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Non-Profit Organizations, 2005.
This paper compares financial management in non-profit organizations and for-profit organizations.
2,905 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
This page explains that non-profit organizations different from for-profit organizations in the way they manage their finances and provide their financial information to others because, rather than making a profit, they turn their money back into goods and services which help others, pay their employees and pay their operating expenses. The author points out five financial risks, which must be managed in a proactive manner by the board of directors. They are (1) the cost of lost opportunities, (2) financial crunches, (3) uncontrollable costs, (4) increased difficulty with recognizing revenues that meet forecasts and (5) the lack of a successful model for management. The paper stresses that the accounting differences between the two groups are (1) accounting for contributions, (2) capitalizing and depreciating assets, (3) functional expense classification and (4) use of both cash- and modified-cash basis accounting methods.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Analysis, Evaluation, and Critical Thinking
Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations
From the Paper
"Nonprofit organizations often do not spend enough time dealing with financial issues because they are so focused on the mission that they are sworn to uphold. However, without paying attention to the financial issues as well, these organizations can run into real trouble. They need to orient themselves to the workings of their organization, financially, and they need to develop a budget that works well for all people involved and is realistic. Without a realistic budget, the organization will likely not succeed, because there will be constant struggle and upset regarding whether issues such as bills are dealt with efficiently and properly to ensure that the organization keeps running."
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Xerox Corporation, 2005.
This paper discusses the history and methods of Xerox Corporation's mergers and acquisition.
2,310 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Xerox Corporation, incorporated in 1906 as Haloid Co., Haloid Xerox Inc. in 1958 and renamed again to its present name in 1961, has experienced numerous acquisitions during the last century. The author points out that because of Xerox's acquisition and spin-off policy, the company has devised several strategies for managing the numerous spin-off firms, which independently commercialized many of its technologies. The paper defines goodwill impairment as the difference between the book value of goodwill and the implied fair value of goodwill. It explains that unlike other assets, goodwill cannot be defined as a stand-alone asset and must be valued as a residual of all other assets; therefore, the estimation of goodwill impairment is not as simple as measuring the difference between market capitalization and net book value. Extensive Accounting Data in Appendix.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Cost Method and the Equity Method
The Pooling-Of-Interests Method and the Purchase Method
Percentage of Ownership of Recently Acquired Subsidiary and Other Subsidiaries
Unconsolidated Subsidiaries
Non-controlling Interest on the Consolidated Balance Sheet and Income Statement
Goodwill Impairment
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"The most important operations in the last 20 years were the acquisition of Kurzweil Computer Products Inc. (1980, about 85% of the shares), the sell of the defense and aerospace operations of Xerox Electro-Optical Systems to Loral Corp. for approximately $36,000,000, the acquisition by Xerox Financial Services, Inc., a subsidiary of Xerox Co., acquired Furman Selz Holding Corp. for approx. $110,000,000. The most recent operation is the sale of the company's ownership interest in ScanSoft, Inc. for approximately $80,000,000 in cash, in April 2004."
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Brealey and Myers' "Principles of Corporate Finance".
This paper discusses cost/benefit analysis, as presented in Brealey and Myers' "Principles of Corporate Finance".
765 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 0 sources, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, to use cost/benefit analysis, add up the value of the benefits of a course of action and subtract the associated costs.The author stresses there are times, such as sizing maintenance efforts or dissecting performance issues, when a cost/benefit analysis will not be informative or the right avenue to take for decision-making. The paper stresses that performance modifications may or may not have anything to do with functionality. Example.
From the Paper
"In its simplest form, cost/benefit analysis is applied only with financial costs and financial benefits. For instance, a simple cost/benefit analysis of revamping equipment in a factory would measure the cost of the update and subtract this from the economic benefit of making the changes. However, in a more complex analysis, there are intangibles that must be included such as the personal impact on the individuals who had a slowdown during the revamp and, on the other hand, worker satisfaction with the new approach that increased efficiency and stressed ergonomic factors."
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The Black-Scholes Formula, 2005.
An assessment of the impact of the stock-option plan set forth by Robert C. Merton and Myron S. Scholes.
3,000 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
While the Financial Accounting Standards Board has favored expensing stock options since the mid-1990s, it has continued to allow businesses to recognize the expense in footnotes to financial statements as an alternate reporting method. Recent publicity around accounting fraud, executive abuses, "cooking the books," and other questionable business ethics has focused increasing attention on stock option plans in the United States. Prior to the introduction of the Black-Scholes formula, options investors determined a risk premium to hedge against major financial losses. According to the Black-Scholes formula, risk premiums are not necessary for investment in stock options because such premiums are already factored into the prices of stocks. This paper provides an overview of how the Black-Scholes formula can be used to help investors better understand the forces at play in making decisions about stock options, followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"While Merton's research covered many areas of finance theory and economics, his innovations in option valuation has perhaps been his most influential to date (Bernstein, 2000). Prior to 1973, when Black and Scholes published their precedent-making formula, determining the value of stock options was considered extremely risky and highly difficult because of the nature of options, which are essentially agreements that give investors the right to either buy or sell an asset at some fixed time in the future (Crum & Goldberg, 1998)."
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Budgeting in England's Roman Catholic Dioceses, 2005.
An exploratory study on budgeting in the Roman Catholic dioceses of England.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 24 sources, MLA, $ 117.95
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Abstract
Supporting the activities and operations of churches and religious organizations is a complicated and serious financial challenge. The activities of these organizations, combined with their limited financial resources, result in a need for careful attention to financial management. Further, as a result of occasional media reports of financial irregularities in some religious organizations, there is an increasing call for financial accountability in almost all organizations today. This paper shows that diocese members want to know, and have a right to know, how and where church funds are spent. Beyond accountability and financial reporting, there is a need for assistance in all aspects of financial management. The diocese, therefore, provides a unique environment in which to contextualize the study of accounting and budgeting. The paper shows that many dioceses are supported by professional accountants and bookkeepers, some as paid employees, others as volunteers. Because the number of clergy is decreasing, financial management functions are being spread thin, and there is less control; therefore, there will likely be increasing pressure from parishes for improved budgeting functions. The base of this research project is extended to all Roman Catholic Church dioceses in the United Kingdom, but concentrates on the budgeting process as it exists within a representative sampling of these religious organizations. Finally, this research project identifies who is involved in the budgeting process and whether structures interfere with budgetary process. An examination of how budgeting is done is followed by an assessment of its contribution in terms of population.
Table of Contents
Abstract
Review of the Relevant Literature
Methodology
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The first major component of internal accounting systems for management's use is the company's system for establishing budgetary plans and setting performance standards. The establishment of these performance standards also requires a company to develop a system for measuring actual results and reporting the differences between actual performance and the established standards. This budgeting process leads to the establishment of specific organizational plans which are then translated into action with varying degrees of efficiency. Statistical analysis, quality controls, and trended data are typically provided to management for assessment and determination of need for corrective action, or by preparing revised plans. While these plans can be either broad, strategic outlines of the company's future or specific and detailed schedules of the inputs and outputs associated with specific independent programs, most business plans are periodic plans; in other words, these plans refer to company operations for a specified period of time. It is these periodic plans which are summarized in a series of projected financial statements, or budgets (Shillinglaw 2004)."
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Accounting, 2004.
An experimental analysis of nontraditional business students and their perceptions of accounting in an introductory accounting course.
8,583 words (approx. 34.3 pages), 24 sources, MLA, $ 181.95
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Abstract
This paper examines and assesses the perceptions of nontraditional students, or adults, regarding accounting as a major field of study and a potential career choice. It is often assumed that nontraditional students are more motivated because of maturity, life experience, and the decision to study accounting based on work force experience. The paper presents a study of selected Christian university adult and graduate degree programs. In addition, the paper attempts to determine if there are any differences in attitudes, perceptions, and assessments of traditional and nontraditional students regarding this field of study.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1:
Introduction
Problem Background
Literature Review
Purpose of Study
Research Questions/Hypothesis
Limitations/Delimitations
Definitions
Importance of Study
Chapter 2: Review of literature
Chapter 3: Methodology
Introduction
Research Design
Selection of Participants
Instrumentation
Limitations or Assumptions
Procedures
Data Processing and Analysis
From the Paper
"Simply put, for many students, accounting is seen as too much work and very hard compared to other fields of study. The course of study for accounting majors has become more difficult in order to provide expanded coverage within the curriculum to achieve an increased degree of accounting competency. Professional accounting associations have become more concerned and have begun to address critical skills that are needed by accounting majors. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) and the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA) issued documents in the early 1990s that aligned accounting curriculum more closely to actual accounting practices. This is one reason why the programs have study have become more demanding and stringent. There has been a definite impact on students' decisions to leave accounting as a major. It is one of the few disciplines that have undergone such scrutiny and policy changes regarding educational curriculum."
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Accounting, 2004.
An analysis of various accounting principles.
1,532 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses each of the following terms, expands on the definition, and explains why the concept is important to financial statements. The terms include Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), Historical Cost, Accrual Basis vs. Cash Basis Accounting, and Current Assets and Liabilities vs. Non-Current Items. The paper locates the balance sheet, income statement, and statement of cash flows for Ford, Exxon-Mobil, and Microsoft. The paper examines whether net income or cash from operating activities is more useful for each of these companies.
From the Paper
"The GAAP are not rules set in stone; rather, they are guidelines, or you might call them a group of objectives and conventions "that have evolved over time to govern how financial statements are prepared and presented," according to www.allbusiness.com. Theses principles are set by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) also provides input and guidance regarding the amendments to acceptable accounting practices. The GAAP serves as a guiding light for every business: when an accountant from outside the company is looking into its financial data and record-keeping, the company expects that accountant to be using GAAP. "Compliance with GAAP helps maintain creditability with creditors and stockholders," AllBusiness.com explains, "because it reassures outsiders that a company's financial reports accurately portray its financial position.""
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Balance of Payments, 2004.
An analysis of a country's balance of payments, with a focus on the United States.
2,019 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a brief explanation of what a country's balance of payments is and the main elements of the balance of payments. The paper discusses the links between a country's balance of payments and its rate of economic growth, as well as the links between a country's balance of payments and the exchange rate of its currency. The paper analyzes the main reasons for the United States' balance of payments deficits over the past five years and examines the effects of these deficits upon the economy.
From the Paper
"Currently, the U.S. in 2004 maintains a deficit in merchandise trade and the absence of strong net investment income inflows, a current account deficit. This has occurred for some time, but before these deficits were of not much concern, as they were theoretically and comfortably offset by the current account surpluses, such as the purchase of U.S. assets by foreign individuals and institutions. The result was such that net flow of receipts and payments was in balance, allowing for statistical discrepancy, without the need to any type of official transfers. (Ruby, 1999) But concern in light of the continuation of this state of affairs, combined with a weakened U.S. dollar has grown and the widening deficit reveals US continued and more sustained reliance on foreign cash than previously thought. (J Hughes, Financial Times, 15 September 2004) "
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Perry Ellis International, Inc..
This paper is a financial analysis of the Perry Ellis International, Inc., an apparel company in the United States.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the portfolio of Perry Ellis International, Inc. includes men's and women's brands, which it designs, sources, markets, and licenses nationally and internationally at multiple price points and across all major levels of retail distribution. The author points out that during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2004, approximately 91% of the company's net sales were from branded products The company owns 13 and licenses five brands, such as Perry Ellis, Jantzen, Munsingwear, and Manhattan; has developed over 42 sub-brands, such as Perry Ellis Portfolio and Penguin Sport; and distributes the PING, Nike, Tommy Hilfiger, NAUTICA ,and Ocean Pacific brands under license arrangements. The paper reports that, for 2005, Perry Ellis expects to report record revenue and net income; earnings per fully diluted share are projected in the $2.10-$2.20 per fully diluted share range, below their previous guidance of $2.35. Tables and graph.
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
Background
Current Status of Perry Ellis (2004)
Perry Ellis 1999-2004
Total Revenues
Royalty Income
Cost of Sales
Gross Profit
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Depreciation and Amortization
Interest Expense
Long-Term Debt
Future Positioning
Perry Ellis Income Statement
From the Paper
"Perry Ellis' President acknowledged disappointment in the swimwear business for 2004, but plans to take actions such as a rationalization of product offering, changes in sourcing and overhead expense structure and a significant reduction in inventory levels. Perry Ellis intends that those measures will position the company for a profitable swimwear line in fiscal 2006. Perry Ellis predicts that the menswear brands, especially Perry Ellis, Original Penguin, Cubavera, PING, and PGA Tour will achieve record sales with a continuing momentum to continue into next year."
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Finance Modules, 2004.
An analysis of various financial concepts.
2,789 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper explores many concepts found in finance, such as present value and capital asset pricing model (CAPM). The paper examines three business models in order to better understand present value and discount rates. The paper also looks at the security of equity future and, more specifically, Wal-Mart's performance. The relationship between CAPM versus APT (Arbitrage Pricing Theory) is described, and the method used when determining a rate of return and capital budgeting purposes is explained.
From the Paper
"One type of security is called an equity future. This is a contract guaranteeing your shares of a company to be delivered to you not today, but sometime in the future. What you would pay for such a contract? It depends on what price you expect the shares to be at in the future, and how volatile the stock is at the time of purchase or in other words what discount rate you should value this future payment of stocks). By looking at Yahoo Finance.com and at the five-year chart for Johnson and Johnson, the reference company I chose, one can learn a lot about the company. In comparison with Johnson and Johnson, what would you pay for 100 shares of Wal-Mart to be delivered to you in one year? Is it like comparing apples to orange or do the two companies have more in common than thought?"
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Accounting, 2004.
An analysis of cash and accrual accounting methods.
1,147 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the two large categories of accounting methods that companies tend to use, cash and accrual. The paper presents a definition of both concepts, as well as a comparison between the two methods. The paper offers general recommendations about when it is advisable to use one or the other. The paper contends that, nowadays, most companies use the accrual method.
From the Paper
"The accrual methodology, on the other hand, "records income when the sale occurs, whether it be the delivery of a product or the rendering of a service on your part, regardless of when you get paid" . The expenses are similarly recorded when the liability is contracted. For example, in December, we buy equipment worth $20,000, payable over a period of six months. With the accrual accounting method, the respective expense is recorded in the month it was produced and not in every six months to follow during which the payments are made. One of the problems that may arrive when using the accrual method refers to the fact that sometimes the exact moment when the transaction or the liability was contracted is not known."
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Certified Public Accountants, 2004.
An overview of the job description of a Certified Public Accountant (CPA).
1,397 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the job done by a CPA , Certified Public Accountant. The paper presents the educational requirements necessary for pursuing a career as a CPA and outlines the average salaries earned by accountants. The paper provides an outlook for the future of the accountant's job description with regard to technological advancements.
From the Paper
"Certified Public Accountants (CPAs) are found in many walks of life. They are the well-paid and often highly publicized (albeit sometimes for the wrong reasons) Chief Financial Officers (CFOs) of major corporations and advisors to smaller neighborhood businesses (CPA.net., 2004). They work for both large and small public accounting firms, and are typically well-respected strategic business advisors and decision-makers. CPAs also act as business consultants on many issues, including taxes and accounting. Public accountants perform a variety of accounting, auditing, tax, and consulting activities for their clients, who include corporations, governments, nonprofit organizations, or individuals (U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004). For instance, some CPAs concentrate on tax matters, such as helping companies understand the tax advantages and disadvantages of their business decisions and preparing individual income tax returns. Others serve as consultants in areas such as compensation or employee healthcare benefits, the development of accounting and data processing systems, and the selection of controls to protect assets. Others may audit clients' financial statements and report to investors and authorities that the statements have been properly prepared and reported. CPAs' usually either have their own businesses or work for public accounting firms."
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Frequent Flier Mileage Programs, 2005.
A look at the accounting issue regarding frequent flier mileage experienced at United Airlines.
1,573 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This essay involves collecting and summarizing research in regard to a specific company or industry that has experienced an accounting issue. The focus of the essay is United Airlines, but it could have been applied to any other major airline. The main research comes from the December 1991 story by Charles W. Taylor entitled, "Airline Accounting: AICPA versus FASB," which was in the December "CPA Journal Online". The paper incorporates an analysis of the company, industry, and the account issue with the author's personal opinion of the subject matter. A large portion of the paper focuses on the impact on investors and other stakeholders and also presents insights into the opinions of the article's author.
From the Paper
"One solution that has made investors and stakeholders very happy was for the airlines to offer frequent flier miles and other reduced fairs. United's frequent-flier program, Mileage Plus, grew significantly, due to the continued success of partnerships such as First USA Mileage Plus Visa and Master Card, MCI WorldCom and E*TRADE. Revenue from third-party mileage sales reached $107 million during the first quarter, representing an 18 percent increase over the same period last year. Recently, United and Safeway launched Grocery Miles -- the largest partnership between a national grocer and an airline -- which allows customers at nearly 1,300 U.S. stores to earn frequent-flier miles in United's Mileage Plus program for their grocery purchases. (PR News Wire, 2000) As bankruptcy looms, frequent flier miles have become a major topic of discussion. But these frequent flier miles were an accounting problem as far back as 1990 and 1991."
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Financial Planning for Retirement, 2004.
An analysis of the necessary financial planning for retirement.
2,219 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper describes retirement planning as an ongoing process that a person needs to keep up with if goals are to be met. The paper contends that for those at or near retirement age, the planning process goes from accumulation of wealth to making the right decisions about assets. While one will still continue to accumulate money from investments, one will also be looking at using that money for day-to-day living expenses. The paper explains that the right choices are imperative in order to have the retirement lifestyle one desires.
Table of Contents
Early Financial Planning for Retirement
Financial Planning for Retirement: The 30s
Financial Planning for Retirement in Middle Life
Financial Planning for Retirement in the Later Years
Financial Resources for Retirement Planning
Social Security
Pension and Profit-Sharing Plans
Other Retirement Accounts
Other Resources
Retirement Strategies
Summary
References
From the Paper
"Credit card debt should also be evaluated when one is in their 20's. Many credit cards have interest rates of 20% or higher. Over time, a concerted effort should be made to lower balances on these cards. Continuing to maintain high balances and high interest rates delays
putting money aside for retirement. Financial goals should be shared with one's partner. It is of critical importance that each person is involved in the planning and agree on what type of lifestyle he or she wishes. Once the goals are mutually agreed on, both parties should be involved in carrying out the financial strategies necessary to achieve those goals. Each person should know and understand which investments to have and why. This is a critical period to educate oneself about how to handle finances."
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Financial Statements, 2005.
A brief examination of the four main components of a financial statement.
1,254 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the four basic financial statements are the balance sheet, the income statement, the cash flow statement, and the statement of stockholders' equity. This paper refers to each, in part, and then emphasizes the interrelations between them.
From the Paper
"Resuming what I have argued for previously, there are two major arguments that demonstrate the interrelationship between the four basic financial statements. First of all, many of the values that are reflected in one statement generally find themselves in another. Even more so, there is a flow of information from one financial statement to another. As we have seen in the examples above, data from the cash flow statement is recorded on the statement of stockholders' equity or on the balance sheet."
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