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The 1991 Persian Gulf War.
This paper discusses Saddam Hussein's many legal violations which led to the 1991 Persian Gulf War and occurred during this war.
5,870 words (approx. 23.5 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 140.95
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Abstract
This paper states that never before in history has a man violated as many legal obligations as Saddam Hussein; therefore, 1991 Persian Gulf War has become one of the most significant international events of all time. The author points out that the most obvious violation made by Saddam Hussein was in waging a war of aggression against Kuwait. The paper relates that Iraq violated many treaties such as the United Nations and the Pact of the League of Arab States, all of the Security Council's Resolutions and many laws of war, neutrality and belligerent occupation including carrying out a sneak attack, missile terror attacks against civilian populations, the mistreatment of prisoners of war and finally environmental terrorism.
From the Paper
"Another violation of the laws of wars committed by Iraq in the Gulf War was the mistreatment of the prisoners of war. All of the United States armed forces that were taken prisoner by Iraq were mistreated to some degree which is more violations by Iraq under the Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. CNN aired footage on January 20, 1991 of American and other prisoners of war that claimed that there was definite mistreatment of them at the hands of the Iraqi's. This mistreatment goes against Article 13 of the Geneva Convention that states, "Prisoners of war must at all times be humanely treated....Likewise, prisoners of war must at all times be protected, particularly against acts of violence or intimidation and against insults and public curiosity." The fact that these prisoners of war were shown on CNN, the worldwide news program situated at the center of the Gulf Crisis, shows that article 13 was violated since the prisoners were not protected against public curiosity."
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1991 Persian Gulf War: Causes and Consequences, 2002.
This paper examines the causes and explores the consequences of the War in the Persian Gulf of early 1991.
1,677 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
According to the writer, the basic cause of the war between Saddam Hussein's Iraq and the Allied Coalition led by the United States was Iraq's armed seizure of Kuwait in early August 1990. The paper traces the history of this occupation, then discusses the consequences which are explained in the paper as a military triumph by the United States and its allies and the removal of a serious threat to their vital interests.
From the Paper
"A more immediate reason for Iraq's invasion of Kuwait was Iraq's financial situation at the end of the Iran-Iraq war. Iraq had prevailed against Iran largely because of financial assistance from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and the other Gulf emirates. According to Hiro, Iraq emerged from the war with foreign debts to non-Arab nations of about $50.5 billion (three times its GDP), plus Gulf loans and credits of another $45 to $55 billion, including a debt to Kuwait of $14 billion. Iraq's ability to repay these debts was hampered by the declining world price of oil. At a series of meetings among the leaders of Arab countries in early 1990, Saddam Hussein demanded relief from this debt burden in form of lower oil production by Saudi Arabia and Kuwait which had exceeded their OPEC production quotas and tens of billions of dollars in cash payments from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and the other Gulf states. At the final meeting between Iraq and Kuwait on July 31, 1990, Friedman said he demanded "$10 billion plus some territory and drilling rights." According to Friedman, the August 2, 1990 invasion was the equivalent of "a debtor canceling his debt by robbing the bank.""
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Military Strategies of 1991 Persian Gulf War, 1993.
Analyzing the goals, tactics, technology, political aims, leadership, air power, views on Kuwait and planning of the Iraq vs. U.S.-led coalition.
3,825 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 9 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
" Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the strategies of both the U.S..led coalition forces and the Iraqi military, as utilized in their respective campaigns during the Persian Gulf War. The method used in this analysis will be one of comparing and contrasting the strategies of both sides. In addition, an effort will be made to understand the rationale that led to the selection of these specific strategies. It will be seen that air power played a vital role in contributing to the success of the coalition campaign. By contrast, the lack of effective air power was a decisive factor in the failure of the Iraqi effort. The Persian Gulf War was chosen as the basis for this analysis because it provides an excellent case study in the contemporary use of strategic planning and warfare techniques. When Iraq.."
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1991 Persian Gulf Crisis, 1992.
An examination of the victory of the global coalition over Iraq and its implications for post-Cold War global relationships and the New World Order.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"As the Cold War ended, a number of expectations were raised concerning the new international system which would follow the collapse of Soviet power. However, the circumstances of the 1991 Gulf Crisis created a reality which is in sharp contrast with many of these expectations. During the Cold War period, international order was based on the existence of the two primary superpowers. Thus, a bipolar arrangement existed with the United States and its Western allies on one side and the Soviet Union and the Eastern bloc nations on the other side. The primary security concern for the West at that time was the containment of the-Soviet Union. In the years following the Second World War, Soviet invasions in Eastern Europe led to a powerful build-up of military strength. The rapid spread of Soviet military influence posed a tangible threat to the democratic values that the Western..."
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U.S. Involvement in the Persian Gulf Conflict, 2000.
An analysis of the reasons behind U.S. involvement in the 1991 Persian Gulf conflict.
1,775 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 7 sources, $ 57.95
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Abstract
An analysis of the developments that lead the U.S. to become involved in the Persian Gulf conflict. The author discusses aspects such as image, economics, priorities and interests of the U.S. that lead her to become involved.
From the Paper
"On August 8, 1990, President George Bush announced that he had sent American troops to Saudi Arabia to protect it during Iraq?s invasion of Kuwait. This was the beginning of U.S. military involvement in the Persian Gulf Conflict, which had started with Saddam Hussein?s decision to invade only a week earlier. What made Bush decide to get involved so quickly? What did he stand to lose, and what did he expect to gain? Given a thorough understanding of the United States? priorities and relationships with other countries in the Middle East, the answers to these questions are easy to find."
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The Persian Gulf, 2003.
An examination of the causes of the contemporary crisis in the Persian Gulf.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the reasons behind the contemporary crisis in the Persian Guld as viewed by three authors. It argues that blame for the crisis cannot be put on the United States alone, but also on the United Nations Security Council and nations using the Persian Gulf to exploit the crisis for their own end.
From the Paper
"The United States continues to take plenty of blame at home and abroad for the current crisis in the Persian Gulf. Nevertheless if the works of Butler, Trainor and Mylroie are any example there is plenty of blame to go..."
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The Persian Gulf War, 2002.
A discussion of U.S. involvement in the Persian Gulf War (1990-1991).
2,546 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes and analyzes the United States foreign policy decisions and military events which led to, perpetuated and ended American involvement in the Persian Gulf War, including the military strategy employed by Iraq and the United States during that war. It examines how the Persian Gulf War was precipitated by the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq in August 1990 and the determination by the United States that its vital interests were thereby threatened.
Outline
Background to the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990
Pre-Gulf War Military Buildup and Diplomacy
Military Strategy of Iraq and the United States
War Termination
Conclusion
From the Paper
"American satellite photographs alerted United States intelligence to Iraq's buildup of forces north of the Kuwaiti border which reached over 100,000 troops by late July 1990. The administration of George Bush dismissed these moves as saber-rattling. American Ambassador to Iraq April Glaspie told Hussein on July 25, 1990: "we have no opinion on the Arab-Arab conflicts, like your border disagreements with Kuwait" (Bennis and Moushabeck 395). These mixed signals violated the first rule of an effective policy of deterrence, which Craig and George said was that any threat to an opponent must be "credible and sufficiently potent in the eyes of the aggressor to prevent him from attempting the undesired course of action" (190). "
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The Second Persian Gulf War: The Unfinished War, 2000.
This is a look at the causes of the Persian Gulf War and its effects, as well as reasons why it is not finished, in a sense.
2,785 words (approx. 11.1 pages), 7 sources, $ 83.95
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Abstract
In this paper I look at the causes of the Persian Gulf War. What Kuwait did to provoked the Iraqi invasion? Why Iraq felt it was necessary to invade Kuwait? What could the United States and other Arab Nations have done to prevent the invasion? Then I briefly write about the events of the fighting in the Persian Gulf War. Finally I evaluate the United States? policy towards Iraq since the War. Has it had an effect? Have we achieved any of our goals? What else can we do?
In my paper I conclude that the Persian Gulf War was necessary under the circumstances. Furthermore, I write about how our policy has failed towards Iraq and how it needs to be more aggressive. This paper is eight pages long and uses footnote rather then a bibliography. The paper is very informative, yet very opinionated.
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Oil and the Persian Gulf, 2001.
This paper is a detailed study of all of the issues related to oil production, transportation and the environment in the Persian Gulf.
10,555 words (approx. 42.2 pages), 27 sources, MLA, $ 210.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at every aspect of the oil industry in the Persian Gulf, using United Arab Emirates (UAE) as the specific case study to examine the affects of oil production and its transportation on the environment in the UAE.
The Table of Contents:
Introduction
Nature of Drilling in the United Arab Emirates
The Political and Social Organization of the United Arab Emirates
History of the UAE as a Nation-State
The Geography of the Persian Gulf as a Whole
Temperature, Climate, and Topography of the Land
The Ecological History of the Persian Gulf
Pollution Related to Oil Production and Transportation
Strategies for Improvement
Steps Being Taken
Steps to Take
Conclusions
From the Paper
"This does not mean that accidents are not of any concern of the UAE. There is a recognition significant future potential for oil-related accidents. The danger from oil spills is a worldwide problem and the Gulf presents a uniquely challenging environmental situation. There is a high level of traffic through the waters of the UAE by oil tankers and other shipping rigs. Since the Gulf War of 1991, the waters of the UAE have suffered from a number of significant oil spills within the country?s recent historical, collective memory. Most of these spills were accidental but the intentional release of Kuwaiti oil by the Iraqis at the end of the War raised serious concerns within the borders of the UAE as to the potential for spilling oil as a war-related tactic. This act gained the attention of all of the Gulf States, convincing them that they should take immediate steps to prevent damage from oil spills in the future. In this case, the political instability of the region acted as a ?wake up? call to all of the Gulf nations. (Zeitoun and Goudsouzian, 2001: 150) The most recent spill occurred when an Iraqi tanker called the Zainab, a container ship smuggling Iraqi crude, sank in April of 2001. It was carrying over one million gallons of Iraqi fuel and 300 tons of fuel oil when it sank off the port of Jebel Ali, south of Dubai. (Zeitoun and Goudsouzian, 2001: 150) The spill spread oil along the Sharjah, Dubai, and Ajam coast. Beaches were fouled, and local Ajmani authorities closed the emirate?s main desalination water plant as a precaution against pollution. This caused significant water shortages. (Zeitoun and Goudsouzian, 2001: 150; ?Gulf Tanker Spill Under Control?: MSNBC.COM)"
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The Persian Gulf War, 2000.
The paper examines the causes and effects of the Persian Gulf War of 1991.
1,023 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly analyzes the causes leading up to war in the Persian Gulf fought between Iraq and Western Allies in 1991. The paper then looks at the repercussions of the war, including the American public turning on President Bush due to the large amount of Iraqi casualties.
From the Paper
"When it came time for war, President Bush noted the significant advantage a war that we can easily dominate and win would be the chance to weaken Iraq?s military strength. Hussein?s reaction to the outbreak of war was to strike back with words, threats, terror weapons, and ploys to break the unity and resolve the United Nations coalition. He decreed a holy war against the United States, called on all Muslims to unite against the satanic enemy, and warned that in this ?mother of al battles? the Americans would drown in ?pools of their own blood?. He made good on his prewar pledge to attack neutral Israel, firing thirty-nine Soviet made Scud surface to surface missiles at Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. Most fell harmlessly, none contained the poison gas warheads Hussein had threatened to use, and after he first days many were destroyed in flight by American patriot antimissile missiles."
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Causes of the Persian Gulf War, 2002.
A comparison of the conflicting accounts of the Persian Gulf War by Iraq and Kuwait.
955 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This essay examines the regional causes for the Persian Gulf War between Kuwait and Iraq. It describes the history of Kuwait, and the alliance between Kuwait and Iraq during the Iran/Iraq War. The paper explains the reasons for the Persian Gulf War: The unending border argument, the quarrel over the oil deposited on that border, and the weakening of the relationship between Iraq and Kuwait after the Iran/Iraq War.
From the Paper
"From August 2, 1990 until February 26, 1991 Iraq and Kuwait fought in the Persian Gulf War. The two countries disagreed on many issues and causes. The causes of the Persian Gulf War between Iraq and Kuwait were the two countries' continuing boundary dispute, their feud over the oil deposited on the ill-defined border, and the continuing deterioration of the relationship between Iraq and Kuwait after the fallout of the previous Gulf War between Iraq and Iran."
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The Persian Gulf War, A War Without Formal Declaration, 2002.
Looks at how the United States government engaged in the Persian Gulf War and several other wars after WWII without officially declaring war.
1,208 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the history of U.S. military engagement since the end of WWII, with particular emphasis on the Persian Gulf War of 1990. It points out that Congress has not formally declared war since December 11, 1941, against Germany and that, during the course of the last several decades in United States history, the citizens of the U.S. have been continually forced into war without a formal declaration of war supported by the U.S. Congress. The paper then discusses the War Powers Act, which has made it possible for Congress to avoid making actual declarations of war while still permitting major military engagements such as the Persian Gulf War.
From the Paper
"Congress has not formally declared war since December 11, 1941 against Germany in response to a formal Declaration of War by Germany against the U.S. (Paul, 2002). When Congress does formally declare war, a task that requires small effort on the part of representatives, an enemy is clearly defined and the task at hand is readily made clear. A clear cut victory is also expected as was the case of the Declaration of war against Germany and Japan. During the course of the last several decades in United States history, the citizens of the U.S. have been continually forced into war without a formal declaration of war supported by the U.S. Congress. The most recent example prior to 2003 of this was the war started in the Persian Gulf. Such action taken by the president of the U.S. exemplifies the pomposity and overbearing authority the president has placed upon himself over the citizens of this country."
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Persian Gulf Security, 2000.
A discussion of the effectiveness of Operation Ernest Will in assuring continuous access to Persian Gulf oil during the Iran-Iraq War.
1,823 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Operation Ernest Will was both a diplomatic and military action to preserve a critical world asset, crude oil, reinforce an alliance in the Persian Gulf and contain a regional war between Iran and Iraq and how the United States, through Operation Ernest Will, achieved their short-term political objective in 1987 by reflagging Kuwait oil tankers. It assesses why the U.S. felt it had to protect its national interests by force and analyzes what those interests were: protection of the U.S. homeland from attack, continued prosperity based in part on preservation of an open world economy, assured access to Persian Gulf oil and prevention of war among the great powers of Europe and the Far East along with preserving the independence of Israel and South Korea.
From the Paper
"As early as 1984, the Reagan Administration began to address the issue of Iran indiscriminately attacking non-belligerent Kuwaiti shipping. By 1987, the U.S. agreed to reflag eleven of their tankers and arranged to provide them protection in the Persian Gulf. In his report to Congress, Secretary Weinberger states ?our reflagging arrangement with Kuwait is a limited response to a very real threat?. Ironically, the United States? provided limited support, during different periods of the war, to both Iran and Iraq, perplexing several Arab nations as to the true intentions of the U.S. in the region creating an ambiguous foreign policy position."
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The First Persian Gulf War, 2004.
A comprehensive analysis of why and how the United States fought the first Persian Gulf War.
3,347 words (approx. 13.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a summary and critique of Peter Cipkowski's book, "Understanding the Crisis in the Persian Gulf," and an analysis of how well the war was prosecuted, from the perspective of Dr. Philip Crowl, concerning what questions a nation must ask when considering going to war. A summary of the research follows in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"Much has been written about the military successes enjoyed by the U.S.-led coalition forces during Operation Desert Storm. The levels of strategic planning and professional prosecution of the air war campaign in the Persian Gulf provided the opportunity for many military analysts to make their claims concerning how well the Allies performed. As with any comprehensive historical analysis, this research will examine the events of Operation Desert Storm with a view to establishing how the political strategy was developed. While many Korean and Vietnam veterans would take exception to Peter Cipkowski's assessment that the war in the Persian Gulf captured worldwide attention as the first large-scale Allied military engagement since the Second World War, no one would likely argue with his observations about the importance of these events for the Western nations of the world today."
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The Persian Gulf War, 2005.
This paper offers an analysis of the events leading up to the Persian Gulf War.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes the events leading up to the Persian Gulf War of 1990 and examines the players involved. The paper offers reasons for Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. The paper explains the history of Iraq and the success of coalition forces there.
From the Paper
"The Persian Gulf War was a turning point in the twentieth century. It was the first major international conflict to be fought as the cold war was ending and it featured an unprecedented level of international cooperation. For the first time since World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union found themselves on the same side in a military conflict. Indeed the world at large united in its condemnation of Saddam Hussein's invasion of neighboring Kuwait."
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