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Spanish and Italian Economic Declines, 2008.
An analysis of the factors affecting the economic decline of Spain and Italy in the seventeenth century.
2,138 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the reasons behind Spain and Italy's economic decline in the seventeenth century. It looks at the problems that the countries faced and discusses why their economies declined while other economies in Europe did not, despite the fact that the other European countries encountered many of the same problems. The paper examines this issue from several perspectives.
From the Paper
"It is fairly clear to most historians that both Spain and Italy, though more so Spain that Italy, suffered a dramatic reversal of fortunes. Spain had gone from the European centre of global power and expansion only to be concerned with shoring up its own borders so to speak and figuring out how to feed its population. Yet, authors such as Kamen are still inclined to invalidate the assumption of Spain's decline by devaluing or paring away at what decline might mean or imply: "At the outset we need to keep in mind the two basic confusions in this picture: an unwarranted identification of Castile with Spain and a crucial failure to distinguish between Spain and its empire."
Yet, this parsing of words is, seemingly only meant to obfuscate the obvious. The fact is that the literature supports the observation and even the Spanish self perception supports the assumption that Spain, in reality, could not be realistically separated from its Empire because it had spent so long and so much in the way of resources to establish it in the first place that its identity was irrevocably tied up with Empire. Additionally, Castile certainly was part of Spain and, as the research indicated, a decline in Castile almost certainly led to a decline in the fortunes of Spain. The conclusion then is that Spain and Italy did decline in the early modern period both in comparison with their historical statuses as well as relative to certain other European countries at the time."
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Ontario as an Economic Region State, 2008.
An analysis of the implications of and factors contributing to the process of Ontario disengaging from its previous role in the Canadian federation and re-defining itself as a North American region state.
1,978 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper critically examines the process of Ontario disengaging from its previous role in the Canadian federation and re-defining itself as a North American region state, due to a consequence of a range of political, economic, and social factors. The paper discusses Ontario's origins and features, as well as its future implications. The paper then argues that the primary causal factors behind this process have been the policy rift between the Ontario provincial government and the federal government, a North-South economic realignment supplanting intra-provincial trade relations, and the phenomenon of globalization.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
What is a "Region State"?
Ontario and the ROC: Fraying Economic Ties
Ontario and Ottawa: Policy Differences
Ontario as a Globalized Region State
From the Paper
"In terms of Ontario as a region state, we can currently see this region-international process underway in terms of the growing region to region trade between Ontario and key economic regions of the United States. Consider, for example, Ontario's trade relationship with Michigan - the automotive production region of the United States - in which in 2005 Ontario enjoying a remarkable trade surplus exporting goods and services worth over CAN $55 billion and importing goods and services worth over CAN $25 billion. While the trade relationship with Michigan is clearly an exceptional case given the important industrial significance of the automotive industry that links Michigan and Ontario, such large scale trading relationships can be seen between Ontario and major American regions. For example, in 2005 Ontario also enjoyed a trade surplus with the state of New York, to which it exported over CAN $11 billion in goods and services, and imported over CAN $10 billion."
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Rent Control Economics: Supply and Demand, 2008.
An analysis of the pros and cons of rental control policies and how they affect the supply and demand of rental properties.
2,950 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the economics behind rent control enforcement. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of rent control and the effect that this has on the rental market. It describes basic supply and demand issues as they relate to rental prices and availability. The paper concludes that exercising rent control policies more often than not results in an actual shortage of housing due to the innate removal of the economic stimulus for private developers to build new rental properties.
From the Paper
"Exercising rent control policies more often than not results in an actual shortage of housing due to the innate removal of the economic stimulus for private developers to build new rental properties. Additionally, rental units not controlled by rental control laws are forced to compensate for the lost revenue of controlled units by having their rent levels unduly increased. Other research indicates that some of the sacred cows of rental control proponents, such as improved integration in the community and elevated living standards for the low-income and the elderly, simply do not occur (Freeman & Braconi). Housing markets, just as any other market, should be left to the forces of the free market itself to find and locate its own equilibrium relative to supply and demand. If the market demands additional housing and the economic profile of the community supports its construction, additional housing will be built. If the economic profile of the community does not support it and there is not a local demand, supply will not increase."
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Immigration and Canadian Economics, 2008.
This paper looks at the issue of immigration in Canada as it relates to the economy.
1,717 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that with the large increase of immigrants arriving in the last part of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first, Canada has seen some economic benefits, but these benefits are far outweighed by the burden of increased immigration. The writer points out that the government, in an attempt to bolster the Canadian economy, has sought to increase immigration, and thus increase their country's economic status. The writer maintains that immigration is beneficial in many ways, for it does offer a fix for some ails, and it also creates a larger workforce. However, the writer concludes that immigration alone cannot answer or strengthen Canada's economy other than in a superficial and short term way.
From the Paper
"This large immigration rate is not a result of chance or of Canada suddenly becoming the new land of opportunity as the United States did in the late 1800's and the early 1900's. It is not because there is a new Lady Liberty placed in Toronto or Vancouver calling for the worlds poor huddled masses. Rather this increase in immigration is due to an intentional government policy change. The government, in an attempt to bolster the Canadian economy, has sought to increase immigration, and thus increase their country's economic status. Canada has long suffered from a shortage of labor and an economy that at times was strong and suffered greatly at others. One way that they addressed the issue was to create programs that would allow the current population to meet the labor shortage. Initially, that seemed to work, but it could not truly answer the labor shortage for several years."
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Economic Equilibrium, 2008.
This paper describes the way economic equilibrium is achieved through adjustments of fiscal and monetary policies.
895 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that economic equilibrium can only be achieved when an effective balance between supply and demand, income and consumption and stasis in the current account is achieved. The author points out that the two economic policy engines--fiscal policy and monetary policy-do not work in conflict but rather in tandem. The paper relates that fiscal policy is the responsibility of the federal government; whereas, the responsibility for monetary policy rests with the U.S. central bank structure and is directed by the Federal Reserve Chairman. The author underscores that monetary policy is designed to increase gross domestic product (GDP) and to control inflationary pressures in the long-term; whereas fiscal policy is aligned normally with principles of short run economic growth while controlling long term economic expansion associated with overheated economic activities.
Table of Contents:
Introduction "3 Issues"
Opposing Viewpoint
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In order to control the monetary balance, the Federal Reserve has several forms of financial transactions and adjustments that directly affect the money supply. The most obvious one would be a mortgage. Every time that a lending institution approves and disburses a new mortgage it is effectively expanding the federal supply of money. Yet, the Federal Reserve also affects a change in the supply of money indirectly every time it adjusts the Federal Funds rate."
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NAFTA and Its Weaknesses, 2008.
A discussion of the weaknesses of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
1,685 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the positive and negative effects the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has had in Canada, the United States and Mexico. The paper asserts that NAFTA has taken on somewhat mythical proportions in the minds of its proponents and detractors alike. It holds that NAFTA has primarily struck a dissonant tone with the U.S. and Mexico, while Canada largely accepted its utility. To its detractors NAFTA offered a convenient scapegoat for all of the economic woes since its inception in January 1994, and to its proponents it has been responsible for most of the economic growth periods of the last 10 years. Yet, beyond all the hype, rhetoric, and ideology superficially imposed on it, NAFTA was a dynamic process that required monumental negotiation commitment on the part of the signatories and certainly on the part of Canada as the smallest market.
The paper concludes that, although NAFTA comes with its negative attributes, it has largely proven a boon to the Canadian economy and the country would be ill-advised to withdraw from the treaty.
Outline:
History & Description
NAFTA Weaknesses & Failure
Benefits & Cost Outcomes
Conclusion
From the Paper
"While NAFTA has been somewhat contentious since before its inception, the economic results of the agreement have proven largely inline with the positive projections associated with NAFTA by its designers and supporters. In fact, the increasing reliance on free-trade agreements which essentially become a 5th column in a country's foreign policy mechanism, NAFTA has become not just an economic success but a political template for further free-trade agreements across the globe. Some researchers have pointed out that NAFTA was ground-breaking both for its visionary approach to expanded trade relationships and for its unique integration into the signatory countries' sovereignty."
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Financial Planning: City of Charlotte, 2008.
An analysis of the financial planning for Charlotte, North Carolina.
820 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the financial planning and related public policy for the city of Charlotte, North Carolina. It provides a general outline of the city's budget, including expenditures, projects, funds, revenues and future spending plans.
Outline:
Expenditures, Encumbrances and Expenses
Capital Project, General, and Proprietary Funds
Analysis of Budget
Main Revenue Sources
Budgetary Levels
Long-range and Short-range Spending Plans
Largest Appropriations
Public policy: Short-range and Long-range
From the Paper
"The main revenue sources for the city include taxes paid by business, taxes collected for property, licenses, transportation and tourism. Charlotte is one of the largest banking cities in the nation and is a central "hub" for many companies within the trucking industry. Additionally, Charlotte is home to three major professional sporting franchises and has a large manufacturing and construction base. Because Charlotte continues to grow significant with each passing year, the revenues from the growth associated with business are extensive. However, the growth of the city due to population also impacts the budget of the city and the funds that are required to operate many of the programs required to address the needs of the population."
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Finance and Management: Non-Profit Organizations, 2008.
An examination of the profit measure criterion for governance at non-profit organizations.
1,205 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper examines non-profit organizations, focusing particularly on profit measure criterion, and argues how it can benefit a hospital facility grappling with high costs and high expectations. In so doing, the paper looks at several of the broad characteristics that define non-profit organizations and suggests how an effective policy governance model and health care provisioning can be achieved simply by paying attention to the bottom line. The paper concludes that hospitals must understand that they have finite resources and that offering a few core services at a high level is infinitely preferable to running up a high debt offering numerous services at a low level.
From the Paper
"One of the strengths of using the profit measure approach is how it can succeed in ensuring that there is no confusion about who does what, what is expected when they do it, and what the final outcome(s) should be. According to Carver & Carver (2006), the properly-functioning Policy Governance Model will accentuate the following: self-imposed rules (for the board) vis-a-vis the delegation of authority and the method by which "board-stated" criteria will be utilized during the evaluation process; clarity in terms of who is responsible to whom; and a determination to see to it that board decisions (while open to possible change) are never undermined. While Carver and Carver do not touch upon it, the preceding governance approach clearly functions best when there is one easily quantifiable, easily transferable, means of measuring who is performing and who is not performing across the whole breadth of the organization's activities. The profit measure obviously does this and thereby sees to it that long-term goals are not compromised by short-term mismanagement in one department (or group of departments)."
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The Economy of Malaysia, 2008.
This paper discusses the economic performance of Malaysia since 1997.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, prior to the 1997/1998 Asian financial crisis, Malaysia's economy had been experiencing much of the same growth and expansion as most other Asian tigers. The author points out that Malaysia's reaction and recovery following the Asian financial crisis was unique because Malaysia refused to participate in bailout programs by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The paper relates that, in the aftermath of the crisis and in the years following, Malaysia reasserted political and governmental control over its economic structures by discontinuing its currency trading and instituting severe controls over its capital markets, which prevented the speculative action that led to the original crisis. The author underscores that, today, the government maintains a recognizable economic plan, which stabilizes the economy and the business sector, so that private and foreign investors can identify the country as a growth market that is attractive to investors.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Recovery after 1997/1998 Financial Crisis
Current Economic Status
The Future Economic Plan
From the Paper
"The Malaysian economy has suffered periodically since the Asian financial crisis from various geo-political events. However, as a testament to its innate strength it has weathered most of these difficulties. During 2003 following the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) epidemic in Asia, the Malaysian economy still registered a 4.9% growth rate for the year (Rodan, 2004, p.112). Even during the outset of the Iraq War led and instigated the United States, Malaysia managed to quell any unease in its capital markets and in its business sector." i
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Homelessness: A Strategic Solution, 2008.
This paper looks at the problem of homelessness in Canada and discusses the issue of government policy in this regard.
1,278 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a proposal for a strategic solution to the problem of homelessness in Canadian society. This strategic solution builds upon earlier positive and normative analyses of the issue of homelessness and, as such, is informed by these analyses in certain respects. The paper asserts that homelessness in Canada is primarily the result of economic factors in the housing marketplace. As such, a strategic solution to this problem would necessarily require a social-economic approach rather than an institutional/authoritarian one as has been traditionally the case. The paper relates that an ethical analysis of this problem has shown that, from the perspective of a Kantian rights model, there exists a clear and present necessity for the Canadian state to take action in this regard; action in which the rights of the homeless necessarily takes precedence over the cost of the solution. This ethical element is to be important to a strategic solution given that the most likely solution will require state intervention in the housing markets with a significant political cost to politicians. This being said, the paper argues the thesis that the scale of the homelessness problem necessitates a revision of government planning practices in the marketplace that would be so politically costly that only an assertion of the fundamental rights of the homeless to housing would be sufficient to raise political capital to deal with the problem.
From the Paper
"Given that Toronto politicians clearly possess the authority to deal with the problem of homeless through planning but have not, a strategic solution must address the reasons for this lack of action. Some critics have argued, with reference to Toronto, that there exists a widespread view among municipal officials that Toronto planning should not support the economically marginalized who represent a financial drain on the city's resources. Other studies have noted that while affordable housing may be a politically sensitive issue, the real priority of Canadian municipalities lies in increasing their economic competitiveness and growth, even when this may be at the expense of affordable housing for their poorer citizens.
"In this analysis, we can understand the significance of the Kantian ethical argument to this strategic solution, for clearly the major obstacle to dealing with homelessness is a lack of political will. Developers are, after all, major financial contributors to municipal officials. Also, there seems to be an ideological resistance among officials, as noted by Parnaby, to employ planning tools to help marginal populations."
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The Politics of Language in the Caribbean Region, 2008.
This paper looks at the American influence in the Caribbean region and discusses the politics of language.
2,249 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer discusses American patterns of shaping public support for policies that are often little understood in their foreign contexts. The writer looks at developments in the Caribbean region influenced by U.S. policies upon which most economies and governments depend. The writer maintains that the politics of language in the Caribbean reflect marketing features familiar to most North Americans and that the politics of language also involve a strong American role in shaping all matters of economic planning and development and diplomatic relations. The writer concludes that most Caribbean countries have dual economies of growing gaps and no solution in sight for enlarging under-classes apart from the symbols of the stability orientation in more enforcement development and security, more incarceration or other punishment, all factors manipulated in different ways by American interests.
Outline:
Introduction
Selling to the Caribbean
The Caribbean as Sold
The Political Language of Stability
The Politics of Language and Caribbean Criminality
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There is a growing media role in all processes of tourism in the 21st century led by the imperative of selling a particular rendition of The Caribbean as tropical paradise that is in competition with various other paradises of the kind that are in development. Air distances between North America and the Caribbean no longer guarantee simple equations of choosing Nevis over Florida or Antigua over Arizona for air-miles and other incentives make South America, the Mediterranean and Southeast Asia more accessible. Obviously, the way in which Caribbean countries are marketed to North Americans and Europeans obscures often severe socioeconomic troubles borne by the poorest classes. Tourism depends on an impression of local happiness and especially indications of the stability that visitors expect when buying what is often a vacation package. Consumers ask about present crime levels in Jamaica in particular aware that the economic slump of the later 1990s has escalated violent drug-related crime."
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Health Care Costs, 2008.
A discussion of the rising costs of health care in the United States.
1,050 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the reasons health care costs continue to rise in the United States. It points out that many factors interact to increase costs and these factors include certain elements that, ironically, are thought to reduce costs or that may have been intended to reduce costs. The paper adds that costs increase in part for natural economic reasons, such as the cost of developing new drugs, or the added costs accruing due to the creation and implementation of new medical technology. The paper maintains that one of the primary reasons fo cost increases is that the public does not pay for what it uses in medicine, meaning that people do not pay directly out of their own pockets. Instead, millions have their costs paid by insurance or a company health plan, and this increases the overall costs. To conclude, the paper calls for a better and more certain analysis of how costs could be reduced.
From the Paper
"The patient may pay something on his or her bill, but it is usually only a part of the whole. Alterio (2007) notes how some of the efforts to control costs can harm patients, which in turn increases health care costs over time because patients may have to wait longer for treatment and need more medical attention when they do get it. Alterio notes that keeping down costs in HMOs often means requiring doctors to see more patients per hour and to give each patient less time, which saves money in the short-term while increasing costs in the long run."
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China and the World Trade Organization, 2008.
A discussion of the controversial issue of China joining the World Trade Organization.
1,340 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how China has been changing economically while trying to hold on to as much of the Communist system as possible, a delicate balancing act that raises the suspicions of much of the world while also creating a good deal of internal uncertainty. The paper points out that this is part of a modernization effort being carried forth not only by those within China or by her trading partners, but also by Chinese living abroad who wish to increase business for the home country or to develop China in a wide variety of fields, including the scientific, financial, artistic, tourism, and other fields. The paper maintains that part of this effort involves China joining the World Trade Organization (WTO). Both the possibility of China joining and the organization itself were the subjects of massive protests in this era of increasing globalization and remain so. The paper concludes that China's attempt to gain benefits while retaining autonomy in certain matters is a balancing act that cannot be maintained for long without political change.
Outline:
Introduction
The WTO
China and the WTO
Theoretical Implications
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Chinese take the view that America is only harboring ill feelings about the emergence of a stronger and more prosperous China, and they believe that Washington's policy toward Taiwan is designed to obstruct China's reunification. They say that the Americans want to stop Chinese arms sales that are merely for commercial purposes while at the same time they are selling more sophisticated fighters and missiles to the unyielding Taiwanese. They also believe that the Americans use the human rights issue as a weapon to interfere in China's domestic affairs and undermine the Chinese government and note that the U.S. government created obstacles to China's entry into the WTO with the intention to weaken China economically, which has an effect domestically and internationally at the same time: "As the Chinese are sustaining their economic growth and rapidly improving their standard of living, their national pride is certain to arise" (Jisi 45)."
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The Transformation to Capitalism in Society, 2008.
An analysis of the transformation of the market in society with particular reference to the arguments of Karl Polanyi in "The Great Transformation: Origins of Our Time."
1,151 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper critically examines the issue of the transformation to capitalism in society from two viewpoints: that social relations have historically taken precedence over markets and that markets have always existed regardless of social relations. It argues that Karl Polanyi's argument in "The Great Transformation: Origins of Our Time," with regard to the rise of market economies is probably overstated and that it is likely that markets have existed throughout human history. The paper illustrates that this condition has fostered discontent and inequality throughout history and has been destructive to the human spirit.
From the Paper
"This optimistic view of the market economy is not shared by everyone. While Steinbeck was writing about an exceptional period of economic collapse - the Depression of the 1930s - Douglas Coupland's creative writing about our contemporary period of economic expansion reveals a strikingly similar discontent. In Coupland, as in Steinbeck, there is a sense of the market economy as something both alien to humanity and destructive of our humanity. Coupland asserts that "Marketing is . . . theft, and no one ever feels good about stealing" (Coupland 27). Of course, one may dispute the latter point (see Homer, as referenced by Silver above), while agreeing with the former. Coupland's protagonist has a breakdown due to his inability to cope with his life as a unit of economic production."
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The Sociology of Aging, 2008.
This paper discusses how an aging America creates economic, labor market, health and demographic trends that have serious long-term implications.
2,083 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the steady aging of the American population (certainly among the native-born) and looks at what this means for the social and economic future of the United States. In particular, the paper looks at the various economic, labor market, health and demographic trends gripping America and at how they are all coming together at a significant point in U.S. history. More than that, the paper argues that the United States faces possible economic contraction, run-away social costs, social fragmentation, and a general decline in vigor and/or productivity unless it finds a way to implement policy changes that will nudge the nation towards a brighter future.
Outline:
Abstract
References
From the Paper
"Other economic trends can be easily associated with an aging population. For one thing, it is axiomatic that older investors tend to be much more interested in investments that offer long-term security and reliable returns. Conversely, younger investors who have many more years in the workforce ahead of them - and who have the time necessary to "rebound" from a bad investment - may be more willing to put their money into high-risk, high-reward ventures. Suffice it to say, part of the vitality of the American economy resides in the willingness of people to "take a chance" and finance a fledgling company that has an uncertain future. As the population grows older, however, the interest in participating in venture capitalism and/or engaging in entrepreneurial activities diminishes in relative terms; as a result, a major component of America's economic success is greatly constrained."
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