Oil Spills.
How NOAA Responds to Spills?
What Kind of Chemicals Do they Use for Cleanup?
How Long Clean Up Takes?
How Tools Being Improved Such as High-pressure and Hot Water Washing?
What is Done for Oiled Animals?
Are there Precautions Taken Against Spills?
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Oil spreads rapidly especially when it is light and the water is wavy because it helps the oils to move faster and spreads out easily. But then when the oil is heavy such as black oil, the spread of it is so slow because they are contained together and the fluidity is sticky. The condition of the water also matters with the spread of the oil and the temperature also. When the weather is cold the oil are somewhat frozen and solid so the spread of it is slow. In terms of weather, when it is windy and there is storm, we are expecting the oil to spread quick and fast, and what is hard to clean up is they are not contained in one area, some of them can be found in different areas and can be found also in the shoreline thus damaging the corals and the animals in the water."
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Environment and Native Americans, 2006.
This paper looks at the Native American population with relation to the environment.
1,535 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that American Indians historically, have been the pioneers of environmental protection, even though the true authentic image of Native American environmental ethic has been distorted in the wake of romantic environmentalism. The writer looks at how the American Indians have transformed the North American landscape, but mentions that it was always out of rational response to abundance or scarcity. Further, the writer examines the history of the American Indians as it relates to the environment. In this paper, the writer concludes that individually successful Americans need to consider the fact that their acceptability for the Native Americans is necessary for a secured America of tomorrow.
From the Paper
"Environment at large has been subject to small-scale destruction throughout history and people have always considered it as infinitely durable and usable, the largest part of environmental problems has its origin in the economy developing over four centuries of American existence. This period was characetrized by the growth of industries which resulted in emissions that had a negative bearing on the environment. These developments apply pressure on the earth's resources, the processes of production, use, and disposition of things Post Columbian Americans required for their reproduction and expansion. The indirect effects on the environment were taken for granted as environment was considered elastic. However harking back to the early twentieth century, the efforts of Aldo Leopold towards the conservation of environment Wisconsin River were immense, to this date he is regarded as a great environmentalist, amidst mounting industrialization and technology leaving by-products of pollution and exhaustion of natural resources. Doling out with conservative backlash from the white Americans, American Indians have stood by with grace to work for the preservation and purgation of environment."
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Great Basin Spadefoot, 2006.
This article examines the Great Basin Spadefoot species and looks at the threat of extinction.
3,400 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the Great Basin Spadefoot species and looks at where they can be found in the world. The writer discusses conditions and habitat for the Great Basin Spadefoot and describes their eating and living habits. The writer describes features of the species, including hibernation, reproduction, danger of extinction and various aspects of the spadefoot life. In this article, the writer discusses research and studies that have taken place regarding the Great Basin Spadefoot including mention of a large-scale collapse of an entire community of frog species and growth experiments. The writer makes use of the writings and studies of biologists and other experts to provide this insight into the spadefoot world.
From the Paper
"Within the United States, the Great Basin Spadefoot lacks special state or federal status. They occur throughout the Columbia Basin and are locally common in many areas and within Washington state, there have been no declines documented. Spadefoots apparently can tolerate some habitat alteration, which often persists in irrigated agricultural lands. Moreover, it is believed that they may have actually increased in abundance due to the prevalence of breeding sites provided in some areas by irrigation water, however no systematic surveys have been conducted to document such patterns."
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Exxon Valdez, 2006.
The paper describes the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska and the full impact of this disaster.
2,794 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the oil spill accident that infused several million gallons of oil into a pristine wilderness area in Prince William Sound, Alaska, in 1989. The details of the spill are recorded and the writer also includes the conclusions of the Oil Spill Commission that investigated the accident. The paper explains the impact of the oil spill and how the subsequent efforts of ExxonMobil to repair the damage are still considered to be inadequate. The paper also quotes a recent study which concluded that far from having recovered, the Sound area persists to experience problems as a result of the oil spill but concludes that valuable lessons have been learnt from the Exxon Valdez disaster and great strides have been made since the disaster in setting up an oil-spill prevention system in the Sound.
From the Paper
"The oil tanker Exxon Valdez was a 987-foot ship, which was the second newest out of the 20 tanker fleets of the Exxon Shipping Company. The ship left the Alyska Pipeline Terminal at 9.12 pm, Alaska Standard Time on March 23, 1989 and was then loaded with 53,094, 540 gallons of North Slope crude oil to be transported to Long Beach in California. (The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Disaster) Exxon Valdez had hit at a reef in the Prince William Sound of Alaska on March 24, 1989 and it was considered as a nightmare. Within three hours if the incident, the Exxon Valdez was being grounded at Bligh Reef, with eight of its 11 cargo tanks being damaged and about several million gallons of crude oil were being spread into Prince William Sound. Before the occurrence of this accident Exxon Valdez had already transported oil through the Prince William Sound for more than 8700 times. Further before the occurrence of the Exxon Valdez disaster, the system of transiting of about 2 million barrels daily from the North Slope oil to the West coast and Gulf Coast markets had worked really well. Such complacency and efficacy were being affected when the Exxon Valdez had faced with the disaster on March 24. (Details about the Accident) This incident not only brought about revolutionary changes in Prince William Sound but also made the world to think seriously regarding the assurances, which were received from the corporations about their operations being safe."
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Herrings, 2006.
The paper discusses the role of the herring within the fish industry.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This article looks at the importance of the herring in the fish industry. The writer of the paper maintains that today's fishing industry has a responsibility to manage the available resources well, so that the entire industry will not be forced to collapse and that certain types of fish will not become extinct. The paper looks at different plans and research created in order to manage the herring supply. This has come about as the depletion of fish stocks all over the world has led to the inevitable result of a drastic reduction in catches and also a decrease in the number of employment opportunities. The writer explains that the herring is in danger and that some action is necessary to save the fish.
From the Paper
"It is a fact that for those people who are outside of the fishing industry, it will be indeed quite difficult to understand the various issues involved in the processes used by the industry, including fish production, the utilization of various resources, and also the entire marketing process that is used in the fishing industry. Perhaps one of the primary reasons for this is the fact that the fishing industry relies on the very latest technology in order to obtain food from the wild, like for example, robots, bio engineering techniques, satellites, and other types of electronic equipment. All this makes the entire industry extremely complex and what makes it even more difficult is the large number of fish species that is marketed today: in the US market alone, more than seven hundred different commercial varieties of fish can be found. (Past, present, and possible future of the fishery industry)"
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The Snake River, 2006.
This paper discusses the history, ecology and nature of the Snake River.
2,920 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the Snake River which is part of the larger Columbia River system. The natural ecology of the Snake River has been altered by the placement of dams on the river, altering the way Salmon move through the entire region and raising a number of questions about whether the dams are doing more harm than good. The Snake River is the main tributary of the Columbia River and extends some 1028 miles through both Yellowstone National Park and Grand Teton National Park. The river originates in Wyoming. The river empowers a number of hydroelectric plants along its route and so is a vital energy source for the country. The ecology of the Snake River has changed as a result of many of the projects along the length of the river, including the aforementioned series of dams and possible pollutants from the hydroelectric plants as well as from other environmental challenges in the region.
From the Paper
"The Columbia River system drains a 259,000-square-mile basin covering territory in seven states (Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Wyoming, and Utah) and one Canadian province (Columbia River 2005). This river is probably the most significant environmental force in the Pacific Northwest, flowing more than 1,200 miles from the base of the Canadian Rockies in southeastern British Columbia to the Pacific Ocean at Astoria, Oregon, and Ilwaco, Washington. Human beings have inhabited the region along the river for more than 10,000 years, but modern engineering in the 19th and 20th centuries has dramatically altered the Columbia River, so much so that some scientists today believe that the river is environmentally threatened and that drastic action should be taken to reverse the changes made to the Columbia over the last 150 years."
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Farms in the City, 2006.
This paper argues in favor of a type of sustainable agriculture as presented in Jac Smit's article "Farm the City".
1,275 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that sustainability refers to a practice of farming that depends primarily or completely on practices, such as proper planting and rotation of the land without applying materials trucked in from afar to remediate what should never have been damaged in the first place. The author points out that Smit believed that urban food security in the relatively near future could rest partly on locally grown and sold food, with production based on renewable local resources, such as composting in the backyard rather than on fossil fuels. The paper argues that sustainable urban agriculture may become a national defense because even under siege for a very long time, residents of cities would not starve to death.
Table of Contents
"Traditional" Agriculture
"Sustainable" Agriculture
What's Best for the Future?
From the Paper
"Tilman et. al. suggest that sustainable agriculture must be accompanied by advances in energy use, transportation and so on. In short, they do not so much lobby for a scaled-down, friendly, homegrown sort of urban farming Smit outlined; rather, they seem to suggest that more attention should be paid to improving 'big ag.' Still, what they desire for big ag is not entirely without sustainability merit. They suggest multiple cropping systems with crop rotation and intercropping, with two crops grown side by side and simultaneously. That, they note, may improve pest control and water and nutrient efficiency."
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Hurricane Kathleen, 2006.
Reviews literature pertaining to Hurricane Kathleen that swept through New Orleans in 2005.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 117.95
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Abstract
Hurricane Katrina touched land near New Orleans, Louisiana on August 29, 2005 and its storm surge ripped the levees built to protect New Orleans from Lake Pontchartrain. With hundreds dead and damage along the coastal regions of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama costing more than $200 billion, Katrina is considered the most destructive and costliest tropical cyclone to hit the United States. This paper examines literature relating to Hurricane Katrina. Among the texts explored are: J. Galle's "Vulnerable Cities" (2005), "New Orleans' Levees Not Built for Worst Case Events" by B. Handwerk (2005) and "New Orleans: Nature's Revenge" by A. Blenford (2005).
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Review of Literature
Methods
Findings
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Delta soils by nature compact and sink in time, giving way to open water, except when fresh layers of sediments are placed to offset them. The Mississippi spring floods previously retained that balance, but yearly deluges were often destructive. The strong flood 1927 erased the levees, lined with concrete and funneled marsh-building sediments to the deep waters of the Gulf. Engineers also severed more than 8,000 miles of canals through the marsh for petroleum exploration and ship traffic (Bourne 2005). These new ditches increased the incidence of erosion and allowed huge and lethal amounts of salt water to penetrate and infiltrate brackish and freshwater marshes."
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Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 2005.
This paper researches the implications of the 1973 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) Annex (VI) requirements on the sulfur content of fuel oil.
7,365 words (approx. 29.5 pages), 18 sources, APA, $ 162.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the MARPOL Annex VI protocol is concerned with the prevention of ship-source air pollution in the form of nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides (SOx) and other air-borne pollutants, but a number of challenges remain in terms of its effectiveness and enforceability, which are the subject of this study. The author points out that the research showed that the maritime industry continues to be the largest unregulated source of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions and represents serious long-term challenges to providing viable ozone standards in coastal regions. The paper concludes that any option that involves extensive re-blending or refinery processing changes, which will almost certainly produce a marine fuel substantially different in quality than the industry standard for the past 50 years have, will be costly and therefore driven largely by economic forces. Tables.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of Problem
Research Questions
Research Methodology
Review of the Literature
Background and Overview
Operational Aspects of a Sulphur Limit on Marine Fuels
Analysis and Discussion
Implications, Effects, and Challenges Faced by Operators, Owners, Authorities on the Low Sulphur Cap
Invest in Residue Desulphurisation (RDS)
The Availability of Low-Sulphur Fuels in the Future
Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations
Summary
Conclusion
Recommendations
From the Paper
"Article 211 of the 1982 LOS Convention provides the general guidelines for vessel-source pollution; for example, Article 211(3) requires the port state to notify others, through the International Maritime Organization (IMO), of requirements to be met before a vessel is permitted to enter the port state's territorial waters. Today, the IMO has around 160 members and is headed by a secretary-general, who serves a four-year term and oversees a Secretariat staff of approximately 300--one of the smallest UN agency staffs. All members are represented in the Assembly, the IMO's primary policy-making body, which meets once every two years. The Council, originally consisting of 24 members but subsequently increased to 32 (a 1993 resolution suggested an increased membership of 40, but it remains unratified); the Council meets twice each year and is tasked with governing the organization between Assembly sessions."
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International Environmental Compromises, 2005.
This paper argues that the problems of international environmental compromises must be resolved.
1,865 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the debate over the Kyoto Protocol, an international set of standards regarding environmental issues, that specifically regards the emissions allowed by each nation, which are negatively affecting a global climate change, demonstrates the problem of international environmental regulation. The author points out that disputes in current worldwide groups like the United Nations and regional organizations, such as NATO and the Organization of Latin American States, do not give an optimistic outlook for the world's ability to compromise when it comes to environmental regulations. The paper argues that creating a bureaucratic standard and enforcement mechanism for environmental regulations is going to be an incredibly difficult task;therefore, non-governmental organizations, NGOs, will be the non-bureaucratic movement, which will eventually be the most influential in terms of changing international environmental policies.
From the Paper
"There must be punishments or enforceable measures for nations that are found not to comply. The details of how long a nation has to comply and in what manner it will be determined that they have failed to comply to the standards will take a massive bureaucratic effort, using thousands of hours of research, of manpower on the ground, and then of deciding on a proper method of enforcement. This bureaucratic effort is a huge factor in why the world has not adopted a uniform model of environmental standards-even if a compromise can be reached with all the world's nations, who will pay for the inspectors? Who will pay for bringing the industries up to standard-the nation at fault, or the world community as a whole?"
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Gray Wolves, 2006.
An introduction to the grey wolf, its history, habitat and its relationship with humans.
1,945 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the grey wolf, an animal that is specific to North America. In particular, the paper researches the gray wolf, discusses the natural history of the animal, its living habits, and range, as well as the ongoing controversy over relocating wolves in the American West.
Table of Contents
Abstract
The History of the Wolf
Wolves in Folklore and Myth
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Most packs live in secluded dens or caves that keep them safe from man, other predators, and the weather. If a cave is not available, wolves will dig a hole in the ground or under a rock, or even take over the lodges of other animals, such as beavers (Smith & Phillips, 2000, p. 220). Packs usually range anywhere between 50 and 100 miles each day as they hunt for prey, but in areas where food is scarce, and studies show they can travel up to 500 miles a day in search of food. Common prey "include deer, moose, elk, pronghorn, bison, mountain goats, and mountain sheep" (Donnelly, 1999, p. 180). Scientists and ranchers know they can also prey on sheep, lambs, calves, and other domesticated livestock, which is another reason ranchers and many others distrust them and even hate them in the American West. Ranchers see them as a threat to their livestock, and they fought hard to keep the government from reinstating wolves into Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming in 1995."
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"Garbage as Art", 2005.
This paper discusses the use of "garbage as art" to raise environmental awareness.
780 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that using "garbage as art" reminds the viewer that the environment is often a harsh and an ugly place and the rewards cannot always be immediately appreciated. The author points out that "garbage as art" is a tangible, immediate way to suggest to individuals the possibilities of renewal in the environment, a way to recycle the environment and a way for human beings to personally express their ideas about their connections to the natural environment. The paper concludes that, rather than a series of seismic breaks of casting off and then beginning again, by acknowledging garbage's possibilities as art, Western society can see that we must use the past again in the future.
From the Paper
"Scanlan's poetic musings in "On Garbage" also stress the humbling nature of garbage. All societies are reduced to relics after the death of the civilization. These waste products, such as broken and chipped pots, are now deployed as costly museum attractions. If we are not to bury ourselves in a world with rapidly dwindling space and resources, Scanlan argues, we must grapple with Western culture's mania for discarding things as a way of moving forward. Western culture has denied the natural lifecycle of rebirth, and clung to a false ideal of something beginning from nothing."
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Rainforests, 2006.
An analysis of environmental challenges in Central and South America.
2,050 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
For several decades, many Americans have been aware that the rainforests of Central and South America are shrinking as well as the fact that the lost of significant amounts of rainforest could well have a negative effect on the entire world as well as the immediate areas in and near the former forests. This paper examines how the environmental issue of rainforest loss, with its accompanying soil erosion, contamination of the water table and loss of biodiversity, is caused by many factors that interplay with each other.
Outline
Introduction
Deforestation
Cultural Contributions
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Consideration of humankind's impact on the rainforests should begin with the people who have the longest histories there. The indigenous peoples of these rainforest lived for millennia without doing unrecoverable ecological damage (Barnham & Coomes, 1997), even though "slash and burn" farming was a traditional way of life. In "slash and burn" agriculture, the people simply cut down the wooded area and/or burn the vegetation off so they can use the land for their own agricultural purposes (Morrison, 2001). When these groups of people farmed in this manner, however, they moved on to new areas when the land became depleted. Gradually, the rainforest reclaimed the disused farmland, reducing the impact of this farming approach (Morrison, 2001). "
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