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Behavior Modification, 2007.
This paper discusses the benefits of behavior modification for students with special needs.
958 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper defines behavior modification as rewarding students for changing their behavior in positive ways and punishing them when they revert to old, negative behaviors. The paper emphasizes the need for a level of specificity, predictability and timeliness of the reinforcement. The paper discusses how this system is particularly suitable for students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and attention deficit disorder. The paper points out, however, that although behavior modification can be effective if properly used, the student's entire neurological, psychological, and social makeup must be addressed in the ways that the rewards and punishments are administered.
From the Paper
"The value or 'pros' of behavior modification is that it places a stress on observable and measurable behaviors, rather than vague statements like the student should show more respect to the teacher and to his or her peers (Mather & Goldstein, 2001). This has made behavior modification a useful strategy for teachers to use with special needs students, as the teacher can communicate more clearly to the student what is expected in the classroom. A specific, observable and measurable goal for a student with Attention-Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity might be that the child raises his or her hand every time he or she speaks up in class. If a student does not talk out of turn, or turns his or her homework in on time, or performs a specific behavioral goal a specific number of times, the student is rewarded with an equally specific reinforcement."
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Literacy, 2007.
An analysis of the dynamic nature of literacy in a social context.
1,494 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper defines literacy according to reviews of current literature. It shows how over time any definition of literacy must be dynamic, adaptable and comprehensive in order to be useful. It discusses the importance of understanding modern definitions of literacy in order to gain a deeper understanding of language and its role in a social context.
From the Paper
"In the end, finding one's way around competing definitions of literacy is no easy job. Without question, literacy is a function of social demands and requirements that will inevitably change over time and across different cultural contexts. The result is that any working definition of literacy must take into account not only the functional aspects of language, reading, writing, and speaking, but also the social context within which that definition was created. The most useful approach to devising a definition of literacy is to allow for a continuum of literacies that can account for the various ways in which individuals use their own levels of literacy throughout their lives and in different social domains and contexts. Any other definition will be uselessly simplistic and difficult to employ in a critical or educational setting."
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Female Faculty Compensation, 2007.
An in-depth examination of the issue of gender compensation disparity at America's colleges and universities.
19,591 words (approx. 78.4 pages), 42 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
The paper studies the perceptions and realities of female faculty compensation at American colleges and universities. The paper determines that faculty women earn lower salaries than faculty men and they tend to occupy, in noticeably larger proportions, the lower rungs of the academic hierarchy. The paper discusses how disparities in women's pay and promotions are reflections of the wider society's prejudices and preconceptions. The paper recommends that college and university faculty and administrators work together to change views and institute real programs to change these long-established prejudices. The paper includes appendices.
Outline:
Chapter 1: Introduction
Background: Equality and the Workplace
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Significance of the Study
Research Design and Methodology
Organization of the Study
Chapter 2 : Literature Review
Equality in the Workplace as a Reflection of Equality in Society
Chapter 3: Gender Pay Inequity Among College and University Faculty
Why is Gender Pay Inequity Important?
The Value of One's Work and the Gender Inequality Experience
Chapter 4: Gender Pay Inequity Among College and University Faculty: Belief Vs Reality
The Beliefs
The Realities
Chapter 5: Conclusion
Introduction
Summary
Recommendations
From the Paper
"American society has changed dramatically in recent decades, and with it, the American workplace. Age-old assumptions and practices have been given up in favor of new outlooks and techniques. The last third of the Twentieth Century was a time of leveling, a period in which long oppressed groups fought for and, in many cases, gained their rights. Americans on all rungs of the socio-economic ladder looked at, and re-evaluated, the fundamental premises and promises of their nation and society. The United States was a country conceived in liberty, justice, and equality for all, principals that had not always been lived up to; opportunities that had not always been made available to all. After a long and hard struggle, ethnic and religious minorities obtained equality under the law. They fought for and won equal recognition in the voting booth, in the restaurants, clubs, schools, and the workplace. Conscientious citizens looked beyond the obvious minorities and discovered a full half of the American population that was suffering from discrimination. From the beginning, America's women had been denied their right to a full and equal participation in the American dream."
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Disciplining Disabled Students, 2007.
An analysis of the ability to effectively discipline students with disabilities in a school environment.
1,868 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of school discipline as it relates to students with disabilities. The writer explores the laws and alternatives that are available with regard to special education students and the discipline they receive in the school system. The writer then argues that special education students sometimes pose a threat to the ability to effectively discipline at school.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Process
Conclusion
From the Paper
"For many years students with special needs were shuffled down to the end of the hall and largely ignored. Four decades ago the wheels were set in motion for changes in the system and today students with special needs are provided federally protected rights with regard to their education. While it is exciting and fair that these students be provided an education and are allowed to be taught in regular education classrooms it is unfair to expect these accommodations yet claim if they place a disciplinary burden on the school staff they be disciplined with the same rules as the special education students. Students bringing weapons to school, starting fist fights and other problems must be handled in the same way that regular education students are for the safety of the overall school population."
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African-Americans and Education, 2007.
This paper discusses the progress, struggles and aspirations of African-Americans in education.
1,466 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper relates the history of education for African-Americans and explores problems relating to education legislation. The paper looks at present education issues and concerns for African-American students and examines statistics relating to their drop-out rates. The paper concludes that there has been progress, to a degree, in educational attainment of the aspirations of African-American students, although there are still barriers.
Outline:
Introduction
History of Education for African Americans
Noted Problems Relating to Education Legislation
Present Education Issues and Concerns for African-American Students
Statistics Relating to Drop-out Rates of African-Americans
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"The work of Allen and Jewell (2002) states that: "...the Black struggle for higher education is an apt metaphor for the larger Black struggles for citizenship, self-determination and personhood in this society." The historical account of the African American race in obtaining access to higher education in the United States is characterized by many ups and downs. The aspirations of the African American individual of attaining higher education have been historically unattained due to existing barriers to higher education of Black individuals."
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Socialization, 2007.
An analysis of the process of socialization and current understanding of this process in association with childhood education.
1,062 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that research has indicated that children are not passive recipients of socialization as once thought, but that they are actively questioning the benefits of conformity. The paper concludes that, while socialization can be influenced by adults and the social environment that a child is surrounded by, an individual makes his or her own conclusions. As a result, we are still living in a world of differences, with everyone having a chance to occupy specific and diverse understandings and perspectives of social order and behavior.
From the Paper
"An examination of the meaning of socialization will reveal two distinct branches. In the first branch, the definition means that of "making a person fit to deal with others" or simply giving him certain inhibitions and a rudimentary stock of manners to operate within society (Margolin). The secondary branch intimates the idea to "organize or form in accordance with the principles and aims of socialism" (Bossard). Although it seems that the traditional model of socialization would only encompass the first definition, the reality of our current educational system and our approach to teaching socialization has its real roots in the second."
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Dealing with Parental Participation, 2007.
An analysis of the importance, for students, of close communication between parents and teachers.
2,795 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 41 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of close communication and interaction between a school and its parents. It looks at issues of diversity and how these affect parental participation and discusses how the school administration can combat any problems that arise. The paper suggests that apart from the obvious academic improvement amongst students that will be achieved from healthy associations between teachers and parents, students will also experience personal enhancements, cooperation, respect for adult intervention and enthusiasm for community work.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Significance of Parental Participation
Problems of Parental Participation
Problems faced by School Administrators
Strategies for Parental Participation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Being a school administrator in an urban school setting, the study that had been conducted by Nistler and Angela (2000) was extremely helpful to me. Its main goal was to design an effective parent-student program while keeping in mind the urban low-income earners. The researchers took into consideration the first graders from two different schools and separate years and designed a four-staged program. In each phase, both the student and parent had a designated task: in the first phase, both read aloud poems; in the second, both read and sang the alphabet song; in the third, both got involved individually and collectively in numerous literacy and math courses; and in the last phase, there was a parent-teacher meeting. Almost 1/3 of the parents did not have a high school degree. In the first year 96.5% of the students had the support of their parents present while this dropped by 2% in year two. The researchers concluded that the removal of peripheral responsibilities like babysitting and transportation led to higher cooperation from the parents. The end result was increased and enthusiastic participation of the parents even if they did not have precise knowledge of the matter being presented in class. The interest of the parents encouraged the students to develop interest as well."
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Leadership Programs for Inner-City Schools, 2007.
An analysis of the impact of leadership programs for football players at inner-city schools.
14,394 words (approx. 57.6 pages), 58 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes how disciplinary problems can be reduced in inner-city schools. It suggests that young people can learn to better manage themselves while relating to others. The paper focuses on a high school football program that focuses on instilling leadership qualities in its participants, to achieve this end. It reviews the literature and analyzes the success of these programs.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Chapter 1: Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Rationale of Study
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
Background and Overview
The History of Mentoring
What is Mentoring?
Importance of After School Programs
Programs Found And Research
Economic Considerations
Assessing the Effectiveness of High School Sports-Based Leadership Programs
Data-gathering Method and Database of Study
Chapter 4: Data Analysis
Setting and Participants
Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
Summary
Conclusions
Recommendations
From the Paper
"The research clearly showed that participation in extracurricular athletic programs provided high school students with a wide range of beneficial outcomes, including improved academic performance and fewer disciplinary problems. It is reasonable to conclude that participation in such extracurricular leadership development activities will help address many of the fundamental issues facing American educators and students alike in inner city schools, and but such interventions are not without effort and cost. Nevertheless, there are some obvious win-win aspects to such athletic-based initiatives as well, particularly for inner-city students who may have few alternatives available to them. According to one authority, "Teaching students how to live healthy is vital to our society. Physical education teaches students how to develop and maintain proper fitness. Teaching people how they can live longer not only benefits the individual but also society, through a reduction in medical spending due to unhealthy individuals" (Coviello, 1994, p. 6). Despite these findings, though, other authorities cite some fairly isolated examples of how participation in extracurricular leadership development programs either do not contribute to such development or merely provide an avenue for enhancing natural traits there were already present in a given percentage of the participants. Despite these constraints to the positive conclusions noted above, though, these potential downsides are more than offset by the important benefits that many students gain through such active participation. Therefore, the following recommendations are provided."
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Classroom Discipline, 2007.
This paper explores strategies of enforcing discipline in the classroom.
5,206 words (approx. 20.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 129.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Alfie Kohn's ideas about offering positive reinforcement in the classroom, engaging students in authentic decision-making and the differences between authoritarian and authoritative discipline. The paper looks at several other works, including those of J. Kounin, W.W. Wayson and M. LaCompte. The paper emphasizes how many students are not acquiring societal values and behaviors necessary for later on in their lives. The paper discusses the responsibilities of schools and teachers to teach appropriate behavior and promote discipline.
From the Paper
"What is the best way to discipline students in a classroom? Up until about a decade ago, most educators believed in the traditional means of negative reinforcement when they do not follow the expected path. In 1996, Alfie Kohn argued for reversing this scenario: offering positive reinforcement when a student listens and behaves and desired. Schools will not become productive inviting places for learning until we move beyond bribes and threats. Instead of making snap judgments, "He is a problem child," it is necessary to look behind the scenes at the motivation that leads to behavior. The bottom line is engaging students in authentic decision-making and giving them real power."
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Teacher Attitudes and Multicultural Education, 2007.
An analysis of the impact of teacher attitudes toward multicultural education on student achievement.
4,803 words (approx. 19.2 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 122.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews an extensive amount of literature regarding the achievement of culturally diverse students and the impact on this achievement of the attitudes of teachers toward these students, or specifically, the expectations that teachers hold in relation to the achievement potential of these students. The paper further looks at how failure to properly educate and prepare teachers for the multicultural education classroom leaves too many unanswered questions in the instructional provision relating to attitudes based on myth or falsehoods, misconceptions or misrepresentations. Additionally, the paper contends that it is critical that teachers be effectively educated with regard to their attitude prior to their entry into the multicultural classroom.
Outline:
Objective
Multicultural Education Defined
Cultural Differences and the Construction of Meaning
Overview of Current State of Affairs
Identified Barriers to Student Achievement
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"The research conducted by Padilla and Lindholm has purported three: "major identifiable assumptions" relating to the education of ethnic minorities identified as follows: (1) The white middle-class American is the standard used for comparison of other groups to (typically this is the male); (2) Instruments used for assessment of differences are universally applicable "across groups, with perhaps only minimal adjustments for culturally diverse populations; and (3) Although a need exists for recognition of the sources of potential variance such as social class, educational attainment, gender, cultural orientation, and proficiency in English, these are nuisances that can later be discarded (1995, p. 97)." (McCue, nd) "
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Struggling Readers, 2007.
This paper explores methods to help students attain fluency in the reading process.
1,353 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper presents several methods to improve students' reading, such as encouraging as much reading as possible, training in fluency, stressing phonological awareness and applying comprehension strategies. The paper notes that strategies which combine more structured methods with comprehension strategies are often the most effective in solving reading problems.
From the Paper
"The ability to read fluently and effectively is an essential component of learning and student success. This applies to any and all subject areas. However there are many students who experience problems and functional impediments in the ability to read easily and fluently. The reason for these problems varies and can be linked to a wide array of criteria; from "...decoding words to problems retaining information..." ( Duke)."
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Technology in the Classroom, 2007.
This paper discusses the benefits and drawbacks of computers in the classroom.
1,924 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that computers should be an aid to learning, but must not be an end in themselves. The paper discusses how they can be very helpful in preparing children for an adult world where technology is only growing in importance, but posits that they must be used only in a way that they actually help children to learn. The paper stresses that computers are incapable of solving a child's problems at home or with friends and peers. The paper concludes that computers can be a powerful tool in the classroom, but they are not replacements for meaningful human instruction and assistance.
From the Paper
"Teaching has changed dramatically in recent years. Gone are the days when teaching consisted solely of writing on the blackboard and reading from textbooks. Today, technology regularly interposes itself between teachers and their students. Computers have invaded the classroom. Pupils complete many of their lessons on computers. They perform research on the Internet. When it comes to learning, many young people appear to rely as much on the computer as on their real-life instructors. But are all of these changes necessarily beneficial?"
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Computers in the School System, 2007.
A research proposal to examine how computers can enhance special education in the New York City public school system.
2,807 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
In this research proposal, the writer notes that computer technology is becoming more widely used in American classrooms today as a means of supporting instruction in the K-12 classroom. The writer maintains that studies have shown that many K-12 teachers do not possess the requisite background and understanding of how these technologies can or should be used, with the result that even when computers are present in the classroom, they may not be used to their maximum effect. To help better understand the challenges and constraints facing K-12 teachers in general and teachers of special needs students in the New York City public schools in particular, this study provides a series of case studies and a critical review of the peer-reviewed and scholarly literature. The writer discusses whether computers can be used to supplement and improve education. The writer then examines the
advantages and disadvantages of using computers to supplement and improve education. Further, the writer discusses whether technology will promote or hamper students with learning disorders and special needs. The writer concludes that the focus of the research remains on identifying what techniques have been proven to work and determining what has not to develop a best practices approach to using computers to help special needs students achieve improved academic outcomes.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Significance of Study
Rationale of the Study
Research Questions
Preliminary Review of Related Literature
Methodology
From the Paper
"While the use of computers in American society in general and in the public schools in particular has increased in recent years, many of these resources remained underutilized or used inappropriately. For example, researchers have determined that just 25 percent of secondary English teachers, 17 percent of science teachers, 13 percent of social studies teachers, and just 11 percent of math teachers make weekly use of computers in their classrooms. Moreover, even in those instances where computers are used routinely in the classroom, they are not used as the type of tool that can help students better understand sophisticated concepts or visualize concepts in a new ways; instead, the majority of teachers and students currently use technology and more specifically drill-and-practice tools and application software, to automate previous instructional practices."
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Student Diversity, 2007.
This paper argues the importance of resolving the problem of increased student diversity in the U.S. classrooms.
3,165 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that teachers, not legislation and policy, should be the change mechanism for overcoming problems of racial conflict by creating a true environment of equity in their diverse classroom. The author points out that exactly how tolerance and equity issues should be handled in the classroom is a problematic issue, which requires teachers to face their own ethical feelings on this subject and to conduct their own research into the best practices. The paper recommends that teachers should integrate with parents to form action groups to ensure the quality of education for their children and that political and social groups should form alliances with teachers to ensure consistency in equitable education.
From the Paper
"Olsen emphasizes the importance of assessing what is already in place in terms of the ideal in terms of an equitable accountability system in education. This issue forms an integral part of the collaborative efforts towards equity by all the parties mentioned above. In investigating the issue as it relates to the California state system, Olsen calls for action at the local level in order to ensure a country-wide system of accountability in terms of equitable education. In order to determine the efficacy of existing accountability systems, Olsen identifies a number of applicable questions."
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Part-Time Faculty, 2007.
This paper discusses a research project by D. Jacoby reported in "The Journal of Higher Education", which studied the impact of part-time faculty on graduation rates.
2,425 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the primary objective of this study is to determine if there were any significant changes from Jacoby's findings from 2001 data to 2005 concerning educational budgets, the increased use of technology for teaching, the introduction of various distance learning programs and the impact of part-time faculty members on graduation rates in America's community colleges. The author points out that Jacoby's (2006) study of 2001 data employed a wide range of integrated postsecondary education data system (IPES)-provided institutional statistical data and incorporated some assumed student variables from which he developed his multiple regression findings of the impact of part-time faculty members on graduation rates. The paper reports that the study confirmed the negative correlation between the number of part-time faculty employed at a given American college and its graduation rate. The paper includes tables and quotations.
Table of Contents:
Methods
Conceptual Framework
Primary Data Analysis Technique
Relevant Information and Rationale in Support of Methodology
Results
Research Question
Statistical Analysis
Recapitulation of 2005 Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System Results
Themes or Concepts Supporting of Refute Previous Literature or Reveal the Complexity of the Issue
Conclusion
Objectives of Study
Findings
Descriptive Statistics for Key Variables
Excerpt from Available IPEDS 2006 Data
Problem Related Solutions Institutions Should Consider for Implementation Based on the Research Findings
From the Paper
"Besides this data, the NCES provides institutional summaries of graduation data for subsamples (athlete, gender, and ethnicity) of a school's entering full-time student cohort. The graduation rate developed by the NCES is calculated for full-time community college students that complete their degree within 150 percent of that the NCES defines as "normal time" (in this case, 3 years for community colleges, and 6 years for bachelor's institutions). The author also reports that the graduation rate as reflected in the IPEDS data only measures a school's performance concerning declared degree-seeking full-time students."
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