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19th Century Art, 2005.
This paper discusses the revolutionary changes in society and in art during the 19th century in Europe and some of its artists, which altered forever the face of art.
2,085 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that painting in the 19th century, still highly influenced by the spirit of Romanticism, progressing through the "schools' of Realism, Impressionism and Post-Impressionism, proved an even more sensitive medium for personal expression. The author points out that the Impressionists sought to create the illusion of forms bathed in light and atmosphere, which required an extensive study of natural light as the source of all color, leading to the revelation that the actual color of an object is always modified by the quality of the light in which it is seen, by reflections from other objects and by the effects produced by colors lying against each other. The paper reviews in detail the work of Francisco Goya, Jacques Louis David, Eugene Delacroix, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, J.M.W. Turner, John Constable, Edouard Manet, Edgar Degas, Georges Seurat, Paul Cezanne, Paul Gauguin, Vincent Van Gogh and Auguste Rodin.
From the Paper
"The history of 19th century painting in its first sixty years has often been interpreted as a contest between Eugene Delacroix and Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (1781-1867) who broke away from David on matters of artistic style, for he believed that David's art was too realistic and based far too much on Greek influences. For Ingres, painting encompassed flat and linear figures, a manner that was severely criticized as being "primitive" and Gothic. However, Ingres soon became the leader of the academic forces in their battle against Delacroix and his contemporaries."
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19th Century Art History, 2005.
A comparison of two 19th century paintings: Degas' "The Little Fourteen-Year-Old Dancer" and Rodin's "The Martyr."
1,698 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
An examination of two impressionist artists: Edgar Degas and Auguste Rodin. The paintings are examined for their similarities and differences. The painters' styles are explored and the writer discusses how their techniques were part of the development of impressionist art of the period.
From the Paper
"Rodin, on the other hand, creates not an impression of a feeling, but rather an expression of a concept. Unlike Degas, he pays intense attention to the modeling of musculature, to the exact twisting of the torso, to the squint of an eye or the precise extension and elevation of a tortured leg. While Rodin expresses tough and demanding concepts-it doesn't get much tougher than martyrdom-Degas creates an impression of expectancy, a willingness and readiness to move forward from the slightly uncomfortable position of now to one of greater fulfillment later. This is evident in the posture of the young dancer, and, according to at least some of his biographers, it is also an apt metaphor for Degas' own approach to and feelings about his own work."
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Art In the U.S. In the 18th and 19th Centuries, 1999.
Examines post-Revolutionary War and post-Civil War art as expressions of values of freedom and growth. Discusses styles, examples, major works and artists and European influences.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, $ 55.95
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Abstract
"In the decades following the Revolutionary War Americans felt called upon to reaffirm the concepts on which their fight for freedom had been based. Thus the broadest trend in art and architecture was toward the severe neoclassical style that spoke of virtue and a fresh approach to the problem of organizing society.
From the Paper
"In the decades following the Revolutionary War Americans felt called upon to reaffirm the concepts on which their fight for freedom had been based. Thus the broadest trend in art and architecture was toward the severe neoclassical style that spoke of virtue and a fresh approach to the problem of organizing society. In the years after the Civil War the nation was also undergoing an adjustment, but this time the change was not related to political organization but to the radical changes inherent in the industrialization and rapidly expanding wealth of the young country. The response was an overwhelming growth in the arts accompanied by a split in sensibilities between those looking for an art that put a seal of cultural approval on industrial growth--usually turning to European models--and those who adhered to a more local vision."
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Rape In Britain In The Late 18th Century and Early 19th Century, 1997.
Examines legal, social, marital, literary, theoretical, moral, class and feminist issues, focusing on the views of women as possessions of men.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 15 sources, $ 95.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the issue of rape in Great Britain in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The plan of the research will be to set forth the social and cultural context in which the issue achieves significance and then to discuss patterns of activity within the culture that appear to show an evolution of consciousness and priorities in the understanding of the phenomenon.
The conceptualization of rape in Britain in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries appears to have been very much a social construction that dominated the whole of Western society, whether in England and the Empire, on the continent, or in the U.S. Thus however rape might have been perceived or experienced at the personal level, the principal social fact about the phenomenon was that it was subsidiary to more widely held views of social ..."
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African-American Female Social Reformers Of The 19th Century-20th Century, 1995.
Describes the lives and careers of Sojourner Truth, Harriet Tubman, Ida B. Wells-Barnett and Fanie Lou Hamer.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 4 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"The role of individual personalities in a social movement is often recorded in disproportion to the individual's achievement. Minorities have received short shrift in the past. Women in particular are apt to be slighted by historians who, until recently, were generally composed of educated white males viewing the past through a perspective that was sorely limited by lack of imagination and empathy. Needless to say, women of African-American heritage have been more likely lost in the shuffle of such opinion than white women and black men. As Arican-Americans in America moved from slavery to freedom, from segregated minority to still-being-attempted integration into the mainstream society, there has been a none-too-subtle discount of the black woman's accomplishments in the field of social reform. Nevertheless, there has been a strong spine of African-American ..."
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19th Century Literature, 2003.
A discussion of various novels from the 19th century, focusing on the role of the main female character in each.
2,555 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
A comparison of the characters in Jane Austen's "Sense and Sensibility", Samuel Richardson's "Pamela" and Fanny Burney's "Evelina". The paper begins by reviewing the literature that preceeded the 19th century and the changes evident in the 19th century. The writer then explores the roles of the main characters of each of the novels, as a part of their society and times.
From the Paper
"The eighteenth century was a very important time for the development of a new literary form known as the novel. As this literary form progressed, characterizations of femininity changed, reflecting changes in society. Samuel Richardson?s Pamela (1741) is a self-consciously moral antidote to the immoral novels of Aphra Behn, Delarivier Manley, and Eliza Haywood. The full title is: Pamela, or, Virtue Rewarded, and the latter part of the title forms the main theme of the novel. Jane Austen published Sense and Sensibility in 1811, nearly a half century later, and her female characters reflect a difference in attitude towards sentiment."
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19th Century American Theater, 2004.
Discusses the history of theater in America in the 19th century.
2,020 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
By the mid-19th century, theater in the United States had undergone a dramatic transformation. Theater became enormously popular and attracted a more genteel and wealthy audience. The paper shows how plays by American writers began to showcase social concerns, and actors and actresses enjoyed a new-found status as respected members of society. "Uncle Tom's Cabin" became one of the most popular plays of the time and typified American theater's new focus on social conditions. The paper shows that the last half of the 19th century marked significant changes in American theater. These changes were partially spurred by the large population growth in East Coast cities. As America grew, the number of theaters increased. Also as America's leisure time increased and wages increased, Americans looked to the theater for entertainment. The paper explains that improvements in transportation allowed actors and actresses to tour parts of America that had never had professional theaters, and the result was an explosion in the popularity of the theater.
From the Paper
"The historical accuracy of Uncle Tom's cabin was also indicative of the move toward the historical accuracy of sets, costumes, and dialects seen in 19th century theater (Robinson). The play is a 'melodrama', or simply a play with music, allowing American audiences all over the country exposure to the music of the Negro spiritual, which contained a complex mixture of dialect and music that depicted black culture of the time. In ACT II, Scene 4, Topsy sings 'Oh, I'se So Wicked', a song that characterized the life and dialect of southern slaves, and depicted the degradation of slaves."
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Conservatism in 19th Century England, 2005.
A look at why conservatism dominated Europe in the first half of the 19th century.
1,065 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the reasons why the dominant political ideology of 19th century Europe was conservative as opposed to liberal capitalist or communist. This paper describes the reasons Europe wanted to return to an old traditional society instead of continuing towards a more enlightened, liberal society in the first half of the 19th century.
From the Paper
"After the Defeat of Emperor Napoleon I in 1813 and his subsequent exile in 1815, Europe was at an end of three decades of political upheaval, continental war, and economic struggle. With Europe's victory over France came the recoil of the liberal ideological politics that had eroded the stability of modern Europe. Hundreds of thousands of people had been slain and the political and hierarchical traditions had been forever broken. "His conquests displaced a number of laws, institutions, and customs; broke through bonds sacred among all nations" (Perry, 153). The consequences of the Enlightenments rational thought was believed to have had been fully realized by conservatives. Europe had paid the penalty for their abandonment of tradition and religion for individualism and reason."
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19th Century English Artists' Techniques, 2002.
Examines the contributions of Sir Charles Eastlake and Mrs. Merrifeld to the contemporary understanding of 19th century English artists' techniques.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 7 sources, $ 106.95
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Abstract
Sir Charles Eastlake and Mrs. Merrifield added much, perhaps indirectly, to our knowledge of 19th century English artists' techniques. This paper examines their milieu, and how they gained interest in the painting that they wrote upon, along with their published contributions to fine art scholarship. Both authors are looked at in the light of a particular cultural and intellectual environment.
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Anti-Semitism in 19th Century Europe, 2003.
An examination of the reasons behind anti-Semitism in France and Russia in the 19th century.
4,301 words (approx. 17.2 pages), 32 sources, APA, $ 113.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the history of anti-Semitism in Europe during the 19th century. The paper explores the similarities between the anti-Semitic prejudices that engulfed France and Russia in the late nineteenth century and then shows how in France, anti-Semitism was largely a right-wing Catholic movement, peppered with socialist support in the aftermath capitalistic change. The paper also provides a broad definition of anti-Semitism in general.
From the Paper
"Anti-Semitism is not an ?identical phenomenon? similar to all countries, but rather based on individual national histories. The anti-Semitic prejudices that emerged in France and Russia in the late nineteenth century were both preceded by defeat in war, economic instability, and political change; circumstances exploited by the Judeo-phobic press and literature. However, while French anti-Semitism was derived from traditional religious dogmatism, and encouraged by the potent political force of anti-Republican Catholicism, the Russian experience was based on an ideological imperialism that was promoted by the government, and common to all ?true? Russians."
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Women's Suffrage in the 19th Century, 2007.
This paper examines the women's suffrage movement in America during the 19th century.
1,137 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper traces the history of the women's suffrage movement in 19th century America, with an emphasis on its leaders and goals. In particular, the contributions of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Fanny Wright are illustrated through their writings and lectures. The paper states that women earning the right to vote meant a nearly complete transformation of social norms in the United States. The paper also describes the connection between the abolitionist movement and women's suffrage. The writer concludes that despite the ratification of the 19th Amendment, women still suffered from widespread discrimination and continue to fight for equal rights even today.
From the Paper
"Susan B. Anthony and scores of other prominent suffragists rallied as much for the cause of abolition as for women's rights. One of the most notable companion causes of 19th century suffragists was the temperance movement. In fact, suffragist Frances Willard had been intimately involved in the Christian Temperance movement and in 1891 became president World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union. The temperance movement's primary objective was the reduction in alcohol abuse, and in 1872, the Prohibition Party became the "first national political party to recognize the right of suffrage for women in its platform," ("Women's History in America"). Therefore, the women's suffrage movement did not exist in isolation of other social, economic, and political causes."
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Plains Indians Warfare During the 19th Century, 2002.
This paper addresses the changes in American Indian warfare during the period of western settlement in the 19th century.
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the changes in American Indian warfare during the period of western settlement in the 19th century. It gives a summary of Plains Indian culture and reasons for conflict, and details conflicts between settlers and American Indian tribes. The paper's thesis, borne out in historical research, is that the introduction of horses and firearms made conflicts between US relocation forces and unwilling Indian tribesmen bloodier than necessary on both sides. The author does not take sides on the Native American sovereignty issue.
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19th-Century Democrats, 2004.
This paper discusses the Democratic Party during the middle decades of the 19th century and the Populist movement.
2,010 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that the primary reasons people joined the Democratic Party during the middle decades of the 19th century were economic, the welcoming of immigrants, and the Populist movement. The author points out that the idea that the Democratic Party would create a more egalitarian country in which talent and ambition and energy mattered more than family background and connection was very appealing. The paper reports that the Granger Movement, which had strong allegiances to the Democratic Party, had broad goals, seeking to improve not only the economic conditions of farmers, but also their social status and political power.
Table of Contents
Introduction
A President of the People
The Grangers as Archetypal Democrats
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It was because the Democratic Party suggested that simply because a person wasn?t from a good family and well educated didn?t mean that he or she wasn?t just as good as anyone else that it gained in popularity. It was because it supported populist ideals that it dominated American politics during the middle decades of the 19th-century, until it began to splinter under the pressures brought about by the Civil War and Manifest Destiny. These decades saw the elections of Martin Van Buren, James K. Polk, Franklin Pierce, and James Buchanan as the Democrats won every presidential election, saving 1840 and 1848."
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Women?s Health in the 19th Century, 2002.
This paper traces the evolution of women's health and medical practices through the 19th century, citing ?The Yellow Wallpaper? by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in the analysis of female hysteria.
3,817 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper explores women's health issues in the 19th century. The writer suggests that the attitudes of men toward women were central to issues concerning women?s health. The paper looks at primitive gynecologic practices, allopathic medicine, personalities including midwife Martha Ballard and trends such as Lydia Pinkham?s Vegetable Compound. The writer concludes that studying the history of the progress in women's health is an excellent way for women to learn what they will have to do to improve their own futures.
From the Paper
"In the 19th century, any female complaint was likely to be considered a nervous disorder. The woman in ?The Yellow Wallpaper? is the victim of what contemporary men labeled ?hysteria? for which many hysterectomies were performed. Getting out from behind that male imposed wallpaper was a major effort of will for women. If she complained too much, a woman would most likely be subjected to the new hysterectomy procedure developed by Dr. Robert Battley, which had a very high mortality rate. Doctors like the husband in Gilman?s story provoked a reactionary movement that included the efforts of Dr. John Kellogg and Dr. Sylvester Graham, part of the popular health movement that flourished from 1820-1870. They encouraged loose, healthy clothing, exercise and steam baths for both sexes, advocated vegetarian, whole wheat, alcohol free diets and strongly rejected masturbation as sinful, lawless and unhealthy."
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Science and Religion in 19th Century Britain, 2002.
A discussion of whether science and religion are fundamentally opposed. The paper is based on F. Turner's work on the professionalization of science in 19th century Britain.
2,059 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the emergence in 19th century Britain of science as a respected body of professionals, rather than as an amateur hobby of the idle rich. The paper reviews the article ?The Victorian Conflict between Science and Religion: A Professional Dimension? by F. Turner. It looks at how the drive to raise professional standards within the new disciplines led to an increasing refusal to compromise scientific integrity to fit in with Church doctrine. This paper examines whether this conflict was caused by a fundamental opposition of science and religion or merely by individuals trying to resist or encourage the huge social changes occurring at the time.
From the Paper
"At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the clergy had a huge amount of influence on British society in terms of government, school and University education, patronage and the prestige, authority and reverence given to them by all social classes. Science, on the other hand, was nothing but a disunited collection of amateurs, who were not even granted their own collective noun. The term ?scientist?, although coined in 1834 by Reverend Whewell, did not come into popular use until the 1890s. Science in this early period was very much influenced by religion and many (though increasingly not all) both within and outside the scientific community considered it perfectly acceptable and natural for research to be conducted under the authority of and be limited by Church doctrine."
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