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Women in 18th and 19th Century American Literature, 2004.
This paper discusses two popular works of American literature illustrating the position of women during the 18th and 19th century, "The Hidden Hand" by E.D.E.N. Southworth (1888) and "The Coquette" by Hannah Foster (1797).
1,270 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper relates the way the main characters, Capitola Black, in "The Hidden Hand" by E.D.E.N. Southworth, and Eliza Wharton, in "The Coquette" by Hannah Foster, portray, in diverse ways,the progression of women in American society. The author points out that these literary works depict the struggles and victories of women as they fought their way towards progress and eventual liberation in the society. The paper states that, in Southworth's and Foster?s novels, the role of women progressed by adopting masculine characteristics while maintaining their femininity.
From the Paper
"Capitola Black, or Cap, in the novel The Hidden Hand is an example of a 19th century-woman who adopts a masculine personality in order to initiate progress in the society. This is a practical decision to make on her part, since she has been aware that opportunities, especially job offers, are limited for women and abundant for men. The development of Cap?s character in the novel is best embodies by a comparative analyses of the characters of Cap, Clara Day, and Mrs. Le Noir, which all embody the kinds of women existing during Southworth?s time. Cap, as mentioned earlier, is illustrated as a feisty woman, working her way up in the economic ladder by disguising herself as a young man: ?? And so because I was a girl there seemed to be nothing but starvation or beggary before me!... I felt bitter against Fate for not making me a boy? Yes, sir, and the only thing that made me feel sorry was to see what a fool I had been not to turn to a boy before, when it was so easy! And from that day forth I was happy and prosperous!? "
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Childhood in English Literature, 2009.
An analysis of childhood as a theme in English literature from the 17th century until today.
1,553 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
The paper explores how our notions of childhood have changed through the centuries and proceeds to show that childhood stands at the heart of many works of literature from which it was initially thought absent. The paper discusses the style of works in the 17th century and conveys the 18th century view on childhood as seen in the works of Bonhote, Rousseau, Eliot, Blake and Wordsworth. The paper then identifies the theme in the literature of the 19th century, as seen in the works of Charles Dickens, Lewis Carroll and Harriet Beecher Stowe. Next, the paper looks briefly at contemporary 20th century authors and relates that from this century onwards, there has been a global and unprecedented interest in childhood.
From the Paper
"In 1960, Philippe Aries advanced the hypothesis that the idea of childhood was practically inexistent before the early modern period. The controversy about the existence or absence of the idea prior to that time in history gave rise to a host of studies on childhood. But what does the word "childhood" mean? Our awareness that it refers to a distinct period of human life is natural but how do we determine its duration? How long does childhood last? Many psychologists and Children's Studies specialists have emitted an opinion on the subject and they have come to the conclusion that "childhood" is a complex term. All have agreed that it refers to a set of experiences and behaviours, characteristic for the earlier part of our lives, meant to prepare us for adulthood and active life."
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Satire in English Literature, 2001.
This paper compares 3 major works of satire in English literature - "Moll Flanders" "Gulliver's Travels" and "Rape of the Lock"
970 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 4 sources, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how satire was one of the most common tools used by writers and poets in the 17th and 18th centuries to either attack the political regime of the time or to highlight the ridiculous traditions of the society. It compares and contrasts three literary works which used this form of expression for political and social purposes.
From the paper:
"It was a tradition in the English Literature during the seventeenth and early 18th centuries that poets and writers would often use the technique of satire either for political purposes or simply to highlight the idiosyncrasies of the society. In this regard many major English literary figures used satire in their work but while some of them used it to create a light humorous situation, others would give it a very harsh tone, which resulted in some serious problems with those who were targeted in the work."
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Psychological Interrogation & False Confessions: A Literature Review, 2001.
A review of literature on psychological interrogation methods, false confessions and their implications.
4,738 words (approx. 19.0 pages), 28 sources, APA, $ 121.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that while the use of psychological interrogation methods is currently permissible by the courts in Canada, Great Britain and the U.S.A., many researchers argue that psychological interrogation is, in essence, no different than blatant coercion. Confession Law has slowly evolved over time alongside the evolution of interrogation methods. The paper discusses how prior to the 18th Century, English Common Law accepted confessions without any restrictions, which allowed confessions extracted through torture to be accepted as viable representations of objective truth. Today, the bottom line on the admissibility of confessions is that they are "typically excluded if elicited by physical violence, by a threat of harm or punishment, by a promise of leniency or immunity from prosecution, or by failure to notify a suspect of his or her constitutional rights to counsel and silence" (Kassin & McNall, 1991). The paper shows that despite these seemingly stringent laws regarding the admissibility of confessions, psychological interrogation methods are adept at circumventing the law, and continue to employ methods that run the risk of eliciting false confessions. This paper reviews the literature on Psychological Interrogation methods, false confessions and the implications of both.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Psychological Interrogation Tactics
Inside the Interrogation Room
Custodial Legal Advice & The Right to Silence
Psychological Interrogation Functioning as Coercion
Police Interrogations and Confessions
Communicating Promises and Threats by Pragmatic Implication
False Confessions
Occurrence of False Confessions
Creation of False Confessions
An Empirical Study On Recall
Discourse Study
Interrogative Suggestibility & Delinquent Boys
Psychological Characteristics of False Confessors
Consequences of False Confessions
From the Paper
"Interrogation, as defined by the Merriam Webster Dictionary, is the act of "questioning; formally and systematically." Interrogations within criminal justice systems are used to gather information relevant to investigations, and more importantly, to elicit confessions from suspects. Methods of interrogation have changed drastically throughout history, but the ultimate goal of obtaining confessions has held constant. While the whips and chains of the past have now exited the western world's interrogation rooms, many scholars argue that today's suspects are still subjected to psychological tortures. Psychological Interrogation is the most recent approach used by law enforcement officials to extract information from suspects."
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A Critical Analysis of Racial Bias in Children's Literature, 2002.
Suggests that four famous children's texts are racially biased against African-Americans.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
The four texts to be discussed here - "Ben's Trumpet", "The Slave Dancer", "Sounder", and "Huckleberry Finn" - are all well-known works of children's literature, and all have been challenged on the grounds of racial bias against African-Americans. All focus to a great degree on the lives and experiences of African-Americans in the United States from the slavery era of the 18th and 19th centuries, into the segregationist era of the 20th century. Given the nature of this focus, it is clear that questions of gender must be secondary in this analysis, much as they are secondary in the texts themselves.
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18th Street Gang, 2009.
This paper examines the nature of trans-national gangs, concentrating on the 18th Street Gang.
1,839 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explores the trans-national nature of the 18th Street gang. The writer explains that strictly speaking, for a gang to be classified as trans-national, the gang has to have its presence in more than one country. This essay explores the reasons due to which this particular gang finds sympathizers and members in different countries. It is argued here that the motivation to spread out and seek to establish roots in other places is because of the very nature of this gang and because of the history of its inception. The writer maintains that there are widespread consequences for the trans-national nature of the 18th Street Gang. This essay shows that some of the trans-nationalism also comes from trans-culturalism. The writer concludes that illegal immigration and deportation of gang members is the key mechanism by which the 18th Street Gang has become a global gang.
Outline:
Introduction
Precedence for Trans-National Gangs in the United States
Latino Trans-National Gangs
18th Street Gang-Precedence for Trans-Nationalism
18th Street Gang as Trans-National
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Even middle school children are pushed into membership, sometimes against their wills, and eventually undergo initiation. This ensures the next generation of gangsters, increasing the membership and keeping the gang going.
"This level of openness towards membership has a historical precedence. This gang originated in the 1960s because an older gang, Clanton 14, which consisted of Mexicans and Caucasians who were already established in Los Angeles refused to accept the newly arrived Mexicans. These newly arrived, illegal immigrants, feeling ostracized and with language and cultural barriers to assimilation, banded together to form the 18th Street gang. They retain the character of outsiders, which makes them easier to accept outsiders--even from other races."
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Restoration and the 18th Century, 2004.
Provides a brief discussion of the political and social changes in 18th century England.
787 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the period of the 18th century in England was a time of great expansion and change. It explains that England became divided politically as new parties emerged to represent its citizens. Theories of old, such as those of Aristotle, became defunct as scientists like Galileo uncovered scientific theories explaining much of life's phenomena. It also discusses how the slave trade became a staple of the national economy during the 18th century. It further examines how skeptical thinking and freethinking became important realities and people living during this time began to reason more and question more things they experienced.
From the Paper
"One major historical trend that occurred during the 18th century and restoration was the movement of thinking from philosophical to rational and scientific. The explosion in theory and thought that occurred at this time was due in part to new discoveries by individuals such as Galileo and Kepler (NAEL, 2003). People living during this century began to realize that the ideas of ancient philosophers were just that, simply ideas. Many went as far to label their ancestral thinking partners as ?ignorant? (NAEL, 2003). A ?revolution of science? (NAEL, 2003) took place during this time, which sparks new sources of interest and caused a move from traditional values amongst the people of England and particular. Greek and Roman ideals of art and beauty were still of great importance during this time, however people began moving away from the philosophies of old that deemed the ancient philosophers as all knowing. People began realizing that there was much more to the world than meets the eye."
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18th Century British Justice System, 2002.
A discussion of how class and poverty influenced the 18th century British criminal justice system.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the 18th century British criminal justice system as an expression of class, property and power. Douglas Hay's article "Property, Authority and Criminal Law" argues that the 18th Century British criminal justice system was based on terror and directed principally to the protection of property. Academic responses, both pro and con, are subsequently evaluated.
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Education in the 18th Century, 2002.
A look at two novels dealing with the topic of education in the 18th century - a comparison of their attitudes.
1,785 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
Eliza Haywood and Henry Fielding both wrote 18th century novels which explored the social mores of high and low society at the time. What is intriguing is how they approached the subject of education, particularly through Haywood?s ?The History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless? and Fielding?s ?Joseph Andrews and Shamela.? The differing objectives to educating the sexes are explored as well as the possible consequences of obtaining an education are proffered.
From the Paper
"Education is indirectly explored in Haywood?s ?The History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless.? The heroine spends her formative years in a boarding school, ?the governess of which had the reputation of a woman of great good sense, fine breeding, and every way qualified for the well forming of the minds of those young persons who were entrusted to her care. [Her father] was so well pleased with having placed his daughter where she was likely to improve in all the accomplishments befitting her sex." (Haywood, 9) Through the misadventures of Miss Betsy Thoughtless, Haywood implies that one of the reasons why a girl should be educated would be to enhance her chances of securing a good marriage (then the only means of climbing the social ladder or attaining an accomplishment recognised by society)."
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18th Century Botanical Art, 2005.
This paper traces the history of 18th century botanical art as an outgrowth of the Age of Enlightenment scientific botanical explorations.
3,005 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the exotic new plant species brought back from the many 18th century global scientific explorations created an interest by men and women in landscape gardening and gardening magazines. The author points out that the botanical illustrations originated as a help to Carolus Linnaeus' classification system, which greatly influenced the botanical art (also called linnaean art) of the era, and soon became very popular, appearing in garden magazines along with cultivation instructions and even as textile prints. The paper compares the similarities of the work of Claude Aubriet (1665-1742), the first botanical artist to be part of an expedition, with commercial textiles, noting that in both examples all the 'working parts' of the plants are depicted.
From the Paper
"A president of the Royal Society subsequent to Sloane, Sir Joseph Banks, was one of the most powerful men in the British scientific community at the time, and he commissioned or caused to be published significant numbers of botanical illustrations that would have influenced both artists in other genres and the public, still hungry for information about exotic plants. Banks was also unofficial director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, giving him yet another platform from which to influence the public taste. Banks himself had sailed with Captain Cook on the first of Cook's voyages around the world in 1768."
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Horace, Juvenal, and 18th Century Satire, 2004.
A discussion of the distinction between Horatian and Juvenalian modes of satire as exemplified in 18th century literary writings.
4,039 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 109.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the influence of Roman satirists, Horace and Juvenal, on 18th century satire. The paper examines the differences of these two modes of satiric writing. Juvenalian satire is harsher, more pointed, and often attacks particular people with an invective attack. Horatian satire is gentler, involving raillery as opposed to railing. The paper puts both these forms of satire into context and discusses the relevant points that arise from John Dryden's text, "Discourse on Satire," in relation to the topic. The paper then analyzes examples of these modes of satire as shown in Alexander Pope's "The Rape of the Lock," which can be seen as Horatian satire, and Jonathan Swift's "A Modest Proposal," which is more Juvenalian. The paper emphasizes how neither of these two texts gives a particularly clear example of the Horatian and Juvenalian forms of satire.
From the Paper
"Echoes of the works of Roman satirists Horace and Juvenal can be found, often in combination, within various early eighteenth-century (Augustan) satirical works, including Alexander Pope's mock epic The Rape of the Lock (1714) and Jonathan Swift's essay "A Modest Proposal" (1729). Pope's The Rape of the Lock is closer, overall, in terms of its satirical tone and content, to the comparatively gentle and subtle satirical style of Horace, than to the more direct, less subtle or gentle style of Juvenal. However, Swift's "A Modest Proposal", which is neither subtle nor gentle in its social critique, is arguably closer, overall, in both content and tone to the types of works created by Juvenal. Neither work, however, is sufficiently parallel in its style, tone, content, or other characteristics, to the works of either Horace or Juvenal, to warrant its being judged either more "Horatian" or more "Juvenalian" than the other: both works contain elements of both Horatian and Juvenalian satirical styles and modes. Therefore', both Pope's and swift's works to be examined within this essay might be more accurately described as instead being combinations, or juxtapositions, of Horatian, Juvenalian, and other satirical styles; i.e., the results of miscellaneous eighteenth century influences and other influences on their respective authors as well (such as, for example, Pope's social and artistic ambitions, or Swift's acerbic wit and strong personality (Nokes (1987) 101-11; 179-84)."
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The 18th century English writer Henry Fielding called the Odyssey "that eating poem." Focusing on specific passages, discuss food as a site of conflict, community, or cultural transaction in the, 2002.
This paper addresses the following question. The 18th century English writer Henry Fielding called the Odyssey "that eating poem."
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 1 source, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the following question. The 18th century English writer Henry Fielding called the Odyssey "that eating poem." Focusing on specific passages, discuss food as a site of conflict, community, or cultural transaction in the Odyssey.
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The Church and the Scientific Revolution of the 18th Century, 2002.
An overview of the clash between the Church and the Scientific Revolution of the 18th Century.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss the various elements that caused the rift between the Church and Scientific Revolution of the 18th century. By using examples, we can see how the Church reacted to technology and science in this period.
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18th Century France, 2003.
An examination of the situation of Blacks in 18th Century France.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 0 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the situation of Blacks in 18th Century France and the attitudes regarding them held by various groups and individuals. The author also includes a discussion pertaining to natural rights and individual liberties are explored in relation to this topic.
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18th Century English Interior Architecture, 2005.
This paper examines the development of interior architecture and the decorative arts in England during the 18th century.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 4 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the changes, which took place in the English country house during the 18th century. The author argues that these developments occurred as a microcosm to the rest of the nation. The paper contends that it was the confluence of classicist and romantic influences which made the interior architecture of the period so striking.
From the Paper
"The 18th century has been regarded as the epitome of the development of elegance of interior architecture throughout the Western world. Many critics believe that this century is unmatched in the history of the West with regard to the development of interior architectural styles. It is certain that during this century, perhaps more so than any other in recent historical memory, the development of interior styles was nearly without rival. Nowhere has this trend been more evidenced than in 18th century England in which the development of interior styles came head to head with various other socio-cultural forces to produce one of the most memorable periods in the history of design."
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