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Women in 18th and 19th Century American Literature, 2004.
This paper discusses two popular works of American literature illustrating the position of women during the 18th and 19th century, "The Hidden Hand" by E.D.E.N. Southworth (1888) and "The Coquette" by Hannah Foster (1797).
1,270 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper relates the way the main characters, Capitola Black, in "The Hidden Hand" by E.D.E.N. Southworth, and Eliza Wharton, in "The Coquette" by Hannah Foster, portray, in diverse ways,the progression of women in American society. The author points out that these literary works depict the struggles and victories of women as they fought their way towards progress and eventual liberation in the society. The paper states that, in Southworth's and Foster?s novels, the role of women progressed by adopting masculine characteristics while maintaining their femininity.
From the Paper
"Capitola Black, or Cap, in the novel The Hidden Hand is an example of a 19th century-woman who adopts a masculine personality in order to initiate progress in the society. This is a practical decision to make on her part, since she has been aware that opportunities, especially job offers, are limited for women and abundant for men. The development of Cap?s character in the novel is best embodies by a comparative analyses of the characters of Cap, Clara Day, and Mrs. Le Noir, which all embody the kinds of women existing during Southworth?s time. Cap, as mentioned earlier, is illustrated as a feisty woman, working her way up in the economic ladder by disguising herself as a young man: ?? And so because I was a girl there seemed to be nothing but starvation or beggary before me!... I felt bitter against Fate for not making me a boy? Yes, sir, and the only thing that made me feel sorry was to see what a fool I had been not to turn to a boy before, when it was so easy! And from that day forth I was happy and prosperous!? "
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Satire in English Literature, 2001.
This paper compares 3 major works of satire in English literature - "Moll Flanders" "Gulliver's Travels" and "Rape of the Lock"
970 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 4 sources, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how satire was one of the most common tools used by writers and poets in the 17th and 18th centuries to either attack the political regime of the time or to highlight the ridiculous traditions of the society. It compares and contrasts three literary works which used this form of expression for political and social purposes.
From the paper:
"It was a tradition in the English Literature during the seventeenth and early 18th centuries that poets and writers would often use the technique of satire either for political purposes or simply to highlight the idiosyncrasies of the society. In this regard many major English literary figures used satire in their work but while some of them used it to create a light humorous situation, others would give it a very harsh tone, which resulted in some serious problems with those who were targeted in the work."
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Psychological Interrogation & False Confessions: A Literature Review, 2001.
A review of literature on psychological interrogation methods, false confessions and their implications.
4,738 words (approx. 19.0 pages), 28 sources, APA, $ 121.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that while the use of psychological interrogation methods is currently permissible by the courts in Canada, Great Britain and the U.S.A., many researchers argue that psychological interrogation is, in essence, no different than blatant coercion. Confession Law has slowly evolved over time alongside the evolution of interrogation methods. The paper discusses how prior to the 18th Century, English Common Law accepted confessions without any restrictions, which allowed confessions extracted through torture to be accepted as viable representations of objective truth. Today, the bottom line on the admissibility of confessions is that they are "typically excluded if elicited by physical violence, by a threat of harm or punishment, by a promise of leniency or immunity from prosecution, or by failure to notify a suspect of his or her constitutional rights to counsel and silence" (Kassin & McNall, 1991). The paper shows that despite these seemingly stringent laws regarding the admissibility of confessions, psychological interrogation methods are adept at circumventing the law, and continue to employ methods that run the risk of eliciting false confessions. This paper reviews the literature on Psychological Interrogation methods, false confessions and the implications of both.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Psychological Interrogation Tactics
Inside the Interrogation Room
Custodial Legal Advice & The Right to Silence
Psychological Interrogation Functioning as Coercion
Police Interrogations and Confessions
Communicating Promises and Threats by Pragmatic Implication
False Confessions
Occurrence of False Confessions
Creation of False Confessions
An Empirical Study On Recall
Discourse Study
Interrogative Suggestibility & Delinquent Boys
Psychological Characteristics of False Confessors
Consequences of False Confessions
From the Paper
"Interrogation, as defined by the Merriam Webster Dictionary, is the act of "questioning; formally and systematically." Interrogations within criminal justice systems are used to gather information relevant to investigations, and more importantly, to elicit confessions from suspects. Methods of interrogation have changed drastically throughout history, but the ultimate goal of obtaining confessions has held constant. While the whips and chains of the past have now exited the western world's interrogation rooms, many scholars argue that today's suspects are still subjected to psychological tortures. Psychological Interrogation is the most recent approach used by law enforcement officials to extract information from suspects."
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A Critical Analysis of Racial Bias in Children's Literature, 2002.
Suggests that four famous children's texts are racially biased against African-Americans.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
The four texts to be discussed here - "Ben's Trumpet", "The Slave Dancer", "Sounder", and "Huckleberry Finn" - are all well-known works of children's literature, and all have been challenged on the grounds of racial bias against African-Americans. All focus to a great degree on the lives and experiences of African-Americans in the United States from the slavery era of the 18th and 19th centuries, into the segregationist era of the 20th century. Given the nature of this focus, it is clear that questions of gender must be secondary in this analysis, much as they are secondary in the texts themselves.
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Restoration and the 18th Century, 2004.
Provides a brief discussion of the political and social changes in 18th century England.
787 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the period of the 18th century in England was a time of great expansion and change. It explains that England became divided politically as new parties emerged to represent its citizens. Theories of old, such as those of Aristotle, became defunct as scientists like Galileo uncovered scientific theories explaining much of life's phenomena. It also discusses how the slave trade became a staple of the national economy during the 18th century. It further examines how skeptical thinking and freethinking became important realities and people living during this time began to reason more and question more things they experienced.
From the Paper
"One major historical trend that occurred during the 18th century and restoration was the movement of thinking from philosophical to rational and scientific. The explosion in theory and thought that occurred at this time was due in part to new discoveries by individuals such as Galileo and Kepler (NAEL, 2003). People living during this century began to realize that the ideas of ancient philosophers were just that, simply ideas. Many went as far to label their ancestral thinking partners as ?ignorant? (NAEL, 2003). A ?revolution of science? (NAEL, 2003) took place during this time, which sparks new sources of interest and caused a move from traditional values amongst the people of England and particular. Greek and Roman ideals of art and beauty were still of great importance during this time, however people began moving away from the philosophies of old that deemed the ancient philosophers as all knowing. People began realizing that there was much more to the world than meets the eye."
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18th Century British Justice System, 2002.
A discussion of how class and poverty influenced the 18th century British criminal justice system.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the 18th century British criminal justice system as an expression of class, property and power. Douglas Hay's article "Property, Authority and Criminal Law" argues that the 18th Century British criminal justice system was based on terror and directed principally to the protection of property. Academic responses, both pro and con, are subsequently evaluated.
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18th Century English Interior Architecture, 2005.
This paper examines the development of interior architecture and the decorative arts in England during the 18th century.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 4 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the changes, which took place in the English country house during the 18th century. The author argues that these developments occurred as a microcosm to the rest of the nation. The paper contends that it was the confluence of classicist and romantic influences which made the interior architecture of the period so striking.
From the Paper
"The 18th century has been regarded as the epitome of the development of elegance of interior architecture throughout the Western world. Many critics believe that this century is unmatched in the history of the West with regard to the development of interior architectural styles. It is certain that during this century, perhaps more so than any other in recent historical memory, the development of interior styles was nearly without rival. Nowhere has this trend been more evidenced than in 18th century England in which the development of interior styles came head to head with various other socio-cultural forces to produce one of the most memorable periods in the history of design."
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Coleridge and 18th Century Poetry, 2006.
A look at how Samuel Taylor Coleridge rebelled against 18th century neo-classical poetry.
1,328 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and analyzes the work of poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge and explains how he rebelled substantively against Neo-classical 18th century poetic formalistic and moral traditions. The paper further points out that Coleridge was instrumental in ushering in a new era of Romantic British poetry and that he greatly influenced later British Romantics like Keats, Shelley and Byron, as well as later poets of the United Kingdom and elsewhere. Additionally, the paper points out that it was Coleridge who originated blank verse in poetry and that his work had an impact modern and post-modern poetry as well.
From the Paper
"As for subject matter, 18th century Neo-classical tradition generally concerns itself with moral values; social realities, and mainstream experiences, within not only works like Pope's The Rape of the Lock (1816), but others like Wordworth's Tintern Abbey (1798). Compared against such neo-classical works, Coleridge's Kublai Khan (1816) and Rime of the Ancient Mariner (1798) make use of descriptions of the sublime through nature; of sexuality, and of the unconscious, themes largely unexplored within 18th century British Neo-classical poetry."
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18th Century France, 2003.
An examination of the situation of Blacks in 18th Century France.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 0 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the situation of Blacks in 18th Century France and the attitudes regarding them held by various groups and individuals. The author also includes a discussion pertaining to natural rights and individual liberties are explored in relation to this topic.
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Education in the 18th Century, 2002.
A look at two novels dealing with the topic of education in the 18th century - a comparison of their attitudes.
1,785 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
Eliza Haywood and Henry Fielding both wrote 18th century novels which explored the social mores of high and low society at the time. What is intriguing is how they approached the subject of education, particularly through Haywood?s ?The History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless? and Fielding?s ?Joseph Andrews and Shamela.? The differing objectives to educating the sexes are explored as well as the possible consequences of obtaining an education are proffered.
From the Paper
"Education is indirectly explored in Haywood?s ?The History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless.? The heroine spends her formative years in a boarding school, ?the governess of which had the reputation of a woman of great good sense, fine breeding, and every way qualified for the well forming of the minds of those young persons who were entrusted to her care. [Her father] was so well pleased with having placed his daughter where she was likely to improve in all the accomplishments befitting her sex." (Haywood, 9) Through the misadventures of Miss Betsy Thoughtless, Haywood implies that one of the reasons why a girl should be educated would be to enhance her chances of securing a good marriage (then the only means of climbing the social ladder or attaining an accomplishment recognised by society)."
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Horace, Juvenal, and 18th Century Satire, 2004.
A discussion of the distinction between Horatian and Juvenalian modes of satire as exemplified in 18th century literary writings.
4,039 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 109.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the influence of Roman satirists, Horace and Juvenal, on 18th century satire. The paper examines the differences of these two modes of satiric writing. Juvenalian satire is harsher, more pointed, and often attacks particular people with an invective attack. Horatian satire is gentler, involving raillery as opposed to railing. The paper puts both these forms of satire into context and discusses the relevant points that arise from John Dryden's text, "Discourse on Satire," in relation to the topic. The paper then analyzes examples of these modes of satire as shown in Alexander Pope's "The Rape of the Lock," which can be seen as Horatian satire, and Jonathan Swift's "A Modest Proposal," which is more Juvenalian. The paper emphasizes how neither of these two texts gives a particularly clear example of the Horatian and Juvenalian forms of satire.
From the Paper
"Echoes of the works of Roman satirists Horace and Juvenal can be found, often in combination, within various early eighteenth-century (Augustan) satirical works, including Alexander Pope's mock epic The Rape of the Lock (1714) and Jonathan Swift's essay "A Modest Proposal" (1729). Pope's The Rape of the Lock is closer, overall, in terms of its satirical tone and content, to the comparatively gentle and subtle satirical style of Horace, than to the more direct, less subtle or gentle style of Juvenal. However, Swift's "A Modest Proposal", which is neither subtle nor gentle in its social critique, is arguably closer, overall, in both content and tone to the types of works created by Juvenal. Neither work, however, is sufficiently parallel in its style, tone, content, or other characteristics, to the works of either Horace or Juvenal, to warrant its being judged either more "Horatian" or more "Juvenalian" than the other: both works contain elements of both Horatian and Juvenalian satirical styles and modes. Therefore', both Pope's and swift's works to be examined within this essay might be more accurately described as instead being combinations, or juxtapositions, of Horatian, Juvenalian, and other satirical styles; i.e., the results of miscellaneous eighteenth century influences and other influences on their respective authors as well (such as, for example, Pope's social and artistic ambitions, or Swift's acerbic wit and strong personality (Nokes (1987) 101-11; 179-84)."
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The Church and the Scientific Revolution of the 18th Century, 2002.
An overview of the clash between the Church and the Scientific Revolution of the 18th Century.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss the various elements that caused the rift between the Church and Scientific Revolution of the 18th century. By using examples, we can see how the Church reacted to technology and science in this period.
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18th Century Paris Entertainment, 2007.
An examination of the different entertainment options of the different classes in 18th century Paris.
2,362 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how in terms of entertainment, Paris had much to offer during the 18th century. It examines the most popular entertainments of the middle and upper classes, of the bourgeoisie and the aristocracy at the time.
Outline:
Public and Private Balls
Opera and Ballet
Theatre
From the Paper
"Many women would occupy their mornings with reading (if they would read - illiteracy among higher class women was much higher in France than in England at the time), drawing or music. The preferred instrument among French ladies was the harpsichord. It was considered very elegant and was an ornamented piece of furniture that could occupy a room on its own with only some chairs around for the audience. Some harpsichords were masterpieces of craftsmanship and bore elaborate drawings and carved birds, flowers, lake scenes, etc. J.B. Huet was a very talented painter who painted on harpsichords during the middle of the 18th century. The music women used to play was by Francois Couperin - his first collection Suites was published in 1713. They would also play Bach and Haendel. Mozart and Vivaldi were very much appreciated. "
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Restoration and 18th Century, 2001.
A discussion of the restoration period and the 18th century and how Samuel Johnson's poem fits into this time.
1,600 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 2 sources, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the evolution of drama and theatre in Europe and their development in the Restoration era. The paper includes examples of European poets and playwrights of the 18th century.
From the Paper
"The theaters established in the wake of Charles It?s return from exile in France and the restoration of the monarchy in England (1660) were intended primarily to serve the needs of a socially, politically, and aesthetically homogeneous class. At first they relied on the pre-Civil War repertoire; before long, however, they felt called upon to bring these plays into line with their more "refined," French-influenced sensibilities. The themes, language, and dramaturgy of Shakespeare's plays were now considered out of date, so that during the next two centuries the works of England's greatest dramatist were never produced intact."
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18th Century English Towns and Crime, 2006.
This paper discusses the persistent association of poor areas and crime and how this notion is related to the 18th century's growth of English urban centers.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 6 sources, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the 18th century and the rise of English towns, business and industry but also divided social classes. Urban improvement or progress greatly benefited the wealthy and segregated the poor who were much more numerous. Due to fears of public disorder, crime and criminal law came to address the lower classes and ideas of poor areas as synonymous with crime.
From the Paper
"In the early 21st century, one still sees environmental ideas of crime and criminality, in assumptions to do with inferior areas, poverty and deviance. One also notices ideas of 'progress' or development that can resemble those of the 18th century's growth of English urban centers. Notions of those who break the law continue to refer to differences of social class, the lower classes associated with crime, just as the law has been a creation of those higher up the ladder, a familiar theme in much literature on crime and criminal law in Britain."
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