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19th Cent German Unification, 1997.
Analyzes three wars (1864, 1866, 1870-1871) which resulted in partial unification, focusing on political & military vision & leadership of Otto von Bismarck.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 15 sources, $ 95.95
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From the Paper
"This study will examine the three nineteenth century wars (1864, 1866 and 1870-71) which resulted in the partial unification of Germany. The primary leader behind these wars and German unification was Otto von Bismarck, the creator of what would become the German Empire. Bismarck was the premier of Prussia from 1862 to 1890 and chancellor of Germany from 1871 to 1890. Had there been no Bismarck the history of Germany, Prussia, Austria and all of Europe would have been drastically altered. (The German states included the Rhineland, Westphalia, Bavaria, etc., but especially significant in this study will be the largest entities of Austria and Prussia.)
Therefore, the story of the wars of German unification can be fairly said to be the story of Bismarck himself. Even with the indomitable will of Bismarck, however, there was no guarantee.."
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Bismarck and German Unification, 2004.
An assessment of Otto von Bismarck's contribution to German unification.
2,624 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Otto von Bismarck, the prime minister of Prussia from 1862?73 and 1873?90 and founder and first chancellor of the German Empire from 1871?90. It looks at how, having established the empire, Bismarck actively and skillfully pursued pacific policies in foreign affairs, succeeding in preserving the peace in Europe for about two decades. It examines the part he played in the eventual unification of Germany through his efforts to unify the country using nationalistic sentiment.
From the Paper
"His biographers consistently report a background that would contribute to his sense of nationalism. For instance, at school he was exposed to German national sentiment. In G?ttingen he toyed briefly with the Burschenschaft, but objected to the "extravagance of their political views" and their unwillingness to "give satisfaction" by duelling. Further, his sense of German patriotism was limited to the "spirit of 1812," as the conservative nobility had understood it. ?Most of the Junkers who went to war in 1812 did so to liberate German soil from the foreigner, not to unify Germany. hat men of this conviction wished was the solidarity of Germany's princes, rather than the sovereign union of its peoples? (Pflanze 1963:73). "
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Origins and Impact of German Unification on Europe, 2004.
Examines the impact and historical significance of the unity of the German states after the Napoleonic Wars and their implication on changing Europe.
5,234 words (approx. 20.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 130.95
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Abstract
The paper is a historical examination into the German national movement that began after the Napoleonic Wars in Europe. The desire for unity among the German states, mainly between Prussia and Austria, would eventually be a main reason for World War I and World War II. This in the desire to see a Greater Germany exist as the competing power in Europe by the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as an opposition to English, French and Russian domination of the continent. The paper is divided up into three main parts. The first section gives a history of the Napoleonic Wars and the growing concept of nationalism in the German states under Napoleon. It was this hope for unity that helped push the French back and convince the world that German unity was in the best interest as a buffer to further French aggression. The second part of the paper deals with the unification of the German states and the problems and progress that existed from the time of 1815-1870. The growing industrial movement is heavily discussed as being the backbone to the new German Confederation of states. The rivalry that existed between Austria and Prussia, which eventually splintered Austria from the Confederation, is also discussed and how the German nation became stronger due to a more powerful Prussian influence. A complete investigation into German culture, economics and military system of the 19th century is given in this section in a very detailed manner. Repeated sources from English observers and German politicians give an insight into how Germany began to grow as a European power during the middle 19th century. A huge part of this section deals with the German economy and their desire to match England in terms of economic dominance of Europe. The German economic system is examined, run by a harsh yet amazingly efficient centralized government that maximizes output and production from its workers. Finally, the last section deals with the establishment of the German Empire, and how nationalism completely took over Germany as the predominant unifying factor of the German people. The Franco-Prussian War and the subsequent territorial grabs by Otto Von Bismarck and Kaiser Wilhelm The First are discussed, right up until the outbreak of World War I where Germany has officially taken its place as the predominant military and economic power on the continent.
From the Paper
"Throughout the history of Europe, there have been numerous incidents in which a country will affect the entirety of the continent through political, economic or cultural means. These influences upon fellow European countries usually tended to be permanent changes, whether it was the religious division that came upon The Protestant split or The French Revolution's impact on neighboring countries. However, the one event that changed the course of European history and would eventually impact every European nation was the unification of the Germany city-states into a conglomerated country in 1815. Through this development of a united Germany at the Congress of Vienna, Europe would be forever changed and would be forced to compete with Germanic ideals that the new nation would sponsor as it began to build up a nationalistic Germany. What the European powers saw as a means of ending local rivalries and improving economic trade and prosperity to the former states of the Holy Roman Empire, the unification of the German people would taint any optimistic expectations of peaceful coexistence in Europe for the latter half of the 19th century and would take on much more dangerous and bloody connotations as the 20th century unfolded. The united country of Germany, through a series of beliefs and practices that each German citizen began to trust while the country was building itself in the 19th century, would become one of the most dominant and influential nations in European history. These principles were the strong nationalistic feelings that came from the pride and love of what it was to be German, the growing industrial practices that began to be developed in German economic production, and the emphasis on military dignity and strength of the army, coupled with the German tendency to give powerful prominence to German military leaders, would become grounds for building a nation that would tower over the European political environment for years."
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Bismarck And German Unification, 2002.
Discusses Otto von Bismarck's political goals.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 9 sources, $ 79.95
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Abstract
Discusses Otto von Bismarck's political goals. German nationalism and Prussian hegemony over the German states. His brilliant statesmanship. His early ambitions and principles. His role as Prussia's minister president and minister of foreign affairs. Impact of his "iron and blood" speech. His domestic and external concerns. Difficulties of unification.
From the Paper
"Otto von Bismarck (1815-98) became Prussia's minister president and minister of foreign affairs in 1862. At the time he undoubtedly seemed like one of the last men who would preside over the unification of the German states--a goal associated with liberalism and nationalism but not with Junker aristocrats. But by 1871, due primarily to his diplomacy and his overwhelming pragmatism, this is what had happened. The "Iron Chancellor" was, however, famously difficult to read and it has long been debated whether he had any interest in German nationalism or if the entire effort simply disguised the desire for Prussian hegemony over the German states. Bismarck managed to cut off the Austrian rulers' hopes for leadership of a unified Great Germany and ensured that a "Bismarckian (Prusso-Little German) version of unification" won out (Hobsbawm 273). Did Bismarck have a grand ..."
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The Post-Unification German Economy, 1996.
Looks at economy of Germany after the reunification. Also discusses social & political features of the new German state.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"The Post-Unification German Economy
Introduction: The Fall of the Wall
The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 was the single event that most dramatically underlined the sea change from the Cold War era in Europe to a post-Cold War era. The fall of the Wall was followed almost immediately by the total collapse of the East German state, which until 1989 had appeared to be both the most repressive and the strongest of the Soviet-bloc states in Eastern Europe. With breathtaking suddenness -- in the space of a year-- came the full and formal reunification of the divided Germanies, a process that it had been presumed even in 1989 would take several years at least.
In the long run, reunification could only benefit the German economy..."
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Absolutism in 17th Cent & 18th Cent, 1997.
Examines evolution, impact & decline of moral, philosophical & legal doctrine using natural law to justify monarchy.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
" Absolutism in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was a political theory suited to the absolutist monarchies which had been coming into existence since the Reformation. As a theory, perhaps best personified in the work of Hobbes, absolutism justifies the absolute and organic rule of all aspects of society through a monarchy. It is a doctrine of the absolute right of the ruler; in other words, the affirmation that the ruler is not bound by any kind of moral or legal limitation. Instead, the philosophy of absolutism rested heavily upon conceptions of natural law--an interpretation of right and wrong based on a belief in the absolute Truths inherent in nature. One of these absolute Truths of natural law would later become known as the ?divine right of kings,? a belief that the monarchy is the natural order of society and thus stands above all human.."
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German Currency, 1994.
Value & stability of Deutsche Mark and the significance of the failed Maastricht Treaty. Examined as related to other nations' currency, monetary conservatism, and German re-unification,
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 10 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
" In December of 1991, the nations of the European Community signed the Maastricht Treaty, an accord which was intended to mark a major step forward toward the complete economic integration of Europe, and the culmination of a process that had begun in the 1950s. Business and political leaders around the world regarded "1992" with mingled enthusiasm and anxiety; it would mark the birth, so it was supposed in the late 1980s and early 1990s, of a new economic superpower. In mid-1992, however, Denmark failed to ratify the Maastricht Treaty. The defeating vote was narrow--50.7 percent of the Danish electorate voted against the measure--but it at once stalled the formal process, and signalled a much broader anxiety among Europeans regarding the impending integration..
This anxiety took a variety of forms, at several levels. On.."
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German Economic Development, 2005.
This paper looks at the unification of the post-1870 German monetary system and its effects.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 10 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the impact of the unification of the monetary system on post-1870 German economic development. The paper offers an overview of the 19th century historical perspectives and discusses the introduction of Zollverein and the subsequent unification of the 33 German states. Furthermore, the paper talks about the period of depression and the inflation that ensued. The paper also provides a brief comparison of the unification of 1870 with the establishing of the European Union.
From the Paper
"Germany in the nineteenth century was a regionally divided and economically "backward" country, lagging behind Britain in economic development and stability. Part of the problem was in the fact that "political fragmentation was replicated in the economic sphere by the persistence of separate islands of economic activity" (W.R.Lee, 346). The extreme diversification according to the regional economic activity was prevalent and there are two central factors that affected regional development dynamic."
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The German Economy, 2007.
Examines the German economy from 1980 to the present.
1,720 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the present German economy is a result of the 1990 merger between the dominant economy of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). The author points out that this merger produced a massive economic entity, which is now the focal point of Europe as a production, transportation and communications center. The paper then describes the many different elements each partner brought into the economy. The author concludes that the German economy since unification has exceeded everyone's expectations, which symbolizes the power of democratization and that even a country like Germany with its violent and bloody past can overcome all obstacles and transform itself into a global economic superpower.
From the Paper
"As one of Europe's greatest exporters, Germany was the world's largest in 1988, second only to the United States in 1989 and again in 1990. After unification, Germany's trade surplus shrank for several years, yet West Germany had shown a dramatically high trade surplus during the late 1980's and into the early 1990's, reaching almost $80 billion U.S. dollars in 1988; by 1991, a united Germany showed a much lower surplus. As of 1999, exports reached $610 billion, made up of machinery, vehicles, chemicals, metals, foodstuffs and textiles."
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Otto Von Bismarck and the Unification of Germany, 2008.
An analysis of the role of Otto Von Bismarck in the unification of Germany, particularly looking at the Second War of Schleswig, the Austro-Prussian War and the Franco-Prussian War.
2,153 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the processes by which Otto Von Bismarck engineered the unification of Germany between 1854 and 1885. It argues that Bismarck used three wars as the key stages in this process: the Second War of Schleswig, the Austro-Prussian War and the Franco-Prussian War. The paper also discusses the central role that Bismarck played in these conflicts, even where he did not actually initiate them.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Bismarck's Rise: The Plan Take Shape
The Second War of Schleswig and the Austro-Prussian War
The Franco-Prussian War and German Unification
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One of the most fascinating aspects of the Second War of Schleswig was how Bismarck embarked upon the conflict against the opposition of most other German states, as expressed in the Diet's refusal to give Prussia a loan for the war. It was due to this deficiency that Bismarck entered into an alliance with Austria (Stern 40). In this analysis, this war is particularly significant as we can see in it a concrete example of how deftly Bismarck was pursuing his plan for Prussian dominance of Germany. From the perspective of the other German states, one historian notes, "their less flexible minds could never grasp that Bismarck harbored several alternatives, hoping to realize the most desirable one that political conditions would allow" (Stern 40)."
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German Reunification, 2007.
An examination of the impact of German reunification on the country and its people today.
7,945 words (approx. 31.8 pages), 20 sources, APA, $ 171.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to help the reader understand the current situation in Germany today by providing an overview of the reunification of East and West Germany, the process that led to the reunification, and the opposing political forces that emerged in response. The paper's format is presented in the form of several subject headings followed by discussion and analysis according to the topic. The focus of the paper is the opposition to the reunification, comprised mainly of Great Britain, France, and Poland. The paper begins with the situation in East Germany in the late 80s, covering the Montagsdemonstrationen organized by Christian Fuehrer, heading on to the "Einigungsvertrag" and the integration of the GDR into Western Germany. This is followed by an analysis of the political concerns evinced by France, Poland, and Great Britain. A summary of the research and salient findings are presented in the conclusion.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion: Diplomatic Difficulties during the German Reunification Process
The Political Situation in Germany and the USSR during the Late 1980s
Social Insecurities after Perestroika and Glasnost Fail to Save USSR
USSR is Weakened
Early Stage.
Situation in the GDR
Montagsdemonstrationen in East Germany Occurs, First in Leipzig, Then Entire State
Christian Fuehrer
4 September 1989
Massive Exodus of GDR Inhabitants over Hungarian Border in Summer 1989
Fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989
On the Road to Unity
Helmut Kohl's Ten-Points Plan to Integrate GDR into West Germany
Reunification of October 3, 1990
The British View of German Reunification
Margaret Thatcher's Concerns
Dominance of Germany Economy in Europe
Balance of Power Disturbed
Militarily Too Powerful Germany Could Threaten Regional Stability
The French View of German Reunification
The Polish View of German Reunification
Poland Demanded that Germany Accept the Oder-Neisse Line as the Official Border
When Helmut Kohl Failed to Include this Line in his Ten Points, It Caused Major Worries on both Polish and German Sides
German Development Following Reunification.
Breakdown of GDR Economy
Obsolete East German Companies were Unable to Compete in a Free Market
Production Costs Too High Due to Too Many Employees
Major Consumer of East German Products, USSR, had Collapsed
Major Change 1:1 for Ostmark to Deutschmark
Exodus
Money Spent on Reunification
Depending on Source, Costs Estimated at 250 Million to 1.5 Billion DM
Temporary State Deficit in Germany was 1.4 Billion DM
Germany Today
The Wall in the Head
The Perspective of the Victim
The Perspective of Accountability
Table 1 - Imports and Exports
Table 2 - GDR Trade with West Germany, 1961-1976 (in millions of Deutsche marks).
From the Paper
". It happened so quickly that many observers were taken by surprise. The events that ultimately led to the collapse of the former Soviet Union were characterized by half-measures and false starts that created the conditions needed to fuel further social unrest and political discord. According to Niven and Thomaneck, the fact that former GDR leader Erich Honecker's attempt at political crisis management and linguistic "democracy" propaganda had failed became clear in the autumn of 1989, when the working people of Germany reminded him: "We are the people." These authors report that, "Whereas the Polish free trade union Solidarity movement did not in any noticeable way capture the mood of the working people in the GDR, the policy shifts announced by Mikhail Gorbachev after his appointment as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1985 triggered a new political discourse in East Germany" (57). At the time, Gorbachev recognized that the system of "actually existing socialism" simply could not endure in its existing form, either in the Soviet Union or in the Eastern bloc as a whole (Niven & Thomaneck 57)."
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Scientific Management and German Design, 2006.
A discussion about the relationship between scientific management and German modernist art and how this relationship impacted German graphic art in a manner that continues today.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The relationship between scientific management and German modernist art and architecture has often been overlooked - which is unfortunate insofar as the former has greatly impacted the latter and provided it with some of its most conspicuous and enduring features. With this in mind, this paper explores this link by looking at examples of Taylorist sensibility in four noteworthy German designers; this paper also touches briefly upon how the works of these individuals - particularly Margarete Schutte-Lihotzky - reflected the dominant rationalist and modernist traits of the epoch and, in effect, set about creating a legacy for German graphic and architectural design which has persisted the present age.
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German Language Linguistic Analysis, 2005.
Performs a brief German language linguistic analysis, comparing German with Dutch and Afrikaans.
690 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper is a linguistic analysis of the German language. It compares German with Dutch and Afrikaans. The varieties of the German language; divisions into North Germanic and West Germanic are all discussed.
From the Paper
"The German language bears many similarities to other Germanicl anguages such as Dutch and Afrikaans. Standard German is spoken with auvular R although the alveolar pronunciation is used in many of the standard German ..."
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The German Economy 1870 -1914, 1998.
This paper outlines the main economic changes that occurred in Germany between 1870 and 1914.
2,205 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 3 sources, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the development of the German economy between 1870 and 1914. The author looks at the different factors that led to the transformation of Germany from an economically backwards country, to a major economic superpower, which even began to threaten Great Britain's supremacy in world trade. The paper examines several different events that were factors in this economic turnaround, including the Wars of German Unification, the economic reforms enacted after the 1873 depression, the growth of the railway systems, and the eventual expansion of the coal industry.
The paper includes an extensive bibliography, but has no footnotes, or endnotes.
From the Paper
"In the 18th century, Germany was a collection of 39 economically backward states governed by a social and political structure closer to Russia?s autocratic system, rather than those of the west. The ?Junkas? ? the land owning class ? cultivated their lands with the forced labour of serfs. Later, the peasants were released from their obligations but any surplus income earned above subsistence level was paid to landowners and social superiors, seriously reducing the possibility of investment in the land and new methods of farming. Progress towards industrialisation was hampered by the absence of economic unity. Each state controlled its own tariffs, currency, communications, manufacturing industries and banking. Yet by the end of the 19th century, Germany was to become a major economic power, by continental standards, and a serious threat to Great Britain?s supremacy in the world of trade and economic growth. This essay will seek to outline the developments of the German economy in the period 1870-1914 and explain what caused such changes."
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German Christians, 2005.
A look at the German Christian Church and the movement behind it, as well as how the German political and religious culture contributed to its formation.
2,713 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the German Christian Church and movement. More specifically, the paper focuses on the Protestant Church (people?s church) after WWI and through WWII and the Nazi movement. The attempts to illustrate that the Protestant German Christian Church's ideology was not a product of Nazi orders or a response to Neo-Pagan influences, but in fact, was derivative of the post-WWI culture of Germany.
From the Paper
"Twisted Cross: the German Christian Movement in the Third Reich goes on to explain that many members of the movement were simply attempting to make Christianity acceptable to Nationalist socialist society. The author argues that the German Christian Movement was indeed the result of post war influences of the larger German culture. The author asserts that there were several cultural events that led to the emergence of the German Christians. One of the major events occurred in the 1920?s when many of the Protestant association led efforts to promote ethnicity and German culture. The book asserts that these events were instrumental in the creation of the German Christian Movement that eventually took prominence in Germany."
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