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Oil Prices, 2006.
A discussion on the inflation of oil prices.
1,177 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the different factors which together influence and effect changes in oil prices in the global market. It explains that natural calamities that are an ever-present danger for the rich oil shores along the Gulf of Mexico, the volatility of the Middle East, swelling domestic consumption and natural disasters together contribute to the high oil prices in the nation.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Increase in Oil Price (Different reasons)
Oil Refineries
Natural Disasters
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"As mentioned above, different political and economic reasons affect oil prices. First of these is the political unrest in Iraq. As a huge oil-producing nation, Iraq has a considerable effect on the global oil economy. The 1978 revolution in Iran affected oil production. [LSA] During the 1980'war between Iraq and Iran, we saw the drastic increase in oil prices. Then again during the first gulf war between Iraq and Kuwait, we witnessed the shooting up of oil prices. So the political instability of these nations that come under the oil belt have a direct influence on production capacity and consequently affect the price. Currently, American invasion of Iraq has created a volatile situation with increasing terrorist activities. The insurgents are targeting the oil fields and the important pipelines. Monitoring the complete stretch of pipelines is practically impossible."
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In the Wilderness, 2006.
This paper looks at the writings of Henry David Thoreau with regard to the concept of wilderness.
2,295 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses author Henry David Thoreau's writings relating to the American idea (and ideal) of the wilderness. The writer explains that Thoreau wrote about the spiritual bond between humans and the natural world and that Thoreau's work ranged widely from writings on nature to justice and truth. In addition, the writer looks at how Thoreau combines the ideas of the study of nature as well as the more transcendental approach of contemplation and unconscious attachment. The writer also looks and compares Thoreau's ideas to the beliefs of John Muir regarding wilderness. Further, the writer discusses the development of Thoreau's ideas in his works.
From the Paper
"In fact, adds Oeschlaeger, Muir does not only go beyond transcendentalism, but includes dimensions that even Thoreau's idea wilderness did not attain. Why is it, then, that Muir does not always have the recognition he deserved? The first reason is that he wrote significantly much more as a naturalistic essayist in the tradition of Gilbert White than a systematic philosopher. Although there is philosophical prose in his work, he does not push his arguments but is discrete in his approach. There is a relentless questioning of anthropocentric viewpoints on nature and a regular acceptance of a biocentric perspective where humans have developed into an empathetic part of nature instead of a scientific observer separate from it.
Secondly, Muir's approach is more theological than philosophical. His love for nature is so great, that he can not divorce his ideas about God from what he sees around him."
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Oceanography, 2006.
An in-depth discussion on oceanography.
2,140 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a general definition of oceanography. It continues to paint a more realistic picture of the work of an oceanographer. The paper offers details on different focuses of oceanography,like climatological, palaeoceanographic and physical to name a few. In conclusion, the author highlights the importance of the information derived from this particular science. It also includes graphic representation to qualify points made.
From the Paper
"Long Bay in California is a heavily populated coastal region that has many tourists visiting it at all times. Sand resources are here for recreational purposes, as well as for coastal habitat. It must be noted that earlier studies of the same have revealed a large amount of sand deposits, which are situated oblique tot eh existing shoreline. This is oriented clockwise in the offshore direction, and the sand feature is about ten kilometers long, two kilometers wide, and more than three meters thick. It is assumed that these sand deposits are providing a rich source of beach nourishment material. This study was undertaken in order to, at the outset, measure and models the oceanographic circulation in the area, and secondly, to identify and recognize the various processes that maintain the presence of this particular sand feature."
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Pesticide Laws and the Judicial Process, 2006.
An in-depth look at pesticide laws and cases that were brought before the Supreme Court to change the laws.
3,935 words (approx. 15.7 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 107.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the judicial process as applied to pesticide court cases, which have seemingly not resulted in any significant changes in pesticide law. The paper analyzes how the most consistent feature of the decisions in the court cases was that when harm was caused to a business or the livelihood of farmers, the U.S. Supreme Court generally agreed to hear the case, and found in favor of the plaintiffs against the chemical manufacturers. The paper further discusses that when the case was brought by an individual, and it was a matter of personal injury resulting from incidental contact with the substance in question, the U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear the case, in some cases, a settlement was negotiated. The paper further analyzes a case that succeeded where the suit brought on the basis that the chemical companies were unreasonably withholding information that should be made available to the public.
Table of Contents:
Bates et al v. Dow AgroSciences LLC and Citizen Right to Sue
Precursor Legal Battle: Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc.
Three Additional FIFRA Suits
League of Wilderness Defenders v. Forsgren (2002) Raises Timber Issues
Guzman v. Amvac Chemical Corporation Won Workers' Rights
Judicial Process in Two Related Lawsuits
Endangered Species and Pesticides
The Court Refused to Hear a Pesticide Case
Roundup
Discussion
Findings
References
From the Paper
"While manufacturers were required to disclose all ingredients to the EPA, even inert ingredient, the EPA "routinely withholds this information from the public because of industry claims that the information is subject to trade secrecy laws. The plaintiffs argued that EPA wrongfully accepted manufacturers' blanket claims of confidentiality without first ascertaining that the inerts in the six pesticide products qualified as trade secrets" (Daily Environment Reporter)."
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Alaskan Oil Drilling, 2006.
A look at the Alaskan oil reserves and the affect on business and consumers.
1,884 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the issue of the Alaskan oil reserves and their potential for the economy of the United States has become extremely contentious. The Bush Administration and the corporate sector are of the opinion that the Alaskan oil reserve offers a potentially large resource and a possible solution to the energy needs of the country. However, there are also contending voices which see the usage of the reserves as ecologically unsound. Another perspective, which is explored in this paper, is that the Alaskan reserves will make very little difference to the overall energy problems and economy over the next decade.
From the Paper
"The National Petroleum Reserve of Alaska (NPR-A), is situated between the foothills of the Brooks Range and the Arctic coastline, and is about 120 miles from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). (Rosen, Y. 2003. ) The Bureau of Land Management ( BLM) estimates the area will"... supplement production from the Alpine fields, which hold 429 million barrels and have a daily oil output of about 100,000 barrels." (US OKs Commercial Drilling in Alaska Oil Reserve) In terms of geography the oil in the petroleum reserve" lies in reservoirs only about 50 feet thick, stretched across an area 300 miles wide and 200 miles from the coast inland to the Brooks Range. In ANWR, the oil is largely concentrated in reservoirs as thick as 300 feet." "
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Appalachia, 2006.
This paper discusses the Appalachian mountain region and its natural resources.
1,826 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the Appalachian mountain region. The writer notes that today the region has a reputation that is rich in resources with a notoriously poor economy and people. The writer maintains that this is no doubt the legacy of the exploitative nature of early industrialization in the Appalachia area. The writer concludes that as infrastructure is developed there is less and less need for some of the region's riches and conversely as the resources available are depleted, industry looks elsewhere for a point of need, leaving behind the generations of workers dependant upon this type of development. The writer contends that it is for this reason that the future of the Appalachian region is yet unknown, and will continue to be a region of flux for many years to come.
From the Paper
"The Appalachian mountain region was the first American frontier, sought after as a place to romantically recreate the American dream of idealistic frontiersmanship. The mountains were the back door to many of the original American colonies and within them to the settlers of the nation lay unknown riches and exotic cultures, yet to be experienced or some would say exploited by the Europeans and the American settlers. They were the first areas to be traversed and eventually developed. The name of the area is a result of the goals of the Spanish to find wealth through gold mining as the area is named for the first group of Native Americans to point toward the forests and claim them rich in gold, the Appalachee. It is thought that they may have done so to send their unwanted guests away from them but none the less the name stuck."
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Monsoon Weather, 2006.
Through an annotated bibliography, the paper examines the effects of the monsoon.
1,878 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the monsoon, one of the most intense climate phenomena in the world. Global weather patterns rely on monsoon rains and weather conditions, and individuals within the monsoon climate areas rely heavily on the monsoon rains for agricultural production and water supplies. Variations in these monsoon climates can produce deadly results, including drought, flood, and a lack of food supplies. By understanding the basics behind the monsoon climate, and its weather patterns, it is possible to comprehend the global effects of this climate pattern. The paper provides information on a variety of different media sources regarding the monsoon climate, its causes, effects on other regional weather patterns, and effects on global production through an
annotated bibliography. Additionally, the resources provide information regarding the prediction of those monsoon variations in an effort to assist residents in predicting proper growth seasons.
From the Paper
"This chapter focuses on the major influences over the weather and climate of tropic regions, including the conditions that create the monsoon season in summer, as well as monsoon depressions, north-east monsoon flows, south-west monsoon flows, and the seasonal conditions which cause the monsoon climate. This is of particular interest, in that the authors carefully and meticulously examine each season in Asia in relation to its effect on the creation of a monsoon climate. This chapter's focus is on the monsoon climate in detail, so its usefulness in examining this weather pattern cannot be exagerated. Further, the information is recent, providing the latest information available about the monsoon weather climate."
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The Alaskan Oil Reserves, 2006.
A review of the Alaskan oil reserves and how they potentially benefit the United States.
2,069 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the Alaskan oil reserves and how these reserves offer a potentially large resource and a possible solution to the energy needs of the United States. This paper also reviews how using these reserves could mean possible exploitation of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.
From the Paper
" The National Petroleum Reserve of Alaska (NPR-A), is situated between the foothills of the Brooks Range and the Arctic coastline, and is about 120 miles from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). (Rosen, Y. 2003. ) The Bureau of Land Management ( BLM) estimates the area will"... supplement production from the Alpine fields, which hold 429 million barrels and have a daily oil output of about 100,000 barrels." (US OKs Commercial Drilling in Alaska Oil Reserve) In terms of geography the oil in the petroleum reserve" lies in reservoirs only about 50 feet thick, stretched across an area 300 miles wide and 200 miles from the coast inland to the Brooks Range. In ANWR, the oil is largely concentrated in reservoirs as thick as 300 feet." (Big oil numbers for Alaska)
At first glance there seems to be very little reason not to make use of these oil reserves. The US Geological Survey estimates that the reserve contains between 5.9 billion and 13.2 billion barrels of oil. (US expands oil exploration in Alaska). Other estimates are that the area "... is expected to produce between 5.7 billion and 16 billion barrels of oil for decades." (Murkowski L. 2005)"
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Scrub Jay, 2006.
A discussion of the scrub jay bird in Florida.
1,197 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a short description of the scrub jay. It continues to explain that the scrub jay is an endangered species. The paper explains that as the scrub jay is a protected bird, land where these birds reside may not be developed. The author concludes with an explanation of the controversy in Florida surrounding development and the scrub jay.
From the Paper
"Scrub jays, aside from being on the Endangered Species list, are attractive.
Mating for life, one of their characteristics seems always to attract humans. These birds build a nest about 8 feet above ground, build a shallow nest basket of twigs and palmetto fibers, and raise one or two broods of hatchlings from clutches of three to four eggs. For a long while, it was thought that displaced bird families would simply move on to another scrub brush stand. However, that is not so. Scrub jays are "highly territorial. Disruption of habitat quickly leads to upset reproduction, rejection and isolation" (ecofloridamagazine Web site, 1999-2000) and disruption of habitat has already diminished the scrub jay population to about 2,000."
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Darwinist Theory, 2006.
This paper discusses Ernst Mayr's writings in "One Long Argument: Charles Darwin and the Genesis of Modern Evolutionary Thought".
1,253 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the text 'One Long Argument: Charles Darwin and the Genesis of Modern Evolutionary Thought' by Ernst Mayr. The writer contends that Mayr shows that the Darwinian Revolution was the most far-reaching of all intellectual upheavals of the Victorian age and this stems from the Victorian assertion of the supremacy of human rationality and the importance of the human moral triumph over the baser morality of animals. The writer maintains that Mayr's book is a clear and unapologetic outline and defense of Darwin's theories combined with an intelligent explanation of why theories are accepted or not accepted socially, and by the scientific academic community. It also shows how Darwin's theory is not a constant, but has been expanded upon by biologists since Darwin's death, by scientists such as August Wiseman, Mayr and others.
From the Paper
"The centrality of reproduction in Darwin's writings was quite shocking to many Victorians as the mechanism or the determination of the origin of a new species was the inability of one species to mate with the other species, generated purely by environmental needs not by appearance, as assumed in previous attempts at categorization. This brought to the forefront one of the most important insights that Darwin illuminated, namely the slow but steady nature of the change of all animal species in the environment through the process of natural selection. Animals as individuals did not change--another challenge to the Victorian stress upon the ability of human self-improvement. Rather, the more environmental suited or fittest of a species survived, and reproduced, causing new species eventually to be formed from these more environmentally suited beings. Fighting over scarce resources like food and shelter caused other species to die out."
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Endangered Species Act, 2006.
This paper discusses the Endangered Species Act of 1973.
2,954 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA) that was designed to protect plant and animal species that were - and are - threatened by extinction and to provide punitive measures for persons and organizations that violate the Act. This paper focuses on just the animals that are endangered (not those on the "threatened" list), not the plants, although there are numerous plant species listed as endangered and thousands of species of plants already extinct. The writer looks at the animals this act concerns and discusses the proposed legislation. The writer discusses challenges and complications related to the Act.
Contents:
Introduction
Animals Placed on the Endangered Species List
Removed from the Endangered Species List
Legislation Proposed will Radically Change the ESA
Grizzly Bears in Yellowstone Park
Cut Throat Trout Numbers Shrinking in Yellowstone Park
Florida Home Builders Association Sues
Florida Native Americans Sue Interior Secretary Gale Norton
International Marine Mammal Project
Marketing Endangered Species and Wildlife Conservation
From the Paper
"One of the animals that may soon come off the ESA's list in a certain, prescribed area, is the Grizzly Bear. The Department of Interior (DOI) (which runs FWS) has decided to remove the 600 or so Grizzlies "in and near Yellowstone National Park" from the federal endangered list. Why? It would put protection of the bears in the hands of state wildlife officials in Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho, according to a USA Today article.
The other reason for taking the Grizzly off the federal protected list is that the bears' population in the Yellowstone area has increased from around 200 in 1975, to about 600 today. The Grizzly once number around 50,000 throughout the western United States and now there are about 1,200 remaining. They live primarily in four regions: Yellowstone, Glacier National Park (Montana), the Selkirk Mountains (Idaho), and in the Cabinet Mountains in Montana. The Grizzlies in those other three areas will remain on the ESA list of protected animals."
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Kyoto Protocol, 2006.
An examination of the Kyoto Protocol on global warming and the environment and how current and past US governments have dealt with environmental issues.
4,025 words (approx. 16.1 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 108.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the Kyoto Protocol which became effective in February 2005. The paper discusses how the United States has stayed out of the Protocol as it feared that accepting the Protocol would give the developing countries like India and China an unfair advantage. The paper further examines how the Bush government has faced severe criticism for its opposition to Kyoto Protocol both internationally as well as from general public and state governments, while a few states have taken steps to reduce green-house gasses (GHG) by regulating on state level. The paper shows that even if America does not meet the Kyoto targets it will be able to show considerable progress in GHG reduction to satisfy its own public opinion as well as the international community.
Table of Contents:
Summary
Introduction
Environmental Policies of Past Governments
i) President Regan Environmental Approach
ii) President Bush Senior's Environmental Policies
iii) President Clinton and Global Warming
iv) President G. W. Bush Junior Actions on Kyoto Protocol
Europe's Views on US Defiance
Public Opinion on Global Warming
Congress Views on GHG Controls
State Policies on Global Warming
US Policies on Environment
President Bush's Alternative to Kyoto Protocol
Conclusions
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Environmental issues have gained high public importance and can win or loose local senate and even presidential election. The 2004 election was probably the first where candidate of both political parties avoided the issues relating to the environment. The public pressure and that of environmental lobbies makes the government enact environmental regulations. The business lobby, on the other hand knows that implementing environmental measures adds to the cost of doing business and deprives them of business opportunities due to environmental concerns."
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Ecological Restoration, 2006.
This paper discusses ecological restoration and restoring the natural balance of the land.
1,373 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer looks at the matter of restoring the natural balance of the landscape. The writer discusses Robert Elliot's apparent distaste for ecological restoration in close detail throughout the first portion of this paper. This article explores the circumstances in which restoration may be considered benevolent, through careful examination of Elliot's philosophy and that of Murray Krieger. The writer concludes that in the case of restoring the natural balance of the land, one is not attempting to profit from the restoration or create a fake situation, but rather restore the original version to its original grace and glory so it can be better appreciated.
From the Paper
"Robert Elliot in his work "Faking Nature" rejects the idea that restoration ecology is useful in many instances. Elliot asserts that attempting to restore the natural ecology of the land is nothing more than an attempt to forge that which was once natural and beneficial. In this light restoring the natural ecology of the land seems nothing more than an attempt to fake that which is natural, which in and of itself promotes no intrinsic value.
Further Elliot asserts that one can not reproduce the value that original ecosystems had to offer. The field of environmental ethics proposes that the natural value of nature should be preserved rather than the value of nature purely for human purposes including survival or consumption. Under this assumption nature isn't necessarily valued by humans desiring to create artificial landscapes purely for humanistic benefits."
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Ecological Competition, 2006.
A discussion on the principle of competition as it pertains to ecology.
3,078 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
The paper defines and describes the principle of competition as it pertains to ecology and outlines the underlying physical, chemical, and/or biological principles that operate within the ecological principle. The paper includes a description of general textbook observations that support this principle. In the conclusion, the paper describes four real world studies from specific scientific articles published in research journals that demonstrate the principle, including an examination of how the principles discussed here are investigated by ecologists.
From the Paper
"Competition is described as an interaction that leads to an increase in one species population density and also to a decrease in the per capita growth rate and population density in another. It has also been suggested that species richness in a habitat decreases with increasing levels of competition- the more competition there is for a particular resource, the fewer individuals there will be in a species population. Further, the number of species in a habitat will become excluded due to the intensity of competitive activity."
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