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Domestic Travel in the US, 2008.
An examination of the correlation between disposable income and domestic travel.
1,290 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper's aim is to determine the true nature of the relationship between disposable income and domestic travel. While examining the main hypothesis of whether increases in disposable income cause an increase in domestic travel, the paper also tests the sub-hypothesis whether domestic travel is a normal or luxury good. This paper examines both of these issues concurrently using demand and supply analysis. The paper concludes that the literature survey does suggest that there is a positive relationship between personal disposable income and domestic travel. The paper also notes , however, that it should be understood that a complete and unbiased model of domestic travel entails looking at all determinants of travel as a supposed explanatory variable before the relationship between personal disposable income and domestic travel can be analyzed.
Outline:
Literature Survey
Theory and Hypothesis: Effect of Disposable Income on Domestic Travel
Graph: Domestic Travel and Disposable Income
From the Paper
"Research that has centered on domestic travel, began as early as the 1960's, especially in wake of the fact that in many developed countries citizens were spending excessively on travel. Empirical studies by Gray found that disposable income was a major determinant of travel. Gray's analysis was an econometric model that included explanatory variables such as the foreign exchange rate, fare payments abroad, and travel spending by local residents. Gray's work also included another element that was absent in other papers, that is, Gray found that the prices of goods and services while traveling were an important determinant of travel. This particular model is important to the testing of the relevant hypotheses since, it gives a clear picture as to what the complete model of domestic travel should entail as explanatory variables. It is therefore less likely to get a biased determinant if all the necessary independent variables are included in the model; Gray's research paper dictates what these variables should be."
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The International Monetary Fund's Loans Policy, 2008.
A discussion of how the International Monetary Fund's policy on conditional loans hurts rather than helps the economies of developing nations.
2,325 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews the policy of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to impose stringent conditions upon the loans it releases to developing nations. The paper pays especial attention to why the IMF approach hurts developing nations and how the lending policy of the Fund acts as a sort of neo-colonialism that perpetuates north-south global imbalances. Finally, the political nature of the IMF and how this manifests itself in the loan conditions of the Fund is touched upon. In the end, the paper maintains that the IMF would serve everyone better if it would narrow its scope of activities and focus on preventing fiscal crises rather than aggravating them in the world's poorest states.
From the Paper
"The debilitating impact of IMF loan policies upon developing nations does great harm in a host of areas, but it is arguable that the greatest impact is felt in the realm of business-labour relations. To wit, the International Monetary Fund's unwavering commitment to "labour-market flexibility" has meant that labour laws and wage standards have been revised dramatically downward in nations that are already shouldering heavy loan obligations that they must wonder if they can ever pay off. According to a 1995 United Nations Trade and Development Report which Cavanagh and his team seize upon, the new "flexible" labour laws do not encourage an increase in productive capacity, and they surely do not encourage the creation of work. Instead, they make firing workers easier and they reduce the ability of unions to protect vulnerable employees (Cavanagh et al, 2000). In the end, the devastating reality for struggling men, women and (sometimes) children in poverty-stricken nations desperately trying to extricate themselves from one problem after another is that their governments' reliance upon IMF loans makes their job security, working conditions, wages and benefits (such as they are) entirely dependent upon the capricious whims of foreign corporate mavens who know that they can count upon the IMF to work on their behalf."
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Hong Kong's Economic History, 2008.
A discussion of the economic history of Hong Kong from the mid-19th century to today.
4,300 words (approx. 17.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 113.95
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Abstract
This paper recounts Hong Kong's economic history from the time it became a British colony in the mid-19th century until the present. Hong Kong has prevailed as a remarkably prosperous territory since then, surviving various calamities, and has maintained its success even under the rule of the People's Republic of China. The paper concludes that Hong Kong's economic history has produced a distinctive culture that seems permanent, different from what is found in newly industrialized and advancing areas of Mainland China.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The 19th Century
World War II and Beyond
The 1960s and 1970s
The End of British Hong Kong
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the 1930s, the Global Depression affected all Chinese ports including Hong Kong. Small scale manufacturing engaged many Chinese by this time whereas outsiders tend to think that most people were employed in the port of Hong Kong or its support trades and industries. The completion of the Canton-Kowloon railway was a boon because goods could be moved quickly from the Mainland, undercutting steamers and junks that once took goods to Hong Kong for onward shipping. (Chui, 1973, 55) Also, Chinese business experience allowed many to tough out years of lower demand finding new niche markets in simple goods required elsewhere in East and Southeast Asia. Clan and family networks allowed small profits from goods said to be needed in the Netherlands East Indies or Rangoon or Malaya, the general 'survivability' of the business community seen. In December of 1941, the invasion of the Imperial Japanese Army destroyed nearly built up in a hundred years of activity. No one knows how many local Chinese were murdered, foreigners interned, as Allied soldiers and local reservists tried to defend the colony, many of whom were killed or taken as prisoners of the Japanese. This time is remembered by Hong Kong people as an era of suffering and destruction. (See Banham, 2003)"
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White-Collar Crime, 2008.
This paper analyzes the rise of white-collar crime within the United States in relation to John Maynard Keynes' and Adam Smith's free market systems.
3,081 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
The paper examines how the free market global economy has played a large role in increasing corporate crimes. The paper looks at the conflict between the economic theories of Adam Smith and John Maynard Keynes and shows how the details of economic global free market systems can identify the problems of 20th century white-collar crime within the discourse of rights and justice-based theory. The paper presents a strategic plan that will address systemic problems that facilitate corporate crime. The paper believes that with a coordinated resolve to fight corporate crime, this is a workable strategy that will improve the situation substantially and prevent a great deal of free market abuse.
From the Paper
"The central issue of Adam Smith's "hidden hand" economics in the free market economy is the growing failure of the U.S. government to regulate the way that banking has been practiced in global markets. One example of this was the problem of the Savings and Loan Crisis, which often deregulated banking institutions, causing problematic ethical issues through justice based theories of fair and balanced market behaviors. In this case, the government did not enforce restrictions on competitive measures for commercial banks for the greater benefit of the banking industry."
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Globalization, 2008.
This paper explores the international and political economics of globalization.
1,281 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses three aspects of globalization: international trade, capital mobility and the spread of knowledge and technology, and the movement of people. The paper looks at the risks inherent in globalization as seen by the the Asian financial crisis in the 1990s. The paper shows how, as globalization has progressed, the most advanced countries have gained the most from the integration of economies; as such there is a widening gap between developed/advanced countries and developing/underdeveloped countries.
Outline:
Introduction
Logic of Globalization
Conclusion: Global Political Economy
From the Paper
"Globalization is defined as the increasing global interconnectedness of separate markets and cultures due, in large part, to significant advances in technology.
"Although globalization has many facets, in the past half-century, it has had profound implications on the world. It has connected cultures economically, politically, and socially. Because of this, successful businesses have learned how to manipulate globalization to their benefit. In order to take advantage of the opportunities that globalization offers, a company must understand the organizations that help direct its course."
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Economics In Modern Society, 2008.
A review of the book "Small is Beautiful: Economics As If People Mattered", written by Ernst Friedrich Schumacher.
1,156 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the book "Small is Beautiful: Economics As If People Mattered", which is a collection of essays written by Ernst Friedrich Schumacher on the topic of economics in modern society. The paper explains that, although this "modern society" refers for the most part to the outlook from 1973 (when the book was first written), these concepts still have relevance today in our increasingly technological, material society. The paper looks at how Schumacher analyzes economics not in the staid, scientific manner of college professors, but from a viewpoint of heart, wit, humor and originality. The paper also notes that the titles of many of the essays give a clue to the types of perspectives showcased - essays such as "Buddhist Economics", "Technology with a Human Face" and "Nuclear Energy: Salvation or Damnation?", indicating that the collected essays demonstrate a fairly liberal, humanistic view of modern economics
personal and passionate, particularly regarding the academic take common to the arena of economics at the time (the 1970s). The paper further explains that the book aims to analyze macroeconomics in terms of micro examination and that the thesis statement, or main proposition reiterated throughout the book, is that our economy is an unsustainable one, and that we are using up our natural resources.
From the Paper
"In closer detail, topics covered include the modern world and the problems of production, peace and permanence; global resources, and how this relates to nuclear energy, technology, industry resources, land use and consumer education; the third world and its relation to global development, technology, village-style life and unemployment issues; and organization and ownership, which includes an analysis of theory of large-scale organization, socialism, ownership, and emerging new patterns of ownership. The ground covered is not anything particularly new, at least not for our society. At the time of initial publication, Schumacher's sentiments no doubt reflected growing concerns in terms of globalization - the environment, overuse of natural resources, materialism over humanism and lack of proper organization and preparation on a global scale. Today, these issues are so contemporary and current that their highlighting seems commonplace."
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Ending Homelessness, 2008.
This paper looks at the issue of homelessness in a social science analysis.
1,107 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the issue of homelessness is one that has been of pre-eminent concern in Canada, and indeed in much of the industrialized world in recent years. This paper attempts a positive or social science analysis of this issue, exploring not only the nature of the problem but also the state of critical debate among both social scientists and policy makers on the best avenues to address this matter. The writer argues that in order to address this problem one must detach homelessness from its historic connotations with anti-social disorder traditionally addressed through police authorities, and recognize the issue as a convergence of economic and social determinants.
From the Paper
"This fact has led many social scientists studying the problem of homelessness to argue that it is not so much a criminal problem, i.e., associated with drugs or anti-social activities, as primarily a matter of housing economics. While it must be acknowledged that a variety of factors contribute to homelessness - from changing patterns of employment and cyclical economic trends to the deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill - the scholarly consensus seem to be that the most important structural cause of homelessness is the lack of affordable housing in urban areas. The current situation represents the culmination of a process that has been ongoing in North America for decades.."
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Mexico and the WTO, 2008.
An analysis of the influence that the World Trade Organization (WTO) has had on Mexico relative to its economic and structural development.
995 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Mexico as subject to international forces within the global economy through both its World Trade Organization (WTO) membership as well as its membership in NAFTA (North American Free Trade Association). The paper specifically looks at the influence that the WTO has had on Mexico relative to its economic and structural development. The paper includes a discussion on which of the sources that were used were the most important.
From the Paper
"Mexico, despite its reputation as a poor country to some degree, maintains a thriving economy and has a population of approximately 107m individuals dispersed across a land mass of nearly three times the size of the state of Texas in the US ("Mexico"). While Mexico has experienced difficulties at times regarding its economic management vis-a-vis the Mexican Peso, it holds much promise as a developing nation because of its population and resources relative to labor efficiencies if it can manage to work some of its advantages as a developing market within the WTO structure (Conway). Unless it can reap certain protections or advantages through the WTO, its very membership in the WTO may essentially be responsible for a severe contraction in its economy because its economy is still dependent on its earlier advantages in cheap labor."
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Europe and China Trade Markets, 2008.
This paper discuses the comparative advantage theory and applies it to trade between Europe and China.
2,800 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 21 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that China's emergence as both an economic and political force has presented opportunities for Europe to develop or expand its business and trade relationships with China. The author points out that the comparative advantage theory dictates that, if a country can produce an item at a lower relative cost than another country, then it has a comparative advantage for that particular product. The paper suggests that Europe has a strong comparative advantage in technology and infrastructure compared to the Chinese market; whereas, China's comparable advantage over any developed economy is production efficiencies based on its vast pool of low cost labor. The paper states that China has taken full advantage of the benefits of globalization by developing the technology channels to handle the communication and transaction of international commerce and the physical infrastructure for the transportation and logistics of goods and services through a supply chain channel.
Table of Contents:
Europe and China at the Crossroads
Overview
Comparative Advantage Theory
Overview
Europe's Market Advantages
China's Market Advantages
Foreign Exchange Dimension
China's Currency Issues
Europe's Currency Concerns
The Economic and Geo-Political Environment
Overview
Off-Shoring/Out-Sourcing
Currency Blocks
Production Possibilities Frontier
Foreign Direct Investment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Trade is of great concern to the EU and one of the major drivers in establishing a centralized body within which to set policy and coordinate trade agreements. Prior to the Maastricht Treaty that established the EU as a formalized body, the individual member states were seemingly caught up in endless internecine trade disputes with each other that precluded any sort of effective international trade policy to deal with an increasingly global economy. However, over the last several years, the EU has been much more effective at handling trade disputes between member states."
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Karl Marx's Estrangement Theories, 2008.
An analysis of Karl Marx's theory of estrangement and its application to the modern global economy.
1,545 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explores Karl Marx's theory of estrangement within the context of the contemporary industrial and economic setting. It devotes a considerable amount of time to explicating Marx's conceptions of estrangement and alienation. The paper subsequently looks at how his concept of estrangement can be applied to the modern global economy.
From the Paper
"To begin with, Marx insists that the worker in the capitalist order is the most wretched of beings insofar as his or her power is in inverse proportion to his (or her) creative production. In other words, as Marx argues vehemently, the worker creates and someone else gains the wealth accumulated by the creation of that item. To elaborate a little further, the fruits of labor's efforts (the goods produced by steadfast toil) metamorphose into something that is literally independent of the producer; the laborers lose control over the means of production and the more products he or she produces, the less ability he or she has to consume those goods and the more he or she falls under the dominion of capital (Marx, 30-31)."
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Giving America Away, 2008.
This paper discusses the repercussions of US multinational enterprises "giving America away" to foreign countries such as China and India.
809 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the closing of multinational companies in favour of China, India or another country where labour costs are low, setting a trend of eroding manufacturing across America. The paper explores whether the trend is to the ultimate benefit or detriment of the American economy. The paper looks at Lou Dobbs' opinions in his book "Exporting America: Why Corporate Greed is Shipping American Jobs Overseas" and discusses the movement against "exporting America". The paper concludes that American economists foresee the globalization trend as inevitable with the developing giants gaining at the expense of America.
From the Paper
"Many believe the globalization phenomenon is much more of a threat to America than a positive step. The most common example brought up to demonstrate this fact is the closing of multinational companies in favour of setting up shop in China, India, or another country where labour costs are stunningly low. Other critics cite the increasing number of imports from China to America, giving the giant nation a growing edge on the American economy. In fact, one must remember that although China is a developing country, it is the fourth largest economy in the world and is now also the world's fastest growing economy. India, too, traditionally a developing nation, is seeing a sudden surge in economic growth owing to the American trend of outsourcing jobs."
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Is NAFTA Good For Canada?, 2008.
This paper explores whether Canada is disadvantaged by the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
826 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the drawbacks of the NAFTA agreement but reveals that the success of Canada's economic life depends on serious, pragmatic cooperation with the United States. The paper looks at the argument that Canada's political relationship with the U.S. should remain friendly, but its economic focus should shift to other regions such as China or India. The paper explains why an economic relationship with the United States is a necessity for Canada.
From the Paper
"Many Canadian citizens fear the nation is getting the short end of the stick regarding NAFTA. To date, there have been nine cases against Canada under Chapter 11 of NAFTA alone - all of which involved challenges by U.S. companies operating within Canada. Two of these cases revolved around the controversial 1996 Canada-U.S. Softwood Lumber agreement (Molot 163). Another case was brought against Canada by United Parcel Service (UPS), who argued that its Canadian position was being undermined by rivals Purolator Courier, Priority Courier and Expresspost (ibid, 163). Other cases involve Sun Belt Water Inc., who sued Canada for British Columbia's prohibition on the export of fresh water, and Crompton, who has sued the Canadian government for its decision to ban a pesticide desirable to the chemical manufacturer (ibid 163). Many question, then, how the NAFTA agreement is good for Canadians when such legal cases keep rising."
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Capitalism of the Twenty-First Century, 2008.
This paper explores two works: Robert Reich's text, "The Work of Nations" and a PBS online video presentation, "Wal-Mart: Is It Good for America?"
1,806 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the thesis of both Robert Reich's text, "The Work of Nations" and a PBS presentation "Wal-Mart: Is It Good for America?" and examines the manner in which the theses are substantiated as well as the objectivity of the works. The writer shows how both writers present similar theses and that each presents facts in a manner that support their underlying arguments. The paper concludes that both sources offer insight into the dark realities of twenty-first century capitalism, although only Reich offers definitive solutions.
From the Paper
"Robert B. Reich's text on what the twenty-first century portends is remarkably prescient in light of the fact it was completed by its author at the dawn of the 1990s. Overall, Reich appears to take the view that the old phenomenon - one which dates back to the nineteenth century - of the individual standard of living rising or falling in concert with the economic performance of the nation's largest business organizations is no longer taking place. Instead, technology, money, jobs and ideas are flowing more easily than ever across national borders and from one part of the globe to another. As a result, national corporations are losing whatever national identity they might once have had as the profit-maximization potential of the global workplace manifests itself."
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The International Monetary Fund, 2008.
An argument calling for the abolishment of the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
2,610 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the history and policies of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and contends that it has failed in promoting the conditions for economic growth in developing countries. The paper shows how flawed IMF policies have not promoted economic growth in Third World nations but instead have made economic growth virtually impossible. The paper asserts that organizations like the IMF should be abolished, for they are perpetuating the fundamental economic injustice inherent in a global economy where the powerful industrialized nations prosper by exploiting undeveloped ones.
From the Paper
"Numerous Congressional hearings have confirmed this assessment, for Congress has harshly criticized the International Monetary Fund, and added fuel to the firestorm of controversy that has surrounded the IMF since its mishandling of the Asian financial crisis. Public disputes over the leadership of the institution are intensifying, and massive demonstrations such as occurred in Seattle are demonstrating that the IMF is under siege as it has never been before in all of its fifty-six-year history."
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A Borderless World?, 2008.
This paper examines the argument that the nation-state's obsolescence is leading to a borderless world.
4,075 words (approx. 16.3 pages), 22 sources, MLA, $ 109.95
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Abstract
The paper shows how many nation-states have lost some autonomy and the massive changes of globalization have blurred the borders of nation-states. The paper contends, however, that it is inaccurate to state that the obsolescence of the nation-state has rendered the world borderless. The paper maintains that despite global economic changes, political, cultural and historical factors will continue to bolster the nation-state, so that national borders will not be disappearing in the foreseeable future.
From the Paper
"There has been a great deal of debate in recent years about globalization. Does it really exist? And if so, how pervasive is it? Is it reversible, or has it now become both irreversible and hegemonic? These debates embrace considerations of both economic and political globalization, although of course it must be borne in mind that the two are inextricably intertwined. When it comes to political globalization, Steger points out that much discussion is concerned with "the weighing of conflicting evidence with regard to the fate of the modern nation-state" (28). This is because globalization is widely assumed to be a threat to the continued sovereignty, autonomy and influence of the nation-state. In the same vein, many scholars see international economic forces as a form of economic globalization that could lead to the end of the nation-state as a meaningful economic unit. Moreover, for those who see economics as the primary force determining human society and history, this would also mean the end of the nation-state as a meaningful political and social unit."
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